Changes

The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].

== New Testament Apostolic era (33-100)== *ca. 6-7BC : Main article: ''[[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed100))]].*ca. 27 [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]].*ca. 28 Beheading of [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]].*ca. 30 [[Crucifixion]], [[Resurrection]] and [[Ascension]] of Christ.*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]].*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.'

==Apostolic era (33*ca. 30-100)==*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 [[Apostle Peter]] founds [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 The name Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first missionary journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem ]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second missionary journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third missionary journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth missionary journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]]; crucifixion of [[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated [[bishop]] of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds college at Jamnia that becomes seat of Sanhedrin and center of Judaism A.D. 70-135, enabling emergence of Rabbinic Judaism. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes ''Antiquities'', site of the martyrdom of many early Christians.*ca. 80-90 ''[[Didache]]'' written. *85 ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' written by [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John]] as supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic Gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]].

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]].*108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus |Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides |Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from returning Jerusalem, and changes city name to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 [[Justin Martyr]] describes [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]].*ca. 170 Emergence of 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 [[w:Muratorian fragmentPersecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Muratorian CanonPersection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]](161-180) (4th).*180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *203 202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimus Septimius Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]](193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *208 ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[TertullianAlban]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated. *ca. 209 Martyrdom 210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[Albanw:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]] in Britain'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].

*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of AlexandriaRome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the Arab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Gaius.*Valerian]] (253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian) (8th). *255-256 Three Councils 258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]].*272 Martyrdom ; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Sabbas Stratelates ("Tyre]] writes ''Against the General") of Rome and 70 soldiersChristians''.

*285 [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution, as Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]]. *ca. 305 Martyrdom of -311 [[PanteleimonLactantius]] and writes ''[[Catherine of AlexandriaDivinae Institutiones]]''.*ca. 306 Martyrdom [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, becoming the pattern in the West.*308 Pope [[Demetrius of Thessalonikiw:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]]opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Galerius issues Edict of Toleration , ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; rebellion of the [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 [[Labarum|Vision ]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]]; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire, specifically naming religious toleration for Christianity, restoration of property to Christian churches, and legal recognition. *314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]]. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by [[Athanasius the Great]], influencing the condemnation of [[Arianism]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].*319 Translation of relics of [[Theodore the General|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"). *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds church on the site of the martyrdom of [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome.

==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*326 Discovery , also establishing the supremacy of honor of the [Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria (328-373). *329 [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Constantinople is founded Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'' as the , Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *333 336-338 [[Constantine Athanasius the Great|Constantine]] commissions ] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Eusebius of Caesarea|EusebiusPachomius the Great]], to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches awakening interest in the new capital[[monasticism]] in Europe. *335 337 Death of [[Sylvester of RomeConstantine the Great|SylvesterConstantine]], Pope of Rome. *336-338 340 Conversion of [[Athanasius the GreatWulfila]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticismto [[Arianism]] in Europe. *337 Death of 341 [[Constantine the Great|ConstantineCouncil of Antioch]]held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *339-346 Second exile 345 Death of [[Athanasius the Great|AthanasiusNicholas of Myra]]. *340 Conversion 348 Death of [[WulfilaPachomius the Great]] to and [[ArianismSpyridon of Trimythous]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with . *350 [[heresy|hereticalNinian]] doctrine; Council of Rome under Pope Julius where Athanasius and Marcellus are declared innocent and maintained establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the communion Picts. *351 Apparition of the western churches; [[Council of GangraCross]] heldover Jerusalem. *341 355 Death of [[Council Nino of AntiochCappadocia]] held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *345 356 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra|NicholasAnthony the Great]], Archbishop of Myra in Lycia. *347 357 [[Council of SardicaSirmium]]issues ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''. *348 Death of 358 [[Pachomius Basil the Great]]; death founds monastery of [[Spyridon of TrimythousAnnesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]]. *350 359 Councils of [[NinianCouncil of Seleucia|Seleucia]] and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts. *351 Apparition of the Sign of the 360 [[CrossMartin of Tours]] over Jerusalem.*355 Death founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church of [[Nino of CappadociaHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|NinaHagia Sophia]], Enlightener of Georgia.inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]]. *362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *356 Death of 361-63 [[Anthony Julian the GreatApostate]]becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism. *357 The 363 Emperor [[Council of Sirmiumw:Jovian|Jovian]], reestablishes Christianity as the high point official religion of Arianism, issues the ''Blasphemy Empire. *364 [[Council of Sirmium''Laodicea]] held. *358 367 [[Basil the GreatAthanasius of Alexandria]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern writes [[monasticismPascha]].*359 Councils of l letter, listing for the first time the [[Council of Seleucia|Seleuciacanon]] in of the east and [[Council of Rimini|RiminiNew Testament]]; death of [[Hilary of Poitiers]] in the west. *360 373 Death of [[Martin of ToursAthanasius the Great]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church and [[Ephrem the Syrian]]. *374 Election of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)Ambrose of Milan|Hagia SophiaAmbrose]] inaugurated by Emperor [as bishop of Milan. *375 [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[w:Constantius II|Constantius IIOn the Holy Spirit]]''. *362 Synod of Alexandria; Antiochian schism (362-414)376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity. *361-63 379 Death of [[Julian Basil the ApostateGreat]] becomes Roman emperor, attempting to restore paganism.*363 ; Emperor [[w:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablished Christianity as Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 Christianity established as the official religion faith of the Roman Empire, stating that he preferred by Emperor [[Theodosius the Orthodox view, and that Athanasius was to be permitted to return to his see at Alexandria.*364 Great]]; [[Council of LaodiceaSaragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]] held.. *365-66 Brief exile and final restoration of 381 [[[Athanasius of AlexandriaSecond Ecumenical Council]].*367 held in Constantinople, condemning [[Athanasius of AlexandriaPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] writes his and [[PaschaApollinarianism]]l letter, listing for declaring the divinity of the first time Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[canonEcumenical Council]] of , and completing the [[New TestamentNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] of the ; [[Holy ScripturesCouncil of Aquileia]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death of led by [[Hilary Ambrose of PoitiersMilan]]deposes Arian bishops. *373 Death of 382 Pope [[Athanasius the Great]]; death of [[Ephrem the SyrianSiricius of Rome]]first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''. *374 Election 383 Death of [[Ambrose Frumentius of Milan|AmbroseAxum]] as , bishop of MilanAxum and Apostle to Ethiopia.*375 384 Council of Bordeaux condemns [[Basil the GreatPriscillian]] writes ''. *385 Death of [[On the Holy SpiritGregory of Nyssa]]'', confirming the divinity . *386 Death of the [[Holy SpiritCyril of Jerusalem]].*376 Visigoths convert to 387 [[ArianismAugustine of Hippo|ArianAugustine]] Christianity.*378 baptized by [[Meletius Ambrose of Antioch|Meletius]] returns to his see as bishop of Antioch; at [[w:Battle of Adrianople|Battle of AdrianopleMilan]] Emperor Valens defeated by the Visigoths, permanently weakening northern borders of the empire. *379 391 Death of [[Basil Gregory the GreatTheologian]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *380 Christianity established as the official faith 391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire by Emperor ; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]]; [[Council ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease. *392 Death of Saragossa]] condemns [[PriscillianismMacarius the Great]]. *381 393 [[Second Ecumenical Councilof Hippo]] held in Constantinople, condemning publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *394 [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismEpiphanius of Salamis]] and attacks teachings of [[AppollinarianismOrigen]], declaring the divinity as heretical; Council of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous Constantinople held; [[Ecumenical CouncilDonatism|Donatist]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedCouncil of Bagai]]; in Africa held. *395 [[Council Augustine of AquileiaHippo|Augustine]] led by [[Ambrose becomes bishop of Milan]] deposes Arian bishops.*382 Pope Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of the [[Siricius of RomeTheotokos]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *ca. 383 Death 395 Re-division of Empire with death of [[Frumentius]]Emperor Theodosius the Great. *384 Council 397 [[Councils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]] publishes Biblical canon; death of Bordeaux condemns [[PriscillianMartin of Tours]].*385 Death of and [[Gregory Ambrose of NyssaMilan]]. *386 398 [[Panagia Soumela MonasteryJohn Chrysostom]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor; death of becomes [[Cyril of JerusalemArchbishop]]; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius of Constantinople. *ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Great]] begins to rebuild the present-day Scetis by Patriarch [[w:Basilica Theophilus of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the WallsAlexandria]]. *387 399 [[Augustine Anastasius I of Hippo|AugustineRome]] baptized at and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[Pascha]] by [[Ambrose of MilanOrigen]]. *391 Death of 401 [[Gregory the TheologianAugustine of Hippo]]. *391-92 All non-Christian temples in the Empire closedwrites ''Confessions''; Pope [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the GreatInnocent I of Rome]] supports [[John Chrysostom]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to ceasecondemns [[pelagianism]]. *392 Death of 402 [[Macarius the GreatPorphyry of Gaza]]obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. *393 403 Abduction of [[Council Patrick of HippoIreland|Patrick]] publishes Biblical canonto Irelande; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival.*394 visit of [[Epiphanius Victricius of SalamisRouen]] attacks teachings of to Britain; [[OrigenSynod of the Oak]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[Donatism|DonatistJohn Chrysostom]] Council of Bagai in Africa held with 310 bishops. *395 404 Martyrdom of [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustineTelemachus]] becomes bishop of Hippo , resulting in North Africa; the placing of the cincture (sash) Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *405 Translation of [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the Most Holy [[TheotokosVulgate]] by [[Jerome]] in the Church . *407 Death of the Virgin [[John Chrysostom]] in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408)exile. *395 Re-division 410 Fall of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius Rome to the Great.*397 [[Council of Carthage]] publishes Biblical canon; death Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Martin Patrick of ToursIreland|Patrick]]back to Britain; death of [[Ambrose of Milan]]Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence. *398 410 [[John ChrysostomCouncil of Seleucia]] becomes declares Mesopotamian [[ArchbishopNestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of ConstantinopleOrthodox bishops. *ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch 411 [[Theophilus of AlexandriaPelagius]].*399 condemned at council in Carthage; [[Anastasius Rabbula of RomeEdessa|Rabbula]] and other bishops condemn doctrine becomes bishop of [[Origen]]Edessa. *401 412 [[Augustine Cyril of HippoAlexandria|Cyril]] writes ''Confessions''; succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope [[Innocent I of Rome]] supports Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[John ChrysostomDonatism]] and condemns [; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]; ''[[pelagianismByzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *402 Emperor Honorius transfers capital 414 Resolution of the Western Empire from Milan to Antiochian division. *415 [[Ravenna (Italy)|RavennaPelagius]]; cleared at [[Porphyry of Gazasynod]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza.*403 Abduction of Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[Patrick of Ireland|PatrickJohn Cassian]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; visit of founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Victricius of RouenPelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]excommunicate him. *404 Martyrdom 418 Foundation of the Arian [[Telemachusw:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], resulting in as Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fightsrewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *405 Translation of 418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[VulgatePelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[JeromeAugustine of Hippo|Augustinian]]; martyrdom of [[Moses the Blackanthropology]]. *406 Invasion of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome and Britain426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''. *407 Death of 428 [[John ChrysostomNestorius]] in exilebecomes patriarch of Constantinople. *410 Fall 429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric |Celestine I; escape of ]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Patrick Germanus of Ireland|PatrickAuxerre]] back and Lupus of Troyes to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain as missionary bishops and to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing combat the Roman presence; [[HonoratusPelagianism|Pelagian]] founds a monastery on island heresy; death of Lerins[[Sisoes the Great]]. *410 430 [[Council of SeleuciaPeter the Iberian]] declares Mesopotamian founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[Nestorianism|NestorianThird Ecumenical Council]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops.*411 held in Ephesus, condemning [[PelagiusNestorianism]] condemned at council in Carthage; and [[Rabbula of Edessa|RabbulaPelagianism]]] becomes bishop , confirming the use of Edessa.*412 the term ''[[Cyril of Alexandria|CyrilTheotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[DonatismChurch of Cyprus]]; Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, expelled from sees on a charge of [[ManichaeismPope Celestine sends [[Palladius]]to Ireland. *413 Martyrdom 432 Return of [[Marcellinus Patrick of CarthageIreland|Patrick]].*414 Resolution to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Antiochian divisionPicts. *415 433 [[PelagiusFormulary of Peace]] cleared at a completes work of [[synodThird Ecumenical Council]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); by reconciling [[John CassianCyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn 435 Death of [[PelagiusJohn Cassian]] and convince Pope Innocent I [[Acacius of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 Foundation of the (Arian) Melitene]]; [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic KingdomNestorius]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates exiled by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle.*418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]].*425 Sanhedrin disbanded by the Roman Empire.*426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''.*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.*429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *ca. 430 Death of [[Nilus of Sinai]].*430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland.*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts.*433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].*435 Death of [[John Cassian]]; death of [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by Imperial imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]].

