The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]]. ==New Testament era==:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]] *ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. *ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. *30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].

==Apostolic era (33-100)== : Main article: ''[[Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-100))]]'' *ca. 30-33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high. *34 St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] founds the [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]]. *35 Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch. *37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. *40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem ]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. *ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second [[missionary]] journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. *52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third [[missionary]] journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth [[missionary]] journey, voyage to Rome.*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop ; crucifixion of Jerusalem[[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras. *63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop bishop of Britain. *64-67 Persecution 68 First of ten major persecutions of Christians by the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].*64 Martyrdom 66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[Apostle Paulw:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in Romethe [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.*67 Martyrdom of the Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero. *69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in of Antioch. *70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem ]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues. *71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans. *80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) Titus dedicates [[Josephusw:Colosseum|Colosseum]] writes , site of the martyrdom of many early Christians. *ca. 80-90 ''Antiquities[[Didache]]''written. *85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed written by the [[Apostle Luke]]. *90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora. *95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]]. *ca. 90-96-98 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd). *96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination .*ca. 100 Emergence of the [[Synoptic Gospelsw:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]]. *100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]'' *107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]]. *108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens. *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]]. *132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome. *135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome. *136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering returning Jerusalem, and changes the city name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]]. *144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]]. *150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]]. *155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]]. *156 Beginning of [[Montanism]]. *165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]]. *166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]]. *ca. 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.*177-180 St[[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180) (4th). *180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.*190 180-192 [[Pantaenusw:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] founds Greek translation of the [[Alexandrian schoolOld Testament]].*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Catechetical School at AlexandriaSymmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]]. *197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy. *200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]]. *203 202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]]. *202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211) (5th).*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity. *ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain. *210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[w:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].

*232 Heraclas becomