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{{westernrite}}The medieval usage '''Sarum Use''' was the local use of the [[Roman rite]] associated with the diocese of Salisbury (, England) . It is commonly also called the '''Use of Salisbury or, less correctly, as the Sarum Rite''' and the '''Rite of Salisbury'''. It was adopted by some Western Rite Orthodox beginning in the twentieth century.

===Early Rites - Gallican, Celtic, British, Roman===The origins of the rite are with the ancient local usages of the Insular Churches, ie those of Great Britain and Ireland. The earliest rites of those regions belonged to the family of rites called [[Gallican Rite]]. With the coming of St. [[Augustine of Canterbury]] to England in AD 597, a new rite was introduced into Britain: that of the [[Church of Rome]]. St. Augustine had been directed by Pope St. Gregory the Great (also called St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]]) to respect the Gallican customs that were already in place. Beginning with this period, and later with the rule of Charlemagne on the Continent, the Gallican and Roman rites were mixed. In England, the Second Council of Cloveshoe in 747 under St. [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] included the canon that the rite of those "speaking the English tongue" would be the Roman rite. During the period of the Celtic and Saxon churches, there developed several related local variants or Uses of the Roman Rite, called ''Gallo-Roman'' to distinguish from the old Roman rite. The rites used in France, northern Spain, Portugal, the Low Countries, Germany, and Scandinavia were similar.

In 1066, With the Normans invaded Englandcoming of St. There were some abortive attempts at changing entirely [[Augustine of Canterbury]] to England in AD 597, a new rite was introduced into Britain: that of the related uses [[Church of northern FranceRome]]. St. Augustine had been directed by Pope St. However, monasteries particularly in Gregory the western parts of the island Great (especially Sherbourne Abbey and Glastonbury Abbey) proved intransigentalso called St. The Norman bishop of Sarum, Osmund, arranged the services for his new [[cathedralGregory the Dialogist]] according ) to respect the practices Gallican customs that he saw around him—both Norman were already in place. Beginning with this period, and Saxon/Celticlater with the rule of Charlemagne on the Continent, inventing nothingthe Gallican and Roman rites were mixed. The Sarum rite as known was probably arranged by Richard Le PooreIn England, who moved the See from Old Sarum to New Salisbury Second [[w:Councils of Clovesho|Council of Cloveshoe]] in the 13th c747 under St. From this period, [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] included the Sarum enjoyed canon that the sterling reputation as being rite of those "speaking the best liturgy anywhere in English tongue" would be the West, and thus had influence on Roman rite. During the liturgy period of other the Celtic and Saxon churches, there developed several related local churches in variants or Uses of the Isles and Roman Rite, called ''Gallo-Roman'' to distinguish from the Continent (notable among them being Braga old Roman rite. The rites used in France, northern Spain, Portugal and Nidaros/Trondheim in Norway). Other related local uses continued as well, such as Yorkthe Low Countries, Bangor, HerefordGermany, and DurhamScandinavia were similar.

The ===Rise of the Sarum Use was one of ===In 1066, the first Normans invaded England. There were some abortive attempts at changing entirely to be published on the new printing presses related uses of northern France. However, monasteries particularly in the early days western parts of the Reformation. The complete service books for the whole rite surviveisland (especially Sherbourne Abbey and Glastonbury Abbey) proved intransigent. The rite was commanded for the whole realm Norman bishop of Great Britain during the reign of Queen Mary. It was also Sarum, [[w:Saint Osmund|Osmund]], arranged the primary source text services for the first edition of ''The Book of Common Prayer'' (1549) of the his new [[Anglican Communion|Church of Englandcathedral]] according to the practices that he saw around him—both Norman and Saxon/Celtic.