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible indivisible but separate distinct natures of in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate.*451 Attila the Hun defeated at [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]].*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonian groupsChalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].*452 Attila the Hun invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[Leo the Great]]; [[Venice]] founded by fugitives from Attila's army.*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms. *457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople. *459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]]. *461 Death of [[Leo the Great]]; death of and [[Patrick of Ireland]]. *462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded. *466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos ]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]]. *ca. 471 Patr. [[Acacius of Constantinople]] first called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]]. *475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues circular letter to the bishops of his empire, supporting the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]] [[Christology|Christological]] position.*476 Fall of Western Roman Empire. *477 [[Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno(emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[Henotikon[Henoticon]]'' in an attempt to reconcile the differences over the Christology of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]]. *484 [[Acacian Schism]]. *484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian Church church from the Byzantine church.*488 Death of [[Peter the Fuller]], non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch. *489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. *490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland. *494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between church Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. *496 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] dedicates [[February 14|February 14]] to [[Valentine of Terni]] in the West, banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia; Bp. [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]] lasting until 562. *506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Church]]Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul.*512 Death of [[Genevieve of Paris]]. *518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for his Monophysitism; Patr. [[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *519 Eastern and Western churches are reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].*ca. 520 [[Elesbaan]] (Caleb), King of Ethiopia (Axum), invades Jewish Himyarite kingdom of Yemen, which was persecuting the Christians there, thus establishing Axumite control of South Arabia. *521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]]. *527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]].*ca. 528 Death of [[Procopius of Gaza]]. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] burned down in Samaritan revolt of 529; death of [[Theodosius the Great]]. *529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued from 529 to 534. *530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]. *533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian. *534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals; Malta becomes Byzantine province. *536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]].

*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople. *544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Churchof Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]]. *545 [[Synod David of Brefi]] at Llandewi Brefi in Wales condemns [[Pelagianism]]moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St.Davids's). *546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. *ca. 550 547 [[David of Wales]] takes Christianity does obeisance to Wales.the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their pro-[[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] nature, and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters '', causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with the West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]] was rejected. *556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. *557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. *563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)Columba of Iona|Hagia SophiaColumba]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes his [[monastery]] there, founding his mission to the Picts.*564 Death of [[Petroc]]. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert the anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*570 Death of 576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[GildasChurch of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]]; birth of Muhammad, founder of and [[IslamChurch of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily577 Patr.*580 Monte Cassino sacked by Lombards[[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.*587 Visigoth King [''[[w:Reccared I|ReccaredNomocanon]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor '', of the [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox ChristianityChurch]]. *589 [579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [Council of Toledo]] adds [[FilioqueMonte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt Rome; Slavs begin to combat [[Arianism]]migrate into the Balkans and Greece. *ca. 590 587 Visigoth King [[w:ParthenonReccared I|ParthenonReccared]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to the renounces [[[TheotokosArianism]]. *590 in favor of [[ColumbanusOrthodoxy]] founds monasteries in France. *593 589 [[Anastasius I Council of Antioch|Anastasius the SinaiteToledo]] is restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.*596 adds [[Filioque]] to [[Gregory the DialogistNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] sends in an attempt to combat [[Augustine of Canterbury|AugustineArianism]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *597 Death of 590 [[Columba of IonaColumbanus]]founds monasteries in France. *ca. 600 ''593 [[The Ladder Anastasius I of Divine AscentAntioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires the development of sends [[Gregorian ChantAugustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] through his liturgical reformsalong with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *601 597 Death of [[Augustine Columba of CanterburyIona]] converts King . *598 [[Ethelbert of KentGlastonbury Abbey]] and establishes the see of Canterburyfounded. *602 Final series of wars between ca. 600 ''[[Byzantine EmpireThe Ladder of Divine Ascent]] and Sassanid Empire; '' written by [[Augustine of CanterburyJohn Climacus]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury.*604 ; [[MellitusGregory the Dialogist]] becomes first Bishop inspires development of London and founds the first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the DialogistGregorian Chant]]through his liturgical reforms. *605 Death of 601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]]. *609 converts King [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in RomeEthelbert of Kent]] converted into church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and All Saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri)establishes see of Canterbury. *610 602 [[HeracliusAugustine of Canterbury]] changes the official language of the Empire from Latin meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *604 [[w:Medieval Greek|GreekMellitus]], already the lingua franca becomes first bishop of the vast majority of the population.*612 London and founds first [[Holy Spongew:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]] and ; death of [[Holy LanceGregory the Dialogist]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II 605 Death of Persia; [[Church Augustine of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy SepulchreCanterbury]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] is captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem are massacred. *615 Death of 610 [[ColumbanusHeraclius]] in Italy.*617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.*618 Death changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[Kevin of Glendaloughw:Medieval Greek|Greek]].*620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki.*622 Year one , already the ''lingua franca'' of the Islamic calendar begins, during which vast majority of the hejira occurs, Muhammad and his followers emigrating from Mecca to Medinapopulation. *626 612 [[Akathist|Akathist HymnHoly Sponge]] to the Virgin Mary written, after and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople liberated from a siege Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of 80,000 Persia; [[w:Siege Church of Constantinople the Holy Sepulchre (626Jerusalem)|AvarsChurch of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, Slavs[[True Cross]] captured, and the Persian fleetover 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *627 Emperor 615 Death of [[HeracliusColumbanus]] decisively defeats the Sassanid Persians at in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *626 [[w:Battle Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering the [[True Cross]] and breaking the Sassanid power of the Sassanid dynasty. *628 Muhammad issues [[w:Charter of Privileges|Charter of Privileges]] to monks of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Saint Catherine's Monastery]].*630 Second 630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; ; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].*638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]]. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs. *642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; .*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs invade [[w:Christian Nubia|Christian Nubia]] for the first time.*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *651 End of Persian Empire as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.*653 Pope 653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. *664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic adopting Roman calendar and Roman liturgical practices tonsures in EnglandNorthumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[Cedd]].*668 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]]. *680-681 672 First Synod of Hertford called by [[Sixth Ecumenical CouncilTheodore of Tarsus]] held in Constantinople, condemning adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]] and affirming . *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism. *680 682 Foundation of [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established after a successful war with Byzantium.*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite Patriarchpatriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] is defeated by the [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent afterwards. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin AdomáinAdomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *705 Long period 707 Death of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs. *706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt.*707 Byzantines lose the Balearic Islands to the Moors; death of [[John Maron][[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). *715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque is constructed over the site of the [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [http[w://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox ChurchChalcedonian church]] to the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Churchchurch]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. *730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].

