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<!--- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. ---> {{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].
== New Testament Apostolic era (33-100)== *ca. 6-7BC : Main article: ''[[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed100))]].*ca. 27 [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]].*ca. 28 Beheading of [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]].*ca. 30 [[Crucifixion]], [[Resurrection]] and [[Ascension]] of Christ.*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]].*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.'
*100 Death of [[Apostle John]].
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides |Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from returning Jerusalem, and changes city name to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 [[Justin Martyr]] describes [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]].*ca. 170 Emergence of 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 [[w:Muratorian fragmentPersecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Muratorian CanonPersection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]](161-180) (4th).*180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *203 202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimus Septimius Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]](193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *208 ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[TertullianAlban]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated. *ca. 209 Martyrdom 210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[Albanw:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]] in Britain'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of AlexandriaRome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the Arab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Gaius.*Valerian]] (253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian) (8th). *255-256 Three Councils 258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]].*272 Martyrdom ; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Sabbas Stratelates ("Tyre]] writes ''Against the General") of Rome and 70 soldiersChristians''.
*284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.
*285 [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution, as Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305 Martyrdom of -311 [[PanteleimonLactantius]] and writes ''[[Catherine of AlexandriaDivinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. Martyrdom 306 [[w:Synod of Bishop Ianouarios Elvira|Synod of Beneventio of Campania Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and his Companionsadultery, becoming the pattern in the West.*306 Martyrdom of 308 Pope [[Demetrius of Thessalonikiw:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]]opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Galerius issues Edict of Toleration , ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; rebellion of the [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 [[Labarum|Vision ]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]]; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire, specifically naming religious toleration for Christianity, restoration of property to Christian churches, and legal recognition. *314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]]. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by [[Athanasius the Great]], influencing the condemnation of [[Arianism]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].*319 Translation of relics of [[Theodore the General|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"). *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds church on the site of the martyrdom of [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome.
*324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.
==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*326 Discovery , also establishing the supremacy of honor of the [Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria (328-373). *329 [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Constantinople is founded Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'' as the , Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *333 336-338 [[Constantine Athanasius the Great|Constantine]] commissions goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Eusebius of Caesarea|EusebiusPachomius the Great]], to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in the new capitalEurope. *335 337 Death of [[Sylvester of RomeConstantine the Great|SylvesterConstantine]], Pope of Rome. *336-338 340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Athanasius the GreatArianism]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of . *341 [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Antioch]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europeheld; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *337 345 Death of [[Constantine the Great|ConstantineNicholas of Myra]]. *339-346 Second exile 348 Death of [[Athanasius Pachomius the Great|Athanasius]].*340 Conversion and [[Spyridon of [[WulfilaTrimythous]] to . *350 [[ArianismNinian]]establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, subsequently missionizing beginning the missionary effort to the Goths with [[heresy|heretical]] doctrine; Council of Rome under Pope Julius where Athanasius and Marcellus are declared innocent and maintained in the communion Picts. *351 Apparition of the western churches; [[Council of GangraCross]] heldover Jerusalem. *340-570 355 Death of [[w:Constantinople|ConstantinopleNino of Cappadocia]] overtakes Rome as the . *356 Death of [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in Anthony the worldGreat]] by population. *341 357 [[Council of AntiochSirmium]] held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty issues ''Blasphemy of deathSirmium''. *345 Death of 358 [[Nicholas of Myra|NicholasBasil the Great]], Archbishop founds monastery of Myra Annesos in Lycia.*347 Pontus, the model for Eastern [[Council of Sardicamonasticism]]. *348 Death 359 Councils of [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Seleucia|Seleucia]]; death of and [[Spyridon Council of TrimythousRimini|Rimini]]. *350 360 [[NinianMartin of Tours]] establishes the founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Pictsof [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]]. *351 Apparition of the Sign of the 362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *361-63 [[CrossJulian the Apostate]] over Jerusalembecomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *355 Death of 363 Emperor [[Nino of Cappadociaw:Jovian|NinaJovian]], Enlightener reestablishes Christianity as the official religion of Georgiathe Empire.