The Sarum rite as known was revived particularly probably arranged by [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore], who moved the Orthodox party of the Anglo-Catholic or Tractarian movement See from [[w:Old Sarum|Old Sarum]] to [[w:Salisbury|New Sarum]] (Salisbury) in the 19th 13th c. Church of England. In From this period, the mid-19th c., Sarum enjoyed the services were translated into English by such sterling reputation as G. H. Palmer, and became either being the preferred best liturgy or preferred liturgical model for anywhere in the non-Romanizing part of the Anglo-Catholic movement (also called Orthodox Anglo-Catholic or Prayer Book Catholic). The ceremonial West, and customs of the rite were the major thus had influence in on the development liturgy of other local churches in the English Use, partly through Isles and the efforts of Percy DearmerContinent (notable among them being Rouen, author of ''The Parson's Handbook''. The old English Catholic Clergy Brotherhood also maintained a tradition of Sarum Use through the period of Catholic persecution Braga in Portugal and Nidaros/Trondheim in EnglandNorway). Attempts to revive the Sarum rite amongst the Roman Catholics included proponents Other related local uses continued as well, such as A. W. N. Pugin and Bishop Wilson of Tasmania. The Sarum rite was suggestedYork, Bangor, but rejectedHereford, for use in the new Westminster Cathedral in 1903and Durham.

===Reformation Era===The [[Western Rite]] English Sarum Use liturgy used was one of the first to be published on the new printing presses in ROCOR has the Sarum use as its primary sourceearly days of the Reformation. The complete service books for the whole rite survive. The full Sarum Rite in rite was legislated as the sole use of the English, Spanish,and French is also used Church by the Western Rite Orthodox monasteries and missions Convocation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russiaw:Province of Canterbury|Canterbury]] in several countries. There have been two editions made in ROCOR: an unpublished translation by a monk of Mount Royal Monastery made in 1544 and after the reversion to the 1970spapacy, and it was commanded for the whole realm of England during the privately published form prepared by reign of [[Hilarion (Kapral) w:Mary I of SydneyEngland|Queen Mary]] and Saint Petroc Monastery in the 1990s. In North America, It was also the Sarum Rite is also used, often as an occasional use, in about half primary source text for the parishes first edition of [[w:Book of Common Prayer|''The Book of Common Prayer'']] (1549) of the [[Holy Synod Anglican Communion|Church of MilanEngland]]. After [[The Abbey w:Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] took the Holy Name (West Milfordthrone, New Jersey)]] utilizes the full liturgical cycle Recusant Roman Catholics continued using Sarum in their chapels until the restoration of the Sarum useRoman hierarchy in the nineteenth century.

=="Old Sarum Rite Missal" Controversy=19th Century Non-Orthodox Revival===The rite was revived particularly by the orthodox party of the Anglo-Catholic or [[w:Oxford Movement|Tractarian movement]] in the 19th c. Church of England. In the mid-19th c., the services were translated into English by such as G. H. Palmer, and became either the preferred liturgy or preferred liturgical model for the non-Romanizing part of the Anglo-Catholic movement (also called Orthodox Anglo-Catholic or Prayer Book Catholic). The ceremonial and customs of the rite were the major influence in the development of the English Use, partly through the efforts of Percy Dearmer, author of ''The Parson's Handbook''. The old English Catholic Clergy Brotherhood also maintained a tradition of Sarum Use through the period of Catholic persecution in England.