*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor at [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]]; death of [[Willibrord]].*740 [[w:Khazars|Khazars]] voluntarily convert to Judaism. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from 747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the ArabsRogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] '' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries. *754 Death of [[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Church of Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at the teaching of ElbodugusElfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council at which changing papal election procedure is changed and confirming veneration to of icons is confirmed. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons the monk and scholar [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *786 [[w:Beatus 785 Synod of Liébana|Beatus Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Liébana]] publishes ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinipolitan Constantinopolitan Creed]].*796 [[Alcuin]] made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by [[Charlemagne]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of CloveshoII]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. *814 Bulgarians lay siege before Constantinople; conflict erupts Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960. *826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].

==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==*845 The The 42 Martyrs :''Main article: [[Timeline of Ammoria in Phrygia, taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra Church History (Late Byzantine Era (in Iraq843-1054)) and executed there.*846 Muslim raid of Rome.]]''*850 843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches. *850 [[Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding ]] of the Honourable Head head of [[John the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist JohnForerunner]]. *852 St. [[Ansgar]] founds the churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 St. [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus'-Byzantine War (860)Khaganate|Second Christianization of the Rus-Byzantine War' Khaganate]], a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus.. *ca.860 861 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]] was supposed to have happened around this time, but it seems to have been forgotten by the time of Vladimir's Baptism of Kiev in the 980s.*861 Ss. [[Cyril and MethodiusCyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church_of_RussiaChurch of Russia#Conversion_of_the_SlavsConversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms St. [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *862 [[Rastislav of Moravia|Ratislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity. *863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 The Venetians steal relics of St [[Apostle Mark ]] from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]] is [[baptism|baptized]] an Orthodox Christian; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos|Most Holy Birth-Giver of God]]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her Iconicon. *865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. *866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. *867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries of the heretical [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing the news of his excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *867 Death of [[w:KassiaKassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Great and Holy Wednesday. *869-870 The [[Robber Council of 869-870]] is held, deposing St. [[[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." *870 Conversion of Serbia; death of saint and confessor [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; Malta is conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs; Martyrdom martyrdom of St [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia. *874 Translation of the relics 877 Death of [[Nicephorus I Ignatius of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], interred in the who appoints [[Church of Photius the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)Great|Church of the Holy ApostlesPhotius]], Constantinopleto succeed him. *877 Death of St. 878 King [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints St. [[Photius w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*878 King [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex defeats the Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). *879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]].*883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino. *885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy. *885 Death of St. [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius, apostle to the Slavs]]. *886 The [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]), devised by missionaries Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]] in 862-63, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire, subsequently spreading to Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and the Russian principalities; its use in [[w:Great Moravia|Great Moravia]] had been prohibited by the Pope in 885 in favour of Latin; St ; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid Arabs.*904 Thessalonika is sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under 910 [[[w:Leo Benedict of TripoliNursia|Leo of TripoliBenedictine]], a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests.*907 Third [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (907)Cluny Abbey|Rus-Byzantine WarAbbey of Cluny]], a naval raid founded in France.*899 Death of Constantinople (''or [[w:Tsargrad|TsargradAlfred the Great]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince . *911 [[w:Oleg Protection of the Mother of NovgorodGod|Oleg Holy Protection of Novgorodthe Virgin Mary]], which was relieved by peace negotiations. *899 Death of King and Saint 912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Alfred the GreatNicholas Mystikos|Alfred the GreatNicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Wessex & All EnglandConstantinople. *911 927 [[Protection Church of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin-MaryBulgaria]]: Vision of the recognized as [[Theotokosautocephaly|autocephalous]] to St. by [[Andrew the Fool-for-ChristChurch of Constantinople|Constantinople]] protecting Constantinople from an invasion of Slavs.. *911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'. *912 Normans become Christian; 931 Abbott [[w:Nicholas MystikosOdo of Cluny|Nicholas I MysticusOdo of Cluny]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople (901-907reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, 912-925). *927 The starting the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] is recognised as [[Autocephalyw:Cluniac Reforms|autocephalousCluniac Reform movement]] by within the [[Church Benedict of ConstantinopleNursia|Patriarchate of ConstantinopleBenedictine order]].*931 Abbott , focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *935 Martyrdom of [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny AbbeyWenceslas]] reformed , prince of the monasteries in AquitaineCzechs. *944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, northern France, and Italy, starting the including [[w:Cluniac ReformsImage Not-made-by-hands|Cluniac Reform movementIcon Not Made By Hands]] within the .*945 [[Benedict Dunstan of NursiaCanterbury|Benedictine orderDunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor; at its height (c. 950–c.1130) it was one of the largest religious forces in western Europe. *933 Death of St. 957 [[Tryphon Olga of Constantinople|TryphonKiev]], patriarch of baptized in Constantinople. *935 Martyrdom of Blessed 960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] re-captures [[w:Wenceslaus I, Duke of BohemiaCrete|WenceslausCrete]], prince of the Czechs.*941 Fourth for Byzantines; [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)Dunstan of Canterbury|Rus-Byzanatine WarDunstan]], a campaign that was instigated by the Khazars, who wished revenge on the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews undertaken by Emperor becomes [[w:Romanos IArchbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Romanus I LecapenusBenedict]]; ended in a Byzantine victory over the Rus. *944 City of Edessa recovered by the Byzantine army, including 962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[Icon Not Made By Handsbaptism]].*945 St. [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Glastonbury AbbeyHoly Roman Empire|GlastonburyHoly Roman Empire]]. *948 Holy Roman Emperor formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great founds the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhus, and SchleswigHoly Roman Emperor. *ca. 950 963 [[Monastery Athanasius of Hosios LoukasAthos]] founded near Stiris in Greece.*957 St. establishes first major monastery on [[Olga of KievMount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|OlgaGreat Lavra]] baptized in Constantinople. *960 965 Emperor [[Nicephorus IIPhocas]] Phocas re-captures gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[w:Crete|CreteOlga of Kiev]] for the Byzantines; St. Emperor [[Dunstan of Canterburyw:Nikephoros II|DunstanNikephoros II Phokas]] becomes captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[Archbishop of Canterburyw:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]], reforming the monasteries and enforcing the rule of St grants [[Benedict of Nursia|BenedictMount Athos]]: Poverty, Chastity and Obedience for its first charter ([[Monk|monksTypikon]]). *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the 973 [[baptismw:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:Holy Roman EmpireJohn I Tzimiskes|Holy Roman EmpireJohn I Tzimiskes]] is formedin a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor; the ''Diploma Ottonianum'' is co-signed between Pope John XII Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and OttoTripoli, confirming the earlier [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepinbut fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]], granting control . *980 Revelation of the ''[[w:Papal States|Papal StatesAxion Estin]] to '' (the Popes, regularizing Papal electionshymn "It Is Truly Meet"), and clarifying with the relationship between the Popes and appearance of the Holy Roman Emperors.*963 St. [[Athanasius of AthosArchangel Gabriel]] establishes the first major monastery to a monk on [[Mount Athos]], the . *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Great Lavra (Mount Athos)|Great LavraMount Athos]]. *965 Emperor 987 Sixth [[Nicephorus IIw:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]] Phocas gained Cyprus completely for the Byzantines; , where [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav Vladimir of Kiev]] destroyed ] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:KhazarsBasil II|KhazarBasil II]] imperial powerwith an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as the Khazar fortresses of Sarkel his religion and Tamatarkha fell bring his people to the Rus, then the capital city of Atil circa 967new faith. *968 988 '[[Rila MonasteryBaptism of Rus']] founded; Sviatoslav begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev defeats the Bulgarians ]] who is baptized at the [[w:Battle of SilistraChersonesos|Battle of SilistraChersonesos]], precipitating the collapse birthplace of the First Bulgarian EmpireRussian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, which along with Khazaria, had been the two great powers sister of Eastern EuropeByzantine emperor Basil II. *968-71 Fifth 992 Death of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27-Byzantine_War_%28968-971%29#Campaigns_in_the_Balkans Rus-Byzantine WarMichael of Kiev|Michael]], resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition first Metropolitan of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the Kiev. *995 [[w:Battle Olaf of Arcadiopolis|Battle of ArcadiopolisNorway]], proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and the defeat Iceland. *1008 Conversion of [[w:Sviatoslav I Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Kiev|Sviatoslav of KievConstantinople]] by removes name of Pope [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesSergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]].*969 Death of [[Olga Church of KievConstantinople|St Olga the Princess of RussiaConstantinople]], Equal-because the pope had written a letter to-the-Apostles, who is considered with her grandson St. patriarch including the [[Vladimir of KievFilioque]], as having brought Orthodoxy to Russia; Emperor . *1009 [[w:Nikephoros IIChurch of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Nikephoros II PhokasChurch of the Holy Sepulchre]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from in Jerusalem destroyed by the Arabs.*972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] (969"mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-976) granted Amr Allah, founder of the [[Mount Athosw:Druze|Druze]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *973 1014 [[w:Great MoraviaFilioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|MoraviaBenedict VIII]] assigned to the Diocese at coronation of PragueHenry II, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.Holy Roman Emperor. *975 Emperor 1015 Death of [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I TzimiskesVladimir of Kiev]] in a Syrian campaign took Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but failed . *1017 Danish king Canute converts to take JerusalemChristianity. *978 1022 Death of King [[Edward Simeon the MartyrNew Theologian]]. *980 Revelation 1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of the [[w:Axion EstinChurch of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]]. *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|"Axion Estin"Alexius I Studites]] (writes the hymn “first complete ''It Is Truly MeetStudite [[Typikon]],''”), with the appearance of for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Archangel GabrielTypikon]] to a monk on Mt. Athos, celebrated on introduced into the Rus' lands by [[June 11Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]; the icon itself, before which this hymn was first chanted, is called the . *1036 Byzantine [[Panagia Axion Estiw:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|"icon of the Axion Estin"Emperor Michael IV]] ("''It is truly meet''"), kept in makes a truce with the sanctuary Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Protaton on the [[Mount AthosHoly Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy MountainSepulchre]].*983 Martyrdom of Theodore the by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|VarangianGuard]] and his son John of Kievthe Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims.*987 Sixth 1043 [[http://enEdward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27*1045-Byzantine_War_%28987%29#Baptism_of_Vladimir Rus-Byzantine War], where 50 [[Vladimir St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of KievSaint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the Great dispatched troops to oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor , reminiscent of the [[w:Basil IIRomanesque architecture|Basil IIRomanesque]] with an internol revolt; he agreed to accept . *1048 Re-consecration of [[w:Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 [[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.*992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|St. Michael]], the first Metropolitan of Kiev.*995 St. [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom; the relics of St [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] are transferred with his community to Durham.*1000 Christianization of Greenland and Iceland.*1008 Conversion of Sweden.*1009 Patriarch [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes the name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from the [[diptychs]] of the [[Church of Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]].*1012 Death of Hieromartyr [[w:Alphege|Alphege]], Archbishop of Canterbury.*1013 The Jews are expelled from the caliphate of Córdoba. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for the first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.*1015 Death of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]].*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of St. [[Simeon the New Theologian]].*1024 Seventh [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (1024)|Rus-Byzantine War]], Byzantine naval victory.*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].*1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) sent to protect pilgrims. *1045-50 The [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] is built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminicent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]].*1043 Eighth and last [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|Rus'-Byzantine War]], an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople; [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.*1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].