*356 Death of 364 [[Anthony the GreatCouncil of Laodicea]]held. *357 The 367 [[Council Athanasius of SirmiumAlexandria]] writes [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the high point of Arianism, issues first time the ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''.*358 [[Basil canon]] of the Great[[New Testament]] founds monastery ; death of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticismHilary of Poitiers]]. *359 Councils 373 Death of [[Council of Seleucia|SeleuciaAthanasius the Great]] in the east and [[Council of Rimini|RiminiEphrem the Syrian]] in the west. *360 374 Election of [[Martin Ambrose of ToursMilan|Ambrose]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church of as bishop of Milan. *375 [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia SophiaBasil the Great]] inaugurated by Emperor writes ''[[w:Constantius II|Constantius IIOn the Holy Spirit]]''. *362 Synod of Alexandria; Antiochian schism (362-414)376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity. *361-63 379 Death of [[Julian Basil the ApostateGreat]] becomes Roman emperor, attempting to restore paganism.*363 ; Emperor [[w:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablished Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 Christianity established as the official religion faith of the Roman Empire, stating that he preferred the Orthodox view, and that Athanasius was to be permitted to return to his see at Alexandria.*364 by Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]]; [[Council of LaodiceaSaragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]] held.. *365-66 Brief exile and final restoration of 381 [[Athanasius of AlexandriaSecond Ecumenical Council]].*367 held in Constantinople, condemning [[Athanasius of AlexandriaPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] writes his and [[PaschaApollinarianism]]l letter, listing for the first time declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[canonEcumenical Council]] of , and completing the [[New TestamentNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of the ; [[Holy ScripturesCouncil of Aquileia]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death of led by [[Hilary Ambrose of PoitiersMilan]]deposes Arian bishops. *373 Death of 382 Pope [[Athanasius the Great]]; death of [[Ephrem the SyrianSiricius of Rome]]first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''. *374 Election 383 Death of [[Ambrose Frumentius of Milan|AmbroseAxum]] as , bishop of MilanAxum and Apostle to Ethiopia.*375 384 Council of Bordeaux condemns [[Basil the GreatPriscillian]] writes ''. *385 Death of [[On the Holy SpiritGregory of Nyssa]]'', confirming the divinity . *386 Death of the [[Holy SpiritCyril of Jerusalem]].*376 Visigoths convert to 387 [[ArianismAugustine of Hippo|ArianAugustine]] Christianity.*378 baptized by [[Meletius Ambrose of Antioch|MeletiusMilan]] returns to his see as bishop . *391 Death of Antioch; at [[w:Battle of Adrianople|Battle of AdrianopleGregory the Theologian]] Emperor Valens defeated by the Visigoths, permanently weakening northern borders of the empire. *379 Death 391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[Basil [Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdictionto cease. *380 Christianity established as the official faith 392 Death of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius Macarius the Great]]; [[Council of Saragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]]. *381 393 [[Second Ecumenical Councilof Hippo]] held in Constantinople, condemning publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *394 [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismEpiphanius of Salamis]] and attacks teachings of [[AppollinarianismOrigen]], declaring the divinity as heretical; Council of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous Constantinople held; [[Ecumenical CouncilDonatism|Donatist]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedCouncil of Bagai]]; in Africa held. *395 [[Council Augustine of AquileiaHippo|Augustine]] led by becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of the [[Ambrose of MilanTheotokos]] deposes Arian bishopsin the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *382 Pope [[Siricius 395 Re-division of Empire with death of Rome]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''Emperor Theodosius the Great. *ca. 383 Death of 397 [[FrumentiusCouncils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]].*384 Council publishes Biblical canon; death of Bordeaux condemns [[PriscillianMartin of Tours]].*385 Death of and [[Gregory Ambrose of NyssaMilan]]. *386 398 [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryJohn Chrysostom]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor; death of becomes [[Cyril of JerusalemArchbishop]]; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] begins to rebuild the present-day [[w:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]Constantinople. *387 [[Augustine ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of Hippo|Augustine]] baptized at [[Pascha]] the Scetis by Patriarch [[Ambrose Theophilus of MilanAlexandria]]. *391 Death 399 [[Anastasius I of Rome]] and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[Gregory the TheologianOrigen]]. *391-92 All non-Christian temples in the Empire closed; 401 [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the GreatAugustine of Hippo]] writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[Innocent I of Rome]] supports [[John Chrysostom]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease.*392 Death of condemns [[Macarius the Greatpelagianism]]. *393 402 [[Council Porphyry of HippoGaza]] publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan festivaltemples in Gaza. *394 403 Abduction of [[Epiphanius Patrick of SalamisIreland|Patrick]] attacks teachings to Irelande; visit of [[OrigenVictricius of Rouen]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople heldto Britain; [[Donatism|DonatistSynod of the Oak]] Council of Bagai in Africa held with 310 bishopsnear Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]. *395 404 Martyrdom of [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustineTelemachus]] becomes bishop of Hippo , resulting in North Africa; the placing of the cincture (sash) Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *405 Translation of [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the Most Holy [[TheotokosVulgate]] by [[Jerome]] in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408). *395 Re-division 407 Death of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great[[John Chrysostom]] in exile. *397 [[Council 410 Fall of Carthage]] publishes Biblical canonRome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; death escape of [[Martin Patrick of ToursIreland|Patrick]]back to Britain; death of Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[Ambrose Council of MilanSeleucia]].