Another translation Attempts to revive the Sarum rite amongst non-Orthodox groups have resulted in Roman Catholic proponents such as [[w:Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|A. W. N. Pugin]] and Bishop [[w:Robert William Willson|Willson of Hobart]]. The Sarum rite was suggested, but rejected, for use in the Sarum new [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]] in 1903. It is used by the "Milan Synod" in some parishes and has been used on several occasions in RCC churches and cathedrals in England and Scotland in recent years. ===Modern Orthodox Usage===The St Petroc Monastery [[Western Rite using a similar name is ]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] has published the ''Old Saint Colman Prayer Book'' which includes ''The Divine Liturgy (Sarum Rite Missal) Usus Cascadae''—the full Sarum Rite in English used in monasteries and missions in Australia, compiled by Hieromonk Aidan (Keller)the Americas, formerly of and Europe. This Sarum use liturgy has also been translated into Spanish and French.  Among [[St. Hilarion's MonasteryOld Calendarists]], based upon the Sarum rite has been used in approximately a number dozen American parishes of the [[Holy Synod of Milan]], which has published Sarum translations in English rite sourcesand Serbian since 1993. It is considered by some Western Rite clergy to be a modern construction due to mixing Two versions of idiosyncratic local customsthe complete Sarum text were published. The first, and it has been criticized still surviving, translation, is the Sarum series published by St Gregory's Press under the same as being auspices of the [[http://elyforumThe Abbey of the Holy Name (West Milford, New Jersey)]], comprising approximately 30 volumes, including the ''Medieval Monastic Psalter''.yuku.com/forum/viewtopic/id/577 a pastiche The second is the ''Orthodox Prayers of Byzantine analogues rather than an actual revived liturgy; howeverOld England'' series, which comprises about eight volumes, including the ROCOR translation''Old Sarum Rite Missal'', the translator notesand was originally published by St Hilarion Press, could now St John Cassian press. The usage was also rightly be called the official use for the Western American diocese (the first series being the usage of the Eastern) for a pastichenumber of years.  The Sarum was was also the basis of an "Old English Liturgy" prepared by Dom [[Augustine (Whitfield)]]of Mount Royal monastery. This claim  ==Differences between the Texts== While there is considerable debate over which is [http://wwwthe best text, the actual Sarum translations are substantially in agreement, whether from ROCOR or either of the Old Calendarist editions.allmercifulsavior Certain other liturgies, which are not actual Sarum usages, but hybrid rites do have substantial differences, leading to confusion.com/  In 2004, one writer, thinking the "English Liturgy/Defense.html disputed" of ROCOR to be native Sarum, pointed out over two dozen differences between the texts of the Old Sarum Rite Missal, leading the translator to point out that the "English Liturgy" was not a Sarum text, howeverbut a compilation of different texts, by a fact the translator of the Missal in question]. This missal different texts has been largely abandoned by Western Rite Orthodox pointed out-- and is also no longer used in that the dioceses two versions of the [[Holy Synod of Milan]] which had formerly approved it but remains a useful Sarum were substantially the same text for research purposes.

*''The Parson's Handbook'' , Percy Dearmer, 1957.

*[http://anglicansociety.org/corner/sarum_use.html ''The Sarum Use''] by the Very Rev'd. Canon Professor J. Robert Wright.*''"Beyond the Frontiers: Guides for Uncharted Territory'', " by David Chadd, a paper delivered at Frontiers of Research in Medieval Music symposium, 1988.*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13479a.htm ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: '' Sarum Rite]

*[http://web.archive.org/web/20070425132558/http://www.orthodoxresurgence.co.ukcom/Petrocpetroc/index.htm#THE%20ROOTS ''The Roots of the Orthodox Liturgy in the West''], archive from the website of Saint Petroc Monastery

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=cyUBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage The Sarum Missal, Done into English]. 2nd ed., Revised and Expanded. Transl. by Albert Harford Pearson. London, The Church Printing Co., 1884. Original from Oxford University. ''(Google. Digitized Jun 8, 2006; 18.5MB download - PDF format).'' ''The altar missal that forms the base document for the ROCOR Sarum.'' *[http://www.archive.org/details/churchofsarum00unknuoft ''The Liturgy of the Church of Sarum, together with the kalendar of the same church'']. Translated from the Latin, with a preface and explanatory notes by Charles Walker, with an introduction by T.T. Carter. London J.T. Hayes (, 1886). ''(The Internet Archive.Digitized May 31, 2006; 16.0MB download - PDF format).'' ::"The present translation has been made from the best existing editions of the Sarum Missal, chiefly as collated in the recent reprint issued from the Pitsligo Press;<ref>Missale ad usum insignis et praeclarae Ecclesiae Sarum. Pars Prima: Temporale. Londini; Veneunt apud C.J. Stewart, 1861.</ref> use having been made of such further light as is thrown upon the Sarum liturgy by the Gradual and Manual, and by the ''“Consuetudinary of the Church of Sarum,”'' which is preserved at the end of Mr. Chambers’s magnificent Sarum Psalter.<ref>The Psalter, or Seven Ordinary Hours of Prayer, according to the use of the illustrious and excellent Church of Sarum ; with explanatory notes and comments. London : J. Masters, 1852.</ref> The Calendar is given from the Breviary, eight or ten MS. copies of which, together with several printed ones, exist in the Harleian, Cottonian, and Old Royal Libraries in the British Museum." (pp. 6-7). *[[w:Sarum Rite|Sarum Rite]] at Wikipedia. ==References== <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div>