*1052 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.*1053 Death of Saint Lazarus the Wonder==Post-Roman Schism (1054-worker of Mount Galesius near Ephesus.1453)==*1054 Cardinal :''Main article: [[HumbertTimeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]]''*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch. *1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; the term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]]. *1066 Normans invade England flying the 1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia. *1066 Normans invade England flying banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the . *1066-1171 Beginning reformation of the English church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] capture Jerusalem and defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor.*1071 ; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]]. *ca.1071-1176 Byzantine epic poem 1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[httpw://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites Digenes AkritesGregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms]] is written, set in (celibacy of the ninth and tenth centuriesclergy, inspired by the almost continuous state primacy of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minorpapacy over empire, presenting a comprehensive picture right of the intense frontier life Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1074 Death of the [[w:Acritic songs|Akrites]], the border guards Theodosius of the [[Byzantine EmpireKiev Caves]]. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope 1075 ''[[Grgeory VII of Romew:Dictatus papae|Gregory VIIDictatus Papae]] '' document advances Papal supremacy. *1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and launches kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea. *1084 Antioch is captured by the Seljuk Turks. *1088 Founding of monastery of [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos; election of Pope [[w:Gregorian ReformPope Urban II|Gregorian reformsUrban II]] (celibacy , a prominent member of the clergy, primacy of the papacy over the empire, right of the Pope to depose emperors)[[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] . *1074 Death 1095 Launching of St the [[Theodosius of the Kiev Cavesw:First Crusade|Theodosius, Abbot of the Kiev Caves MonasteryFirst Crusade]] and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia. *1075 1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo''[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy.*1087 Translation , marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the relics of [[Nicholas atonement from that of Myra|St Nicholas the Wonderworker]] from Myra to BariEast. *1088 Founding of monastery of St. [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1095 Launching of 1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:First CrusadeLatin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as "[[w:Outremer|First CrusadeOutremer]]." *1096 Persecution 1108 Death of Jews by Crusaders.Nicetas of [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod. *1098 Anselm ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Canterbury completes his ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence Alexandria [[w:Pope Gabriel II of Western theology Alexandria|Gabriel II]] initiates addition of the atonement from that Arabic as a liturgical language with his Arabic translation of the East[[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]]. *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch.*1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the 1144 [[w:Latin Kingdom of JerusalemSecond Crusade|Latin Kingdom of JerusalemSecond Crusade]] and other crusader states known collectively as ''[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]''; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa. *1108 Death 1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of St Nicetas the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev CavesHoly Sepulchre]]in Romanesque style, Bishop of Novgorodadding a bell tower. *1119 Order 1159 [[w:John of Knights Templar founded.*ca.1131-45 Coptic Pope Salisbury|John of Alexandria Salisbury]] authors ''[[w:Pope Gabriel II of AlexandriaPolicraticus|Gabriel IIPolicraticus]] initiates '', a treatise on government drawing from the acceptance of Arabic as a liturgical language (in addition to the Coptic)[[Holy Scripture|Bible]], with his Arabic translation of the [[Divine Liturgyw:Corpus Juris Civilis|LiturgyCodex Justinianus]].*1144 Bernard of Clairvaux calls , and arguing for a [[w:Second CrusadeDivine Right of Kings|Second CrusadeDivine Right of Kings]] to rescue . *1170 Miracle of the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem; Kings Louis VII of France and Konrad III weeping icon of Germany "take the cross[[Theotokos]] ", joining of the Crusaders, but are defeated by MuslimsSign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; Muslims take Christian stronghold city of EdessaDublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans. *1147 Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler 1176 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Sultanate of Rum]] defeats Byzantine Empire in the northeastern Rus[[w:Battle of Myriokephalon|Battle of Myriokephalon]], who built the first fortressmarking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, or Kremlinhanging nearly 3, along the Moscow River000 of them. *1149 Building on 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the work of Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine IXw:Third Council of the Lateran|Third Lateran Council]] in 1048, which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the crusaders began to renovate the important [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)w:Basilian monks|Church of the Holy SepulchreBasilian]] in a Romanesque style, adding a bell towerMonastery of St.*1164 Uncovering Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:Otranto|Otranto]], under Norman patronage, who made himself the relics champion of St Leontius (+1073)the Greek Church, Bishop and Wonderworker of vigorously supported their [[Synaxis of the Saints of RostovByzantine Rite|Rostovcustoms and doctrines]].*1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] <ref>K. Lake. ''"of the SignThe Greek Monasteries in South Italy III." at Novgorod; Anglo'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-Norman invasion of Ireland, the city of Dublin is captured by the V(Latin17) Normans: 22-41. p. 35. </ref>*1177 Latin King Baldwin 1180 Last formal acceptance of Jerusalem and his knights, with the Templars, defeated the Muslim army of Saladin Latins to communion at the an Orthodox altar in Antioch. *1182 [[w:Battle of MontgisardMaronite Catholic Church|Battle of MontgisardMaronites]].*1179 Death , who assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of [[w:Hildegard of BingenMonreale#The_Cathedral|Hildegard von BingenMonreale Cathedral]] (1098-1179)in Sicily, [[Benedict containing the largest cycle of Nursia|Benedictine]] Abbess, medieval mystic, and [[w:polymath|polymath]].Byzantine mosaics extant in Italy. *1180 Last formal, canonical acceptance 1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in AntiochBulgaria and Serbia. *1187 [[w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at the [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)|Battle of Hattin]], and returns Christian holy places to the [[Church of Jerusalem|Orthodox Church]]. *1189 [[w:Third Crusade|Third Crusade]] led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *ca.1189 In response to the capture of old Jerusalem by Muslims in 1187, Ethiopian Emperor [Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] (1189-1229) ordered the orders construction of a holy city hewn from rock as a New Jerusalem, thus building the twelve monolithic rock-cut churches in [[w:Lalibela|Lalibela]], one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, second only to . *1204 [[Fourth Crusade]] [[w:AxumSacking of Constantinople|Axumsacks Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and a center of pilgrimage.*1191 Cyprus taken from the Byzantines stealing many [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by English King Richard this act; [[w:Theodore I "Lion Heart."*1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusadersLaskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]] establishes the [[w:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of Nicaea]]. *1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade ca.1207 [[Sacking of Constantinoplew:Stephen Langton|sack ConstantinopleStephen Langton]], laying waste to divides the Bible into the city and stealing many holy defined modern chapters in use today. *ca.1220 English Bp. [[relicshttp://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ]] and other items; is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[Great SchismSarum Use|Use of Sarum]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the West. *ca.1204-61 Monks of Iveron monastery on [[Mount Athos1228 [[w:Sixth Crusade|Sixth Crusade]] martyred by the Latins results in 10-year treaty starting in the 13th century, observed on [[May 13]]1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem.*1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete1231 [[w:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]] initiated by Pope Gregory IX, retaining it until ousted by the Ottoman Turks in 1669charged with suppressing heresy.*1212 The 1235 Death of [[w:Children's Crusade|Children's CrusadeSava of Serbia]], led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes, sets out for the Holy Land from France. *1213 Death of Blessed 1237 Golden Horde begin [[w:Tamar Church of GeorgiaRussia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|Tamara the Great, Queen subjugation of GeorgiaRussia]]. *1217-21 1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[w:Fifth Crusade|Fifth CrusadeAlexander Nevsky]]defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva. *1228 1242 [[w:SixthAlexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of the Ice|Sixth CrusadeBattle of Lake Peipus]] resulted in , a 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between major defeat for the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Catholic crusaders. *1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the Egyptian sultan; [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade. *1247 [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] conquer Jerusalem was ceded to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to driving out the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and BethlehemKhwarezmian Turks. *1235 Death of St. 1258 [[Sava of Serbia|Sava Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Serbia]]Greek peninsula from Latins. *1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin 1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[Church of_Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)w:Principality of Achaea|subjugation Principality of RussiaAchaea]].*1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince at the [[Alexander Nevskyw:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]] defeats Swedish army at Battle , marking the beginning of the NevaByzantine recovery of Greece. *1242 ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Alexander NevskyIviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in the .*1260 Subjugation of [[w:Battle Church of the Ice|Battle of Lake PeipusCyprus]], a major defeat for the to the [[Roman Catholic crusadersChurch]]. *1244 Jerusalem is conquered 1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and completely razed by restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[w:Khwarezm|KhwarezmianMichael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under seat of the new [[w:Ayyubid dynastyDespotate of Morea|AyyubidDespotate of Morea]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering the Seventh Crusadewhere a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1245 The First Council of Lyon in the Roman Catholic Church mandated the red hat for cardinals, and a levy for the Holy Land1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1247 [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation by Latin patriarch.*1248-54 1274 Second [[w:Seventh CrusadeCouncils of Lyons|Seventh CrusadeCouncil of Lyons]]held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East. *1258 1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[Michael VIII PalaiologosJohn XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] seizes the throne elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of the Nicaean EmpireConstantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynastywho opposed [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], beginning reconquest of martyred by the Greek peninsula from Latins. *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin ca. 1280 ''[[w:Principality of AchaeaKebra Nagast|Principality of AchaeaKebra Nagast]] at '' ("Book of the [[w:Battle Glory of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]]Kings") compiled, marking the beginning a repository of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople Ethiopian national and restoration of Orthodox patriarchsreligious feelings. *1261 Emperor 1281 [[Michael VIII Palaiologosw:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] makes authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[w:Mystras|MystrasByzantine Empire]] seat of the new in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of MoreaMichael VIII Palaiologos]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred.*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.*1270 The and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Eighth CrusadeSicilian Vespers|Eighth CrusadeSicilian Vespers]] is launched by [[w:Louis IX . *1291 Fall of Acre; end of France|Louis IX]], King of Francecrusading in Holy Land. *1271-72 The 1298 [[Ninth CrusadeAmbrose of Milan|Ninth CrusadeAmbrose]] led by , [[w:Edward I Augustine of EnglandHippo|Prince EdwardAugustine]] of England to Acre, is considered to be the last of the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land.*1274 Second , [[[Council of LyonJerome]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and [[Gregory the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople first Great [[John XI Beccus w:Doctor of Constantinoplethe Church|John XI BeccusDoctors]] elected to replace Patriarch of the Western Church. *1302 Papal Bull ''[[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinoplew:Unam sanctum|Joseph I GalesiotesUnam Sanctum]], who opposed the '' issued by Pope [[Council Boniface VIII of LyonsRome|Boniface VIII]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on proclaims Papal supremacy. *1326 Metr. [[Mount AthosPeter of Moscow|Mt. AthosPeter]], martyred by the Latinsmoves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *ca. 1280 ''1332 [[w:Kebra NagastAmda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Kebra NagastAmda Syon]]'' ("Book , Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the Glory of Kings") compiledsouthern Muslim provinces, a repository allowing for the spread of Ethiopian national and religious feelingsChristianity to frontier areas. *1281 1336 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IVMeteora]] authorizes in Greece established as a Crusade against the newly re-established center of Orthodox [[Byzantine Empiremonasticism]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor . *1338 [[Michael VIII PalaiologosGregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union use of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following yearthe [[Jesus Prayer]].*1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in 1340 [[Holy LandTrinity-St.*1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam SanctumSergius Lavra]]'' issued founded by Pope [[Boniface VIII Sergius of Rome|Boniface VIIIRadonezh]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *1326 Moscow became the seat 1341-51 Three sessions of the Russian Orthodox Metropolitanate[[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, as affirming [[Peter hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter[[Gregory Palamas]] moved his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscowcondemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]]. *1309 The island 1342 Patriarchate of Rhodes falls Antioch transferred to the Damascus under [[w:Knights HospitallerIgnatius II of Antioch|Knights of St. JohnIgnatius II]], who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the Knights of Rhodes (1309-1522). . *1311-12 The Council of Vienne in the Roman Catholic Church disbanded the Knights Templar. *1336 1349 Prince [[MeteoraStephen Dushan]] in Greece is established as a center of Orthodox Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of [[monasticismw:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]](Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1338 1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]] (1296-1359) writes ''Triads in Defense . *1360 Death of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality[[John Koukouzelis]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]]Hymnographer. *1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91)1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. *1341-51 Three sessions of ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held true faith is preserved only in Constantinoplethe East, affirming "among the Greeks." *1382-95 [[hesychasmw:Wyclif's Bible|hesychasticFirst English Bible]] theology of Sttranslated by John Wyclif. *1383 [[Gregory PalamasStephen of Perm]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy , missionary to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Barlaam Theotokos of CalabriaTikhvin]]icon. *1344 Death of Amda Syon, Emperor of Ethiopia.*1349 Prince 1385 [[Stephen Dushanw:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1387 [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)Christianization of Lithuania|GaliciaLithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control.*1353 Death of Saints Sergius and Herman, Abbots and Wonder-workers of while most [[Valaam Monasteryw:Ruthenians|ValaamRuthenian]].lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1354 1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, of Sultan Murad I at Gallipoli.*1359 Death the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of St. [[Gregory PalamasLazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1360 Death of St John Koukouzelis, the Hymnographer of the Great 1390 Ottomans take [[Lavraw:Alaşehir|LavraPhiladelphia]] on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]], maistor (master of music), theorist and composer, who codified the second major form of [[Byzantine Chant]] known as ''kalophonic'', being highly melismatic, protracted, embellished and grandiose, last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1365 Crusaders under Latin King 1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1410 Iconographer [[w:Peter I of Cyprus|Peter I of CyprusAndrei Rublev]] sacked Alexandriapaints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, Egypt.*1378 Death the angels being considered a type of the [[Alexis of MoscowHoly Trinity|St. AlexisHoly Trinity]], Metropolitan . *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of Kiev and Wonderworkerpope. *1379 1417 End of Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign at the [[Council of three Popes of RomeConstance]]. *ca.1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, 1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''"among the Greeks."'' *1382-95 1422 [[w:Wyclif's BibleSiege of Constantinople (1422)|First English BibleSecond unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] translated by John Wyclifof Constantinople. *1383 St. 1423-24 [[Stephen w:Council of Siena|Council of PermSiena]], missionary to in the Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of Roman Catholic Church was the [[Theotokos high point of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]].*1385 The [[w:Union of KrewoConciliarism|Kreva Agreementconciliarism]] provided for , emphasizing the conversion leadership of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicismthe bishops gathered in council, and joined but the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a dynastic unionheresy. *1387 1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[w:Christianization Council of Lithuania|Lithuania converted to Roman CatholicismFlorence]], while most of the where only [[w:Ruthenians|RuthenianMark of Ephesus]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) stayed Orthodoxrefuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Saint titles|Great-martyr]] Lazarus (Lazar), prince of Serbia.*1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.*1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 The Council of Constance in the Roman Catholic Church represented a high point for the movement that promoted the [[w:Conciliarism|authority of councils]] over the authority of the pope, but in the end the pope's authority was re-affirmed.*1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]].*1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople.*1423-24 The [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy.*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at the [[Council of Florence]], where only St. [[Mark 1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome. *1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] '' proved forgery.