*398 [declares Mesopotamian [John Chrysostom]] becomes [[ArchbishopNestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of ConstantinopleOrthodox bishops. *ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch 411 [[Theophilus Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of AlexandriaEdessa|Rabbula]]becomes bishop of Edessa. *399 412 [[Anastasius Cyril of RomeAlexandria|Cyril]] and other bishops condemn doctrine succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[OrigenDonatism]].*401 [[Augustine ; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of Hippo]] writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[Innocent I of RomeManichaeism]] supports ; ''[[John Chrysostom]] and condemns [[pelagianismByzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *402 Emperor Honorius transfers capital 414 Resolution of the Western Empire from Milan to Antiochian division. *415 [[Ravenna (Italy)|RavennaPelagius]]; cleared at [[Porphyry of Gazasynod]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in GazaJerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles. *403 Abduction of 416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Patrick of Ireland|PatrickPelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to Ireland to serve as a slave; visit excommunicate him. *418 Foundation of the Arian [[Victricius of Rouenw:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]] to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *404 Martyrdom of 418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[TelemachusPelagianism]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights.*405 Translation by way of endorsing [[Holy ScripturesAugustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] into Latin as the [[Vulgateanthropology]] by . *426 [[JeromeAugustine of Hippo]]; martyrdom writes ''The City of God''. *428 [[Moses the BlackNestorius]]becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *406 Invasion 429 Pope [[Celestine of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome and Britain.*407 Death of |Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[John ChrysostomGermanus of Auxerre]] in exile.*410 Fall and Lupus of Rome Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of IrelandPelagianism|PatrickPelagian]] back to Britainheresy; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing death of [[Sisoes the Roman presence; Great]]. *430 [[HonoratusPeter the Iberian]] founds a Georgian monastery on island of Lerinsnear Bethlehem. *410 431 [[Third Ecumenical Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops.*411 and [[PelagiusPelagianism]] condemned at council in Carthage; , confirming the use of the term ''[[Rabbula of Edessa|RabbulaTheotokos]] becomes bishop of Edessa.*412 '' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[Cyril autocephaly]] of [[Church of Alexandria|CyrilCyprus]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as ; Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws Celestine sends [[Donatism]]; Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, expelled from sees on a charge of [[ManichaeismPalladius]]to Ireland. *413 Martyrdom 432 Return of [[Marcellinus Patrick of CarthageIreland|Patrick]].*414 Resolution to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Antiochian divisionPicts. *415 433 [[PelagiusFormulary of Peace]] cleared at a completes work of [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[synodCyril of Alexandria]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); with [[John Cassianof Antioch]] founds convent at Marseilles. . *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn 435 Death of [[PelagiusJohn Cassian]] and convince Pope Innocent I [[Acacius of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 Foundation of the (Arian) Melitene]]; [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic KingdomNestorius]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates exiled by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle.*418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]].*425 Sanhedrin disbanded by the Roman Empire; [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] founded as the first university in the world.*426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''.*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.*429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *ca. 430 Death of [[Nilus of Sinai]].*430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland.*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts.*433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].*435 Death of [[John Cassian]]; death of [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by Imperial imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]].
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible indivisible but separate distinct natures of in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate; Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]].*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].*452 Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army.*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms. *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]]. *461 Death of [[Leo the Great]]; death of and [[Patrick of Ireland]]. *462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]]. *ca. 471 Patr. [[Acacius of Constantinople]] first called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]]. *475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[Christology|Christological]] position.*476 Fall of Western Roman Empire. *477 [[Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno(emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[HenotikonHenoticon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]. *484 [[Acacian Schism]]. *484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church.*488 Death of [[Peter the Fuller]]. *489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. *490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland. *494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. *496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]], lasting until 562. *506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul.*512 Death of [[Genevieve of Paris]]. *518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patr.[[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].*ca. 520 [[Elesbaan]] (Caleb), King of Ethiopia (Axum), invades Jewish Himyarite kingdom of Yemen, which was persecuting the Christians there, thus establishing Axumite control of South Arabia. *521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]]. *527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]].*ca. 528 Death of [[Procopius of Gaza]]. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]]. *529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued. *530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian. *534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province. *536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]].
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed.
*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople. *544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]]. *545 [[Synod David of Brefi]] at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns [[PelagianismWales]]moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. *547 [[Convent David of Our Lady of SaydnayaWales]] founded in Damascus does obeisance to the Patriarch of SyriaJerusalem. *ca. 550 [[David of Wales]] takes Christianity to Wales.*553 553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected. *556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. *557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. *563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)Columba of Iona|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; [[Columba of Iona|ColumbaColumba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts.*564 Death of [[Petroc]]. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*570 Death of 576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Gildas]]; birth of Muhammad, founder Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] and [[IslamChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily577 Patr.*580 [[Monte CassinoJohn Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] sacked by Lombardsis responible for the first collection of Canon Law, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.*587 Visigoth King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared''[[Nomocanon]]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor '', of the [[OrthodoxyOrthodox Church]]. *589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds 579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [[FilioqueMonte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt Rome; Slavs begin to combat [[Arianism]]migrate into the Balkans and Greece. *ca. 590 587 Visigoth King [[w:ParthenonReccared I|ParthenonReccared]] renounces [[Arianism]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to the favor of [[TheotokosOrthodoxy]]. *590 589 [[ColumbanusCouncil of Toledo]] founds monasteries in France.*593 adds [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the SinaiteFilioque]] restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.*596 to [[Gregory the DialogistNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] sends in an attempt to combat [[Augustine of Canterbury|AugustineArianism]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans.*597 Death of . *590 [[Columba of IonaColumbanus]]founds monasteries in France. *ca. 600 ''593 [[The Ladder Anastasius I of Divine AscentAntioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of sends [[Gregorian ChantAugustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] through his liturgical reformsalong with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *601 597 Death of [[Augustine Columba of CanterburyIona]] converts King . *598 [[Ethelbert of KentGlastonbury Abbey]] and establishes see of Canterburyfounded. *602 Final series of wars between ca. 600 ''[[Byzantine EmpireThe Ladder of Divine Ascent]] and Sassanid Empire; '' written by [[Augustine of CanterburyJohn Climacus]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury.*604 ; [[MellitusGregory the Dialogist]] becomes first bishop inspires development of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the DialogistGregorian Chant]]through his liturgical reforms. *605 Death of 601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]]. *609 converts King [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in RomeEthelbert of Kent]] converted into church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and All Saints (''Santa Maria dei Martiri'')establishes see of Canterbury. *610 602 [[HeracliusAugustine of Canterbury]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *604 [[w:Medieval Greek|GreekMellitus]], already the ''lingua francabecomes first bishop of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul' s Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the vast majority of the populationDialogist]]. *612 605 Death of [[Holy SpongeAugustine of Canterbury]] and . *610 [[Holy LanceHeraclius]] brought changes official language of the Empire from Latin to Constantinople from Palestine[[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II 612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *618 Death of 626 [[Kevin of GlendaloughAkathist|Akathist Hymn]].*620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one of to the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs; Muhammad and his followers emigrating from Mecca to MedinaVirgin Mary written. *626 627 Emperor [[Akathist|Akathist HymnHeraclius]] to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople liberated from a defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Siege Battle of Constantinople Nineveh (626627)|siegeBattle of Nineveh]] of 80,000 Avars, Slavs and the Persian fleet. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power of the Sassanid dynasty. *628 Muhammad issues 630 Second [[w:Charter of Privileges|Charter of Privileges]] to monks of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Saint Catherine's Monastery]].*630 Second [[Elevation Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; ; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Muslim Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs. *642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; .*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs invade [[w:Christian Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time.*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *651 End of Persian Empire as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.*653 Pope 653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. *664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic adopting Roman calendar and Roman liturgical practices tonsures in EnglandNorthumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.. *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]]. *680-681 672 First Synod of Hertford called by [[Sixth Ecumenical CouncilTheodore of Tarsus]] held in Constantinople, condemning adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]] and affirming . *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. *680 682 Foundation of [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow AbbeyMonkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite Patriarchpatriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *691 [ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs. *706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt. *707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors; death Death of [[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). *715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. *730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.
*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor at [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]]; death of [[Willibrord]].*740 [[w:Khazars|Khazars]] voluntarily convert to Judaism. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from 747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the ArabsRogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of ElbodugusElfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *786 [[w:Beatus 785 Synod of Liébana|Beatus Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Liébana]] publishes ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinipolitan Constantinopolitan Creed]].*796 [[Alcuin]] made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by [[Charlemagne]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of CloveshoII]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].
*836 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]].
==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches. *845 42 Martyrs 850 [[Third Finding of the Head of Ammoria in Phrygia taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra (in Iraq) and executed there.*846 Muslim raid of Rome.*850 [[Third Finding of the Head of StSt. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] of the head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *852 [[Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus'-Byzantine War (860)Khaganate|Second Christianization of the Rus-Byzantine War' Khaganate]], a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus. *ca. 860 861 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]].*861 [[Cyril Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church of Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *862 [[Rastislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity. *863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of [[Apostle Mark]] from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. *866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III]the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday. *869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." *870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; Malta conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs; martyrdom of [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia. *874 Translation of relics 877 Death of [[Nicephorus I Ignatius of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], interred in the who appoints [[Church of Photius the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)Great|Church of the Holy ApostlesPhotius]], Constantinopleto succeed him. *877 Death of 878 King [[Ignatius I of Constantinoplew:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], who appoints of Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[Photius the Greatw:Danelaw|PhotiusDanelaw]] to succeed him). *877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*878 King 879-880 [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the GreatEighth Ecumenical Council]] of Wessex defeats Vikings; held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Treaty Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]).*879Nicene-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilConstantinopolitan Creed]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius , and declares that the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch prerogatives and jurisdiction of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]]. *883 Muslims burn the monastery of 885 [[Monte CassinoMount Athos]]gains political autonomy.*885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy. *885 Death of [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]]. *886 [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid Arabs.*904 Thessalonika sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under 910 [[w:Leo Benedict of TripoliNursia|Leo of TripoliBenedictine]], a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests.*907 Third [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (907)Cluny Abbey|Rus-Byzantine WarAbbey of Cluny]], a naval raid founded in France.*899 Death of Constantinople (''or [[w:Tsargrad|TsargradAlfred the Great]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince [[w:Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg of Novgorod]], which was relieved by peace negotiations.*899 Death of [[Alfred the Great]].*911 . *911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary]]. *911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'. *912 912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople. *927 [[Church of Bulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]. *931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny]] reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor.*933 Death of Patr. [[Tryphon of Constantinople]]. *935 Martyrdom of [[WenceslausWenceslas]], prince of the Czechs. *941 Fourth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Rus-Byzantine War]].*944 944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Image Not-made-by-hands|Icon Not Made By Hands]].*945 [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]]. *948 Future Holy Roman Emperor Otto I the Great founds missionary dioceses 957 [[Olga of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhus, and Schleswig. *ca. 950 [[Monastery of Hosios LoukasKiev]] founded near Stiris baptized in GreeceConstantinople. *957 960 Emperor [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople. *960 Emperor [[Nicephorus Nicephorus IIPhocas]] Phocas re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for Byzantines; [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]]. *962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor; ''Diploma Ottonianum'' is co-signed by Pope John XII and Otto, confirming the earlier [[w:Donation . *963 [[Athanasius of Pepin|Donation of PepinAthos]], granting control of establishes first major monastery on [[w:Papal States|Papal StatesMount Athos]] to the Popes, regularizing Papal elections, and clarifying the relationship between Popes and oly Roman Emperors.*963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus IIPhocas]] Phocas gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines; . *969 Death of [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav Olga of Kiev]] destroys ; Emperor [[w:KhazarsNikephoros II|KhazarNikephoros II Phokas]] imperial power, as the Khazar fortresses of Sarkel captures Antioch and Tamatarkha fall to the Rus'Aleppo from Arabs. *966 Anti-Christian riots in Jerusalem.*968 [[Rila Monastery]] founded; Sviatoslav of Kiev defeats Bulgarians at the 972 Emperor [[w:Battle of SilistraJohn I Tzimiskes|Battle of SilistraJohn I Tzimiskes]], precipitating the collapse of the First Bulgarian Empiregrants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *968-71 Fifth 973 [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (968-971)#Campaigns in the Balkans|Rus-Byzantine WarGreat Moravia|Moravia]], resulting in a Byzantine victory over assigned to the coalition Diocese of Rus'Prague, Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in putting the [[w:Battle of Arcadiopolis|Battle of Arcadiopolis]], and the defeat West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:Sviatoslav John I of KievTzimiskes|Sviatoslav of KievJohn I Tzimiskes]] by [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]].in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *969 978 Death of King [[Olga of KievEdward the Martyr]]; Emperor [. *980 Revelation of the ''[[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II PhokasAxion Estin]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs.*972 Emperor '' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesArchangel Gabriel]] grants to a monk on [[Mount Athos]] its first charter (. *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[TypikonMount Athos|Mount Athos]]). *973 987 Sixth [[w:Great MoraviaRus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|MoraviaRus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] assigned dispatches troops to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.*975 Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:John I TzimiskesBasil II|John I TzimiskesBasil II]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesawith an internal revolt, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails agreeing to take Jerusalem.*978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyraccept [[Orthodox Christianity]]as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *980 Revelation of the '988 '[[Axion EstinBaptism of Rus']]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), begins with the appearance conversion of the [[Archangel GabrielVladimir of Kiev]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]].*983 Martyrdom of Theodore the who is baptized at [[w:Varangian GuardChersonesos|VarangianChersonesos]] , the birthplace of the Russian and his son John of Kiev.Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *987 Sixth 992 Death of [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism Michael of VladimirKiev|Rus-Byzantine WarMichael]], where first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Vladimir Olaf of KievNorway]] dispatches troops proclaims Norway to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[w:Basil II|Basil Sergius IIof Constantinople]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept removes name of Pope [[Orthodox ChristianitySergius IV of Rome]]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 [[Baptism of Rus'from [[diptychs]] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir Church of KievConstantinople|Constantinople]] who is baptized at , because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[w:Chersonesos|ChersonesosFilioque]], the birthplace . *1009 [[Church of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.*992 Death Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[Michael of Kievw:Druze|MichaelDruze]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Olaf of NorwayFilioque]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom; relics of used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Cuthbert Benedict VIII of LindisfarneRome|CuthbertBenedict VIII]] transferred with his community to Durhamat coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1000 Conversion 1015 Death of Greenland and Iceland.*1008 Conversion [[Vladimir of SwedenKiev]]. *1009 Patr1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name *1022 Death of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychsSimeon the New Theologian]] . *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of Constantinoplethe Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[FilioqueHoly Sepulchre]]. *1009 1034 Patriarch [[Church Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchrefirst complete ''Studite [[Typikon]] in Jerusalem destroyed by ,'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze[[Typikon]]].*1012 Martyrdom of [[Alphege of Canterbury|Alphege]], Archbishop of Canterbury; Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including introduced into the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1013 Jews expelled from caliphate of Córdoba. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.*1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]].*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]].*1024 Seventh [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (1024)|Rus-Byzantine War]], Byzantine naval victory.*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced Rus' lands by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church Theodosius of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulchreKiev Caves]].