*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia ]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed allows the union to be proclaimed. *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, martyred by triggering the Ottoman Turks[[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].[[Media:Example.ogg]]

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1461 Death of St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow; commemoration of the Apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskhet in Georgia, [[October 1]].*1462 Wonderworking icon of the [[Mantamados|Archangel Michael of Mantamados]] is created after the Byzantine monastery of the Taxiarchis (1455-56 ''ArchangelConfession of Faith'') [[Archangel Michael|Michael]] is destroyed by invading Ottoman Turks and all the monks are slaughtered; the sole surviving [[novice]]-monk credited his salvation to a miracle of the Archangel and made the icon, in relief, using clay earth mixed with in with the blood Patr. Gennadius of his slain brothersConstantinople. *1480 Spanish Inquisition; meeting of the 1456-1587 Byzantine [[Theotokos of Vladimirw:Pammakaristos Church|Vladimir Icon Church of the Most Holy TheotokosPammakaristos]] in memory became the seat of saving Moscow from the invasion of Khan Ahmed, observed on [[June 23Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar.*1497 Hieromartyr Macarius(year 7,000, Metropolitan according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Kyiv, martyred by invading TatarsCreation]]). *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus published the publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" (received text) of the New Testament, on the basis of some six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation. *1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. *1536-41 1529 First Ottoman [[w:Dissolution Siege of the MonasteriesVienna|Dissolution Siege of the MonasteriesVienna]] in England, Wales marking Ottoman Empire's apex and Ireland, with [[w:List end of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England|over 800 religious houses dissolved]] during the [[English Reformation]].*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives Ottoman expansion in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1545-63 [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] held to answer the Protestant Reformationcentral Europe.