*1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims.
*1043 Eighth and last [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|Rus'-Byzantine War]], an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople; [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral; [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] is re-organized under [[w:Michael Psellos|Michael Psellos]].*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr. Gennadius of Constantinople. *1461 Death of Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow; commemoration of the Apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, 1456-1587 Byzantine [[October 1]].*1462 Wonderworking icon of [[Mantamadosw:Pammakaristos Church|Archangel Michael Church of MantamadosTheotokos Pammakaristos]] created.*1463 Bosnia becomes province of Ottoman Empire, with an estimated 36,000 families voluntarily accepting Islam, followed by a sustained process of assimilation to Islam.*1480 Spanish Inquisition; meeting became the seat of the [[Theotokos Church of VladimirConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] icon in memory of saving Moscow from the invasion of Khan Ahmed. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar (year 7,000, according to the Byzantine [[w:Dating Byzantine CreationEra|Byzantine Date of Creation]]).*1497 Martyrdom of Macarius, Metropolitan of Kiev, by invading Tatars. *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1512 First Christian church erected in Americas in [[w:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]] by Spanish. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther translates [[New Testament]] into German and Reformation principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formalized. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily III for divorcing his wife and are driven underground. *1529 First Ottoman [[w:Siege of Vienna|Siege of Vienna]], marking Ottoman Empire's apex and end of Ottoman expansion in central Europe.*1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1536-41 [[w:Dissolution of the Monasteries|Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England, Wales and Ireland.*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1545-63 [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] held to answer the Protestant Reformation.
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
*1715 Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.
*17181715-23 1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Orthodox patriarchs Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s. *1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople]]. *1760 [[Holy Trinity St. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent]] founded in Russia. *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and Ottoman Empire sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 Missionaries, including [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice. *1800 ''1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[The Rudderw:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]'' published and printed in Athens.*1803 Death was part of the [[Xenia w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of St. Petersburg[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]].*1804 and of Western [[w:British Secularism|secularism]] and Foreign Bible Society[[w:Irreligion by country|British and Foreign Bible Societyirreligion]].*1800 ''[[The Rudder]] founded'' published and printed in Athens. *1805 Death of [[Makarios Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in the Kollyvades movement.*1808 Death of Hieromartyr Nikita the Slav, of Mount Athos.*1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Kollyvades Movement|Church of the Holy SepulchreKollyvades]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque stylemovement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].*1814 Martyrdom of Euthymius and Ignatius of [[Mount Athos]].*1815 [[Peter the Aleut]] tortured and martyred in San Francisco, California.*1816 [[w:American Bible Society|American Bible Society]] founded; martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.
*1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Icon of ca. 1830 [[Panagia of Tinos|Panagia EvangelistriaSlavophile movement]] found on Tinosbegins in Russia. *1831 Return of 3,000, led by a vision from 000 [[Pelagia of TinosUniate]], becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at s with the [[Orthodox Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)|Church of Evangelistria]]at Vilnius in 1831. *1825 Russia and Britain establish Alaska/Canada boundary. *1829 Treaty 1832 [[Church of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek stateSerbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *ca. 1830 1833 [[[Slavophile movementChurch of Greece]] begins in Russia.*1831 Return of 3,000,000 declares [[Uniateautocephaly]]s with , making it independent of the [[Orthodox Churchof Constantinople|Constantinople]] at Vilnius in 1831.*1832 ; death of [[Church Seraphim of SerbiaSarov]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].. *1833 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[Church Union of GreeceBrest-Litovsk]] declares in all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 ''[[autocephalyEncyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, making it independent of condemning the [[Church of Constantinople|ConstantinopleFilioque]]; death of as [[Seraphim of Sarovheresy]].*1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes , declaring the [[Union of Brest-LitovskRoman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]] atic, and in all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and Belarus re-enter referring to the Orthodox Church (with the exception Photian Council of 879-880 as the eparchy "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1850 [[Church of Chelm, in Polish territory, which was itself integrated into the Russian Orthodox Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church in 1875)of Greece]]. *1847 Restoration 1851 Translation into English of [[w:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of JerusalemSeptuagint]] by Pope Pius IXLancelot C. L.*1848 ''Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the [[Encyclical Church of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[FilioqueNativity]] as . *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[heresyChurch of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], declaring the [permanent. *1853-56 [Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresyw:Crimean War|hereticalCrimean War]], [[schism]]atic, fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and in [[apostasy]]France, repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 beginning over which church would be recognized as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]].sovereign authority"of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1850 1854 [[Church of ConstantinopleImmaculate Conception]] recognizes declared [[autocephalydogma]] of by [[Roman Catholic Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation into English of 1859 [[Septuagintw:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] by Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[Church of the Nativity St. Catherine's Monastery (BethlehemSinai)|Church of the NativitySt. Catherine's Monastery]].*1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of 1860 Death of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Church of the Holy SepulchreAlexei Khomiakov]] permanent.