*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St. [[Basil the Blessed]], .*1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[Fool for Christw:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]]. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564).*1563 Anglican of the Eastern Church's , [[w:Thirty-Nine Articles|Thirty-Nine ArticlesJohn Chrysostom]] of Religion were established, [[Basil the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland.*1569 Martyrdom of St. Great]], [[Philip of MoscowGregory the Theologian|Philip, Metropolitan Gregory of MoscowNazianzus]], at the hands and [[Athanasius of Ivan IV GroznyAlexandria|Athanasius]]. *1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] united the unites Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox [[w:Image:Rzeczpospolita265.png|lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine]] under a direct Roman Catholic sphere of influencerule. *1575 1571 Restoration of [[Church of ConstantinopleCyprus]] grants to Orthodox rule. *1573-81 Correspondence of Patr. [[autonomyJeremias II (Tranos) of Constantinople|Jeremias II of Constantinople]] to with Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of SinaiConstantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov. *1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII; death of .*1583 [[w:Teresa Sigillion of Ávila|Teresa of Ávila1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]], prominent Spanish mysticby council convened in Constantinople. *1583 1587-Present. The relatively modest [[Sigillion w:Church of 1583St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] was issued against in the Calendar Phanar district of Pope Gregory XIII Istanbul becomes the seat of Rome by a council convened in Constantinople.*1589 the [[AutocephalyChurch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] of the . *1589 [[Church of RussiaAutocephaly]] recognized; and [[primatecanonical territory]] of the [[Church of Russia]] styled recognized, as ''Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[patriarchPatriarch]]''of Moscow and of All Russia. *1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *1604 Death ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo.''Djize''. *1607 Death 1625 ''Confession of St Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Job of Moscow|JobCyril Lucaris]], First Patriarch of MoscowAlexandria presents [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for safe keeping. *1609-10 The 1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Douay-Rheims BibleFasilides of Ethiopia|Douay-Rheims BibleFasilides]] (D-R) is printed, the first complete English expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic Bible, translated missionaries from the Latin [[Vulgate]]Ethiopia. *1611 The 1642 [[w:Authorized King James Version|Authorized King James VersionCouncil of Jassy]] of the Bible (KJV-AVIaşi) is printed, including all of the revises [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical booksPeter Mogila]] (''officially removed by the s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Archbishop of CanterburyDeuterocanon|deuterocanonical]] in 1885'')books. *1612 Death of Hieromartyr 1646 [[Hermogenes w:Union of MoscowUzhhorod|HermogenesUnion of Uzhhorod]], Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia; joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Our Lady of Kazan|Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]], commemorating the deliverance from the Poles, [[October 22Union of Brest]]. *1627 Pope 1652-1658 Patriarch [[Cyril Lukaris]] Nikon of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex AlexandrinusMoscow]] revises liturgical books to King Charles I of England for "safe keepingbring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as [[Old Believers]]." *1633 Ethiopian emperor 1672 [[w:Fasilides Synod of EthiopiaJerusalem|FasilidesSynod of Jerusalem]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopiaconvened by Patr.*1642 [[Council Dositheos II of JassyJerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]] (Iaşi) revises , refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Peter MogilaCyril Lucaris]]'s confession , defining Orthodoxy relative to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and confirms canonicity defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of certain deuterocanonical books.*1646 At the this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia). *1682 The ''Sabaite [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of UzhhorodTypikon]] 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests '' was published in its final form in Russia; from the Carpathian Mountains, then within the Kingdom of Hungary, joined the Roman Catholic Church on terms similar 1682 to 1888 the Union of Brest from 1596Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]]. *1647 Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1649 Martyrdom of Saint 1685-87 The [[Athanasius of Brest-Litovskw:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|AthanasiusSlavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, Abbot under the guidance of Bresttwo Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], by on the Latinspremises of the [[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1652 School and hospital established 1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Old Cairo Beijing by Patriarch Joannikios[[Church of Russia]]. *1652-1658 Patriarch 1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Nikon Church of MoscowChina|Church in China]] revises liturgical books , in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to excommunication of dissentersbe cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, who become known as in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Old BelieversJulian Calendar]].*1654 Icon of by Peter the Most Holy Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[TheotokosJune 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the Kievan Brotherhoodfaith in Siberia and China.*1656 The [[w1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:New Jerusalem MonasteryGalicia (Central Europe)|New Jerusalem MonasteryGalician]], also known as the Voskresensky Monastery is founded by Patriarch area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Nikon Union of Moscow|NikonBrest-Litovsk]] at Istra near Moscow, intended to represent so that two-thirds of the Heavenly JerusalemOrthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1672 1715 Metr. [[w:Synod Arsenios of Jerusalem|Synod of Jerusalem]] is convened Thebaid]] sent to England by Patriarch Pope [[Dositheos II Samuel of Jerusalem|Dositheos NotarasAlexandria]], refuting article by article the Calvanistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaristo negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]], defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Greek Anglican bishops.*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Biblical canon; the acts Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia); the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the Synod of Jerusalem ''"the most vital statement of faith made in the Greek Church during the past thousand years]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]."'' *1675 Icon of the 1724 [[TheotokosMelkite]] of God of Pochaiv, commemorating her Miraculous Appearance at Pochaivschism, in which saved the monastery many faithful from the assault [[Church of the Tartars and Turks, celebrated on Antioch]] become [[July 23Uniate]]s.*1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing, China by the 1728 The [[Church of RussiaConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].*1688 Icon of formally replaced the Most Holy ''[[TheotokosByzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]] "'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[Mother of God Joy of All Who Sorroww:Anno Domini|The Joy of All Who SorrowChristian Era]]", '' (AD).*1731 Death of [[October 24Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1700-02 Submission of 1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the the dioceses [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of Lemberg (Lviv) in the converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|GalicianSigillion of 1756]] '' issued against the [[http://wiki-commonsGregorian Calendar]] by Patr.genealogy.net/images/f/fe/Lokal_Königreich_Galizien.png area of Ukraine], and Luzk (Lutsk), to the Roman Catholic Church completes the [[Union [Cyril V of Brest-LitovskConstantinople]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic.. *1715 Metropolitan 1767 Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Arsenios Church of Thebaidthe Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] sent to England by Pope among claimants. *1767-1815 [[Samuel w:Suppression of the Society of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-JurorsJesus|Non-JurorSuppression of the Jesuits]] Anglican bishopsin Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1721 Czar Peter I replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schismca. 1770 About 1, in which many faithful 200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from the Russia. *1774 Russia and Ottoman Empire sign [[Church w:Treaty of Antioch]] become [[UniateKüçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]]s, bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1731 1779 Death of St. Innocent, first bishop of Irkutsk[[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1756 The 1782 First publication of ''[[Sigillion of 1756Philokalia]] was issued against the New Calendar by Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril V of Constantinople. *1760 ''; [[Holy Trinity St. Seraphim-Diveyevo Conventautonomy]] founded in Russia.*1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimantsGreat. *1767-1815 1794 Missionaries, including [[w:Suppression Herman of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the JesuitsAlaska]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nationsarrive at Kodiak Island, particularly in Russiabringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland.*1774 Russia and 1796 [[Nicodemus of the Ottoman Empire signed Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji[Unseen Warfare]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians.*1779 Death of St. '' in Venice. *1798 Patriarch [[Kosmas AitolosAnthimus of Jerusalem]].*1782 First publication of contended that the ''[[Philokaliaw:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]''; was part of the [[autonomyw:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] of granted by [[Church of SinaiGod]] confirmed by to protect [[Church of ConstantinopleOrthodoxy]].*1794 Missionaries, including St. from the taint of [[Herman of AlaskaRoman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death and of St. Western [[Paisius Velichkovskyw:Secularism|secularism]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos.*1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountainw:Irreligion by country|Nicodemus the Hagioriteirreligion]] published the .*1800 ''“Unseen Warfare”[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Venice, revising Venetian priest Athens. *1805 Death of [[w:Lorenzo ScupoliMacarius Notaras of Corinth|Lorenzo Scupoli'sMakarius of Corinth]] two works , a central figure in the ''“Spiritual Combat” (1599 ed[[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] movement.)'' and ''“Path to Paradise” (1600),'' to remove Latinisms and give a fuller expression to *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the Patristic doctrine of pure prayer. *1800 ''[[The RudderChurch of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]'' published and printed in Athens. *1803 Death of St [[Xenia of St. Petersburg|Xenia 1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Petersburg]], [[Fool-for-Christ]].*1804 The [[w:British and Foreign Bible Society|British and Foreign Bible Society]] founded.*1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque style.*1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].*1814 New-Martyrs Euthymius, Ignatius, and ''Acacius (1816)'' of [[Mount Athos]].*1815 [[Peter the Aleut]] tortured and martyred in Roman Catholic San Francisco, California.*1816 The [[w:American Bible Society|American Bible Society]] foundedKollyvades fathers.

*1821 Greek independence declared on the Day of :''Main article: [[AnnunciationTimeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]] (''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of [[Saint titles|Hieromartyrs]] Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1823 Miracle-working icon of Panagia Evangelistria is excavated on the Greek island of Tinos, according to a vision from Stca. Pelagia, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at 1830 [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)]].*1825 Slavophile movement]] begins in Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary. *1829 Treaty 1831 Return of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence3,000, culminating in the creation of 000 [[Uniate]]s with the modern Greek state[[Orthodox Church]] at Vilnius in 1831. *ca.1830 Drawing on the works 1832 [[Church of Greek patristics, Russian poets and literary critics, the Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[w:Slavophileautocephaly|Slavophile movementautocephalous]] began in Russia attempting to reinforce Orthodox Christian values and Slavic cultural traditions, denouncing "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and preferring Russian mysticism to Western rationalism.. *1831 The reunion 1833 [[Church of the 3,000,000 Greece]] declares [[Uniate|Uniatesautocephaly]] with , making it independent of the [[Orthodox Churchof Constantinople|Constantinople]] at Vilna in 1831, celebrated on ; death of [[May 24Seraphim of Sarov]]. *1832 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[Church Union of SerbiaBrest-Litovsk]] becomes ''de factoin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 '' [[autocephaly|autocephalousEncyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]].*1833 '' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Church of GreeceFilioque]]] declares its as [[autocephalyheresy]], making it independent of declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church of Constantinople]]; death of St. to be [[Seraphim of Sarovheresy|heretical]].*1839 Tsar Nicholas I abolished the , [[Union of Brest-Litovskschism]] atic, and in all areas under Russian rule with [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the exception Photian Council of 879-880 as the eparchy of Chelm (in Polish territory) which was itself integrated into the Russian Orthodox Church in 1875"[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1847 Restoration of 1850 [[w:Latin Patriarch Church of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of JerusalemGreece]] by Pope Pius IX. *1848 ''1851 Translation into English of [[Encyclical of the Eastern PatriarchsSeptuagint]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the Orthodox [[Church, condemning of the [[Filioque]Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity] as [[heresy]], declaring the . *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Roman Catholic Churchof the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] to be permanent. *1853-56 [[heresy|hereticalw:Crimean War|Crimean War]]fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, [[schism]]atic, and beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[apostasyImmaculate Conception]], repudiating declared [[Ultramontanismdogma]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "by [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilRoman Catholic Church]]." *1850 1859 [[Church of Constantinoplew:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] recognizes discovers [[autocephalyw:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] of at [[Church of Greece]]St.*1851 Translation Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].*1860 Death of [[SeptuagintAlexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the , co-founder of the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the NativitySlavophile movement]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of 1864 First Orthodox [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of the Holy Sepulchre[[Jacob Netsvetov]] permanent.*1853-56 1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[w:Crimean Warautocephaly|Crimean Warindependence]] fought between Russia from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of [[Western Rite]] liturgy and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy LandBenedictine offices. *1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by First Vatican Council. *1854 1871 [[Immaculate ConceptionNicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] declared establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[dogmaphyletism]] by to be [[Roman Catholic Churchheresy]].*1864 First Orthodox ; [[parishChurch of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeksa decree of the Sultan. *1865 1875 Uniate diocese of [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephalyw:Chełm|independenceChelm]] from the [[in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church of Constantinople]]under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1867 Sale of Alaska to United States; death of St. 1876 [[Ignatius BrianchaninovTheophan the Recluse]], Russian bishop begins issuing a translation of the Caucasus and the Black Sea and ascetical writer''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1869 Celebration of the first miracle of the 1879 [[Icon Church of the Theotokos at Chernigov-GethsemaneConstantinople]].*1870 recognizes [[Papal Infallibilityautocephaly]] declared of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicof Serbia]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council; ; death of [[w:Papal States|Papal StatesInnocent of Alaska]] ceased to exist (1870-1929). *1871 [[Nicholas 1882 Synod of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan.*1872 Council in Jerusalem declares Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[phyletismMitrophan Ji]] to be becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the [[heresyChurch of China]]; . *1885 [[Church of BulgariaConstantinople]] gains ''de facto'' recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[autocephalyChurch of Romania]] by a decree of the Sultan.*1875 The Uniate diocese of ; [[w:ChełmRevised Version|ChelmEnglish Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in Poland was incorporated back into the Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with officially removes all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy; the Vatican never withdrew its claim to jurisdiction over it, until the town had been restored to newly-reborn Poland in 1918.*1879 [[Church of Constantinople[Apocrypha]]] recognizes from [[autocephalyw:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]] of . *1888 ''[[Church of SerbiaTypikon]]; death of St. [[Innocent the Great Church of Alaska]].*1881 Wave of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United StatesEcumenical Patriarch, thousands settle in Palestinewhile the ''Sabaite (monastic).*1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephalyTypikon]] '' continues to be used in Russia.*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church of Romania|Old Catholic Churches]]; , not in communion with Rome, at the [[Archbishop w:Utrecht Union|Union of CanterburyUtrecht]] officially removed all of the . *ca. 1890 ''[[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical booksUnseen Warfare]] from '' further revised by [[Theophan the Recluse]]. *1891 Death of [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James BibleAmbrose of Optina]]. *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1889 Federation 1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[w:Old Catholic ChurchChurch of Antioch|Old Catholic ChurchesAntioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]], not diocese organized in communion with Rome, at the Czechoslovakia by [[w:Utrecht Union|Union Church of UtrechtRussia]]. *ca.1890 The ''“Unseen Warfare”'' is further revised by Bishop [[Theophan the Recluse]], to remove unnecessary Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayer.*1898 Last Greek patriarch of 1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed.*1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer RebellionChina|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion(Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots ]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of the [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (modernModern) Greek]], resulting in the fall of both the government and the Metropolitan of Athens. *1903 Uncovering of the relics of St. 1904 [[Seraphim Church of Sarov]].*1904 The [[Church of ConstantinopleConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos MakrakisTikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]]; Tsar , Bp. [[Nicholas II Raphael of RussiaBrooklyn|Nicholas Romanov'sRaphael (Hawaweeny)]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 and Fr. [[w:Ruthenians|RutheniansJohn Kochurov]] returning to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Death of [[Eastern Catholic Churches|UniatismApostolos Makrakis]]; seat Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of Russian Orthodox bishop religion results in America moved from San Francisco to New Yorkabout 250, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-000 [[Uniatew:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]]s shifts the balance returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox population to eastern North bishop in America; moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the 1905 French law on the Separation reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the Churches and State established state secularism in Francebalance of Orthodox population to eastern North America. *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Papal Bull ''Ea Semper'' issued, effectively subordinating the Greek Catholic Clergy in the United States to the local Roman Catholic bishops.*1908 Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria. *1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]].*1910 [[w:1910 World Missionary Conference|Edinburgh Missionary Conference]] is the formal beginning of the modern Protestant Christian ecumenical movement, a precursor to the World Council of Churches. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.

*1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with : ''Main article: [[Tikhon Timeline of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; British forces [[w:Battle of Jerusalem Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))|capture Jerusalem]] from Ottoman Empire; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; *1917 [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; the Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish peoplede facto''"by political chaos in Russia.*1917-40 [[w:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia]] beganbegins, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union#Interbellum_persecution_of_the_Church 130,000 Orthodox priests arrested], 95,000 of which whom were put to death, executed by firing squad. *1918 St. Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children; Hieromartyr [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir]], Metropolitan of Kiev, the first bishop to be tortured and slain by the Communists at the time of the Russian Revolution. *1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as the ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is formeddeclared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] begins; Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment of the [[w:Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR); the [[w:Solovetsky Monastery|Solovetsky Monastery]] was converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union#Interbellum_persecution_of_the_Church eight Metropolitans, twenty Archbishops, and forty-seven Bishops] of the Orthodox Church 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; the laitypredominatly Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire; the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USA split into two separate jurisdictions, one for those from Galicia, and another for those from the territories Carpatho-Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary and Slovakia. *1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of Patriarch Saint [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon of All Russia]]. *1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated 1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a bishop [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of the African Orthodox [[Churchof Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; Orthodox Archbishopric [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Johannesburg establishedKiev]]. *1928 The 1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[American Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a [Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius[Western Rite]] is founded to pray and work for Christian Unitymissionary outreach. *1929 Papal Bull ''Cum data fuerit'' regulated Eastern Rite (Uniate) clergy in the US, mandating that they were to be celibate, resulting in the return of several parishes back to Orthodoxy in 1938; the kingdom Kingdom of Italy and the Papacy ratify the [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing the full sovereignty of the Papacy within the new state of the [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]]; the "[[w:Collegium Russicum|Russicum]]" (Russian College or 'College of St. Therese') is founded in Vatican City by Pope Pius XI and run by the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]], often related to the proselytism dispute spoken about in the context of the 'conversion of Russia'. *1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; the USSR banned the sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]]; the [[w:Bonn Agreement (religion)|Bonn Agreement]] established full communion between the [[Anglican Communion|Church of England]] and the [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]] of the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda ]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there. *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]]. *1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; Clergy who opposed the Nazi regime in Germany had their homes raided by secret policeepiscopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]]. *1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]]. *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. *1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].