*1853, co-56 founder of the [[w:Crimean War|Crimean WarSlavophile movement]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France. *1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" by Greeks; death of the Christian faith in the Holy Land[[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1854 1865 [[Immaculate ConceptionChurch of Romania]] declared declares its [[dogmaautocephaly|independence]] by from the [[Roman Catholic Churchof Constantinople]]. *1859 1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von TischendorfWestern Rite]] discovers liturgy and Benedictine offices. *1870 [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex SinaiticusPapal Infallibility]] at declared [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's MonasteryRoman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]; Charles Darwin's ''[[w:On the Origin of Species|On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection]]'' published; Christian quarter of Damascus sacked by a Muslim mob also involving Turkish troopsdogma necessary for salvation by First Vatican Council. *1860 Death of 1871 [[Alexei KhomiakovNicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]], co-founder of the establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[Slavophile movementphyletism]].*1864 First Orthodox to be [[parishheresy]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; Pope Pius IX presented his [[w:Syllabus Church of Errors|Syllabus of ErrorsBulgaria]]. *1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|independence]] from by a decree of the [[Church of Constantinople]]Sultan. *1867 Sale of Alaska to United States; death 1875 Uniate diocese of [[Ignatius Brianchaninovw:Chełm|Chelm]].*1869 Celebration of the first miracle in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Icon of Theophan the Theotokos at Chernigov-GethsemaneRecluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1870 1879 [[Papal InfallibilityChurch of Constantinople]] declared recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicof Serbia]] dogma necessary for salvation by First Vatican Council; death of [[w:Papal States|Papal StatesInnocent of Alaska]] cease to exist. *1871 1882 Synod of Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai KasatkinMitrophan Ji]] establishes Orthodox mission becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in Japanthe [[Church of China]]. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares 1885 [[phyletismChurch of Constantinople]] to be recognizes [[heresyautocephaly]]; of [[Church of BulgariaRomania]] gains ''de facto'' ; [[autocephalyw:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] by a decree of the Sultan.*1873 published; [[w:Philotheos Bryennios|Philotheos BryenniosArchbishop of Canterbury]] discovers the ''officially removes all of [[DidacheApocrypha]] from [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]]'' in manuscript with copies of several early Church documents. *1875 Uniate diocese of 1888 ''[[w:Chełm|ChelmTypikon]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox of the Great Church under Alexander IIof Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with all the approval and blessing of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy.*1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[PhilokaliaTypikon]]'' continues to be used in RussianRussia. *1877 Death 1889 Federation of [[Arsenios of Paros]].*1879 [[w:Old Catholic Church of Constantinople|Old Catholic Churches]] recognizes , not in communion with Rome, at the [[autocephalyw:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]] of . *ca. 1890 ''[[Church of SerbiaUnseen Warfare]]'' further revised by [[Theophan the Recluse]]; death . *1891 Death of [[Innocent Ambrose of AlaskaOptina]]. *1881 Wave 1895 Reply of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Synod of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1884 ''1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[The Way Church of a PilgrimAntioch|Antioch]]'' published in Kazan.*1885 deposed; [[Church of ConstantinopleWestern Rite]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of RomaniaRussia]]; . *1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[w:Revised VersionChurch of Antioch|English Revised VersionPatriarchal throne of Antioch]] published; . *1900 [[Archbishop Martyrs of Canterbury]] officially removes all China|Martyrdom of [[ApocryphaOrthodox Christians]] from in Chinese Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[w:Authorized King James VersionEvangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|King James Bible"Evangelakia" riots]].*1886 [in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Church of Maria MagdaleneDimotiki|Church of Maria MagdaleneDemotic (Modern) Greek]] built on slope of Mount of Olives, resulting in the Garden fall of both government and Metropolitan of Gethsemane in Jerusalem by Tsar Alexander IIIAthens. *1889 Federation of 1904 [[w:Old Catholic Churchof Constantinople|Old Catholic ChurchesEcumenical Patriarchate]], not in communion with Rome, at publishes the [[whttp:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]//kainh.*cahomestead. 1890 ''[[Unseen Warfarecom/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament]]'' further revised , based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[Theophan the RecluseTikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp.*1895 Reply [[Raphael of Synod Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIIICommon Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1896 Pope Leo XIII issues the bull ''Apostolicae Curae'' which declares Anglican Orders "absolutely null and utterly void". *1896-1906 1905 Death of [[w:Oxyrhynchus|OxyrhynchusApostolos Makrakis]] papyri discovered in Egypt dating from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods, including portions of the New Testament.*1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of ; Tsar [[Church Nicholas II of AntiochRussia|AntiochNicholas Romanov's]] deposed.*1899 Restoration decree on freedom of Arabs to the religion results in about 250,000 [[Church of Antiochw:Ruthenians|Patriarchal throne of AntiochRuthenians]].*1900 returning to [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer RebellionEastern Catholic Churches|Martyrdom of Orthodox ChristiansUniatism]] ; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in Chinese Boxer Rebellion.*1901 "Evangelakia" riots in Athens Greece in November, over translations America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[New TestamentUniate]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (modern) Greek]], resulting in fall s shifts the balance of both government and Metropolitan of AthensOrthodox population to eastern North America. *1903 Uncovering of the relics of 1907 Archim. [[Seraphim of SarovEusebius Matthopoulos]].*1904 founds [[Church Brotherhood of ConstantinopleTheologians Zoe|Ecumenical PatriarchateZoe Brotherhood]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1907 Archim1908 Fr. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe BrotherhoodNikodemos Sarikas]]; Papal Bull ''Ea Semper'' issued, effectively subordinating the Greek Catholic Clergy in the United States to the local Roman Catholic bishops.*1908 Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of [[John of Kronstadt]].*1910 [[w:1910 World Missionary Conference|Edinburgh Missionary Conference]] is the formal beginning of the modern Protestant Christian ecumenical movement, a precursor to the World Council of Churches.
*1912 Death of [[Nicholas of Japan]].
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''*1917 [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; British forces [[w:Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|capture Jerusalem]] from Ottoman Empire; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people".*1917-40 [[w:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia]] begins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95,000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1918 Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] murdered together with his wife [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children; Metr. [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich]] first bishop to be tortured and slain by Russian Communists. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is declared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] begins; Vladimir Lenin proclaims establishment of the [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; the predominatly Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire; Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USA splits into two separate jurisdictions, one for those from Galicia, and another for those from Carpatho-Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary and Slovakia. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated 1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a bishop [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of the African Orthodox [[Churchof Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; Orthodox Archbishopric [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Johannesburg establishedKiev]]. *1928 1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. SergiusAmerican Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a [[Western Rite]] founded to pray and work for Christian unitymissionary outreach. *1929 Papal Bull ''Cum data fuerit'' regulates Uniate clergy in the US, mandating celibacy, resulting in the return of several parishes back to Orthodoxy in 1938; kingdom Kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]]; "[[w:Collegium Russicum|Russicum]]" (Russian College or 'College of St. Therese') founded in Vatican City by Pope Pius XI and run by the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; USSR bans sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]]; the [[w:Bonn Agreement (religion)|Bonn Agreement]] established full communion between the [[Anglican Communion|Church of England]] and [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]] of the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; clergy who oppose the Nazi regime in Germany have homes raided by secret policeepiscopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; death Death of [[Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]] founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[Orestes (Chornock) of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]], were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.*1939 1941 Martyrdom of [[w:Galicia Gorazd (Central EuropePavlik)|Galiciaof Prague]] is divided as Poland gets partitioned between the German Empire and Soviet Union approximately along the Curzon Line, so that Western Galicia goes to the German Empire, and Eastern Galicia is affiliated with Soviet Ukraineby Nazis. *1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units and that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]] and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1947 [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] discovered near Qumran in Egypt; death Death of [[Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] in the early 20th century. *1948 Establishment of [[w:State of Israel|State of Israel]] and end of [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]; [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches.
*1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.
*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in -60 With the village of Kastania, [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in MacedoniaKenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), Greece, housing the wonderworking icon [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Panagia SoumelaWestern Rite]], becoming a center of religious pilgrimageparishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Creation Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaJohn Maximovitch]] with , who authorizes the reception use of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxythe restored Gallican rite. *1959 Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; autocephaly granted to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]]. *1961 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo.*1961 Death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to fly in outer space. *1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of [[Apostle Mark]]; second Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]]. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]].
*1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the [[excommunication]]s of 1054.
*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witness apparitions of the [[Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St. Mary at [[Zeitun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] closed by Turkish authorities.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1977 [[w:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia|Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] published. *1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate; torture and martyrdom of Archim. Philoumenos, keeper of the Greek monastery of Jacob's Well in Samaria (Nablus, West Bank), by Israeli Fanatics who also desecrate the church.*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]].*1980 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and Rhodes. *1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the first time in Espoo, Finland. *1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"''; visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to Vatican. *1987 Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition." '' *1988 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there." *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 [[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian OrthodoxChurch-Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-KP) self-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Freising, Germany; first Orthodox service in seventy years held in proclaims its independance from the [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]](both groups unrecognized).
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
*1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts.
==Notes==
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
*The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
==See also==
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''From a . Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[HeterodoxJohn Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]] perspective. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675)* Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] *[[Categoryhttp:Church //www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of Patriarchal History]]. Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, in Sections)'' [[Category:Featured Articles]] *[[Categoryw:TimelinesTimeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]]
[[Category:Church History]] [[Category:Featured Articles]] [[Category:Timelines|Church History]] [[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] [[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]] [[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]]
[[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]