*1938 Death of [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)Silouan the Athonite]] and ; [[St. Tikhon's American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]Diocese]] founded; death of St. [[Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]] (ACROD) founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[Orestes (Chornock) of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]], were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.*1939 1941 Martyrdom of [[w:Galicia Gorazd (Central EuropePavlik)|Galiciaof Prague]] is divided as Poland gets partitioned between the German Empire and the Soviet Union approximately along the Curzon-Line, so that Western Galicia goes to the German Empire, and Eastern Galicia is affiliated with Soviet-Ukraineby Nazis. *1941 [[w:Legion of Christ|Legion of Christ]], Roman Catholic priestly-order founded.*1941--45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Genocide kill] 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. *1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch patriarch of Moscow. *1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] were eliminated, tortured and drowned by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]] (OUN-UPA); , aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metropolitan Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of the Nazi Western-Ukrainian military units [[w:14th Waffen Grenadier Division of that were later condemned by the SS Galicia (1st Ukrainian)|SS-Galicia division]] (Galichina/Galizien) and the Wehrmacht [[w:Nachtigall Battalion|Nachtigal battalion]], which were condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and Nuremberg tribunal, and who was subsequently imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1945 1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. *1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]. *1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; a state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolved dissolves the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], and re-integrated integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1947 Death of [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] are discovered near Qumran in Egypt; death of St [[Alexis Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] in the early 20th century. *1948 Establishment of [[w:State Church of Israel|State of IsraelRussia]] and end of re-grants [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]; [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; the Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches. *1949 Soviet authorities revoked revoke the [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimage.*1957 -60 With the [[Church of Russiaw:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] grants [[autonomy]] to in Kenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), the [[Orthodox Church of China]]is banished by the Colonial Government.*1958 Creation of 1953 Metr. [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese Antony (Bashir) of North AmericaNew York|Antony (Bashir)]] with the reception of multiple accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into OrthodoxySyrian Metropolitanate in America. *1959 Archbishop 1957 [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of AlbaniaChurch of Russia]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; Autocephaly granted for the grants [[Church of Ethiopiaautonomy]] as Coptic to [[Cyril VI (Atta) Church of Alexandria|Pope Cyril VI of AlexandriaChina]] crowned Abune Baslios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia. *1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical 1958 Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and theological reforms 1907 for the use by [[Roman Catholic ChurchWestern Rite]], including restriction of ancient in America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[Tridentine MassJohn Maximovitch]] and introduction , who authorizes the use of the Novus Ordorestored Gallican rite. *1961 Death of St1959 Abp. [[Luke Anastasios (Voino-YasenetskyYannoulatos) of CrimeaAlbania]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Panestablishes inter-Orthodox Conference in Rhodesmission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; [http://www.oodegr.com/english/epistimi/gagarin1.htm Orthodox Christian Yuri Gagarin] becomes autocephaly granted to the first man to fly in outer space. *1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of [[Apostle MarkChurch of Ethiopia]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of by Coptic Pope [[Mount AthosCyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]]. *1964 Meeting 1961 Creation of Pope [[Paul VI Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of RomeNorth America]] and Patriarch ; death of [[Athenagoras I Luke (SpyrouVoino-Yasenetsky) of ConstantinopleSimferopol and Crimea]] in Jerusalem; third consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; .*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Synaxis of the Saints of RostovRoman Catholic Church]] established by resolution , including restriction of His Holiness Patriarch ancient [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis ITridentine Mass]] and the Holy Synod introduction of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]Novus Ordo. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch 1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of ConstantinopleMount Athos]] mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054. *1967 1964 Meeting of Pope [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church Paul VI of MacedoniaRome]] declares its and Patr. [[autocephaly]], making it independent Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of the [[Church of SerbiaConstantinople]] (as yet unrecognized).*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representativesin Jerusalem; fourth third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1968-71 Millions Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witnessed apparitions Rostov]] established by resolution of the His Holiness Patriarch [[TheotokosAlexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Virgin MaryAlexis I]] many times over a three year period over and the Coptic Orthodox Church Holy Synod of St Mary at [[Zeitun|Zeitoun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)Russia|Coptic Russian Orthodox Church]] and other churches. *1970 1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Orthodox Church in AmericaAthenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] reconciles with mutually nullify the [[Church of Russiaexcommunication]] and is granted s of 1054.*1966 The [[autocephalyw:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]], returning control of almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of JapanChina|Chinese Orthodox Church]] to Moscow, which grants it .*1967 [[autonomyMacedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]]; glorification of unilaterally declares its [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaskaautocephaly]] in separate services by the ROCOR and , making it independent of the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) Church of CyprusSerbia]] baptizes 10(as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenyaclosing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1971 1968 Visit to [[Theological School Patriarchate of Halki|Halki SeminaryAlexandria]] Greek by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authoritiesConference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1974 1600th anniversary of death 1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[Athanasius the Greatautocephaly]]. *1975 Division in , renamed as the Antiochian church Orthodox Church in North America overcome by the uniting , returning control of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) Church of New YorkJapan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]] and ; Abp. [[Michael Makarios III (ShaheenMouskos) of ToledoCyprus]].*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate Church in Chambesy, SwitzerlandKenya. *1977 1971 [[w:Biblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaTheological School of Halki|Biblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaHalki Seminary]] publishedclosed by Turkish authorities. *1979 Pope 1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[John Paul IIPhilip (Saliba) of New York]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate; and Abp. [[http://www.allsaintsofamerica.org/martyrs/nmphilou.html Hieromartyr Archimandrite PhiloumenosMichael (Shaheen) of Toledo]], keeper ; Joint Commission of the Greek monastery of Jacob's Well in Samaria (Nablus, West Bank), Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is tortured and executed on November 29 by Israeli Fanatics who also desecrated the churchestablished.*1979 Joint Commission of 1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patrvisits Ecumenical Patriarchate.*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]]. *1980 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Joint Commission meets for Theological Dialoguethe first time in Espoo, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and RhodesFinland. *1981 The [http://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Bilateral_Relations/OEA-Lutheran-1982 Orthodox.html Lutheran-Orthodox Roman Catholic Joint Commission] met for the first time in Espoo, Finland. *1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 2nd plenary, publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1984 1985 Founding of [[Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete. *1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, in Allentown, USA, issues the statement ''"Divine Revelation."''. *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 4th plenary, issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"'' in Bari, Italy; Visit visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to the Vatican. *1987 A group Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former ''Campus Crusade for Christ'' leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]]in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 4th plenary, in Crete, issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition."''. *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 5th plenary, meets in Valamo, Finland and publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there. *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 5th plenary, in Bad Segeberg , issues issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; Glorification glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; the Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) was legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from the Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 [[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian OrthodoxChurch-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 6th plenary session, meets in Freising, Germany; Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-KP) self-proclaims its independance from the first Russian Orthodox service in seventy years was held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|St. Basil's CathedralUAOC]] in October(both groups unrecognized).

*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches; the Ruthenian Byzantine rite Catholic Church in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] was restored as a separate entity from the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) based in [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], having about 23% of Transcarpathia's parishes compared to 60% of the Orthodox total there. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; [[Diodoros I (Karivalis) of Jerusalem|Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem]] presented a list of [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/diodoros.aspx firm declarations] of Orthodox convictions of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the [[Phanar]] on the Sunday of Orthodoxy.*1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 7th plenary session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"''(the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 7th plenary, in Sandbjerg, issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."''. *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous; [[Optina Monastery|Optina Pustyn]] New Martyrs [[New Martyrs of Optina Pustyn|Hieromonk Vasily (Roslyakov), Monk Ferapont (Pushkarev), and Monk Trophim (Tatarinov)]] are martyred in a satanic ritualistic manner.*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"."*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 8th plenary, in Limassol Cyprus, issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issued the issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html ''Orientale Lumen]''], encouraging reunion between East and West. *1996 The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America was reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts, the new jurisdictions being the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Archdiocese of America]], the [[Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)|Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)]], the Metropolis of Mexico (Central America), and the Metropolis of Buenos Aires (South America). *1997 Visit by Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US; establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] enshrined [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the country's predominant religion.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; the [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] is held in May, with delegates from the local Orthodox Churches meeting to discuss the matter of Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement ([[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]); uncovering of the Relics of [[Ambrose of Optina|St Ambrose]] of [[Optina Monastery|Optina]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 9th plenary, in Sigtuna, issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''. *1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence; the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church sign the [[w:Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification |Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]].*2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 8th plenary session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 10th plenary, in Damascus, issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"''; the . *2001 [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announced the [[Glorification|canonizationArmenia]] celebrates 1700th Anniversary of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] and his immediate family, executed Christianity in 1918; Armenia (in spite of very stiff opposition from the [[Church of Greece]] and the majority of the public301 AD, the government of Greece ordered the removal of religious affiliation from King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state identity cards. *2001 religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek OrthodoxChalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic OrthodoxNon-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches, making rebaptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 11th plenary, in Oslo , issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation."''. *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions. *2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; Wonderworking [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] Canonized Fr [[Alexis Medvedkov]] (1867-1934), Fr [[Dimitri Klepinine]] (1904-1944), Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]] (1891-1945), [[George (Yuri) Skobtsov]] (1921-1944) and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] (1880-1942), personalities from the spiritual history of the Russian emigration in France; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 12th plenary, in Durau, issues statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."''.*2005 Major controversy in Ukraine involving the almost exclusively western Ukraine-based [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) moving its administrative centre on August 21 from Lviv to Kiev, constructing a huge uniate cathedral there ''(sponsored by the first lady Kateryna Yushchenko-Chumachenko)'', and its plans to establish a patriarchate, all of which was roundly criticized not only by the [[Church of Ukraine|UOC(MP)]], but also by the whole Eastern Orthodox Communion. *2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 9th plenary, meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 13th plenary, in Bratislava, issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."''. *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration of the repose of [[John Chrysostom|St. John Chrysostom]]; the [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]] [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Vatican_abolishes_Limbo formally abolishes doctrine of Limbo]; the number of Orthodox believers in Italy reaches almost one million as a result of intensive migratory flow from Romania and Ukraine; a synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC-MP) announced in December in Kiev announce that the UOC-MP is ''“an "an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church.”"''* 2007 The [http://zenit.org/article-20743?l=english 10th plenary assembly] of the ; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission met meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Metropolitan Ioannis Zizioulas of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiatical ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; the commission agreed that Rome occupied the "Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]). *2008 ''first place[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]''" ) published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in canonical order October of the ancient seats Primates of bishopsthe fourteen Orthodox Churches, but disagreed on signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the interpretation continuation of preparations for the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as "''protosHoly and Great Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; the delegation from the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow ]] withdrew from the joint session over the presence Death of delegates from the popular Elder [[Church of Estonia|Church Joseph of EstoniaVatopedi]] despite a compromise offered by the , [[Ecumenical PatriarchateJuly 1]]. 

==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.}}

*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]

==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[John Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]]. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587

'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)

==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]][[Category:Timelines|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]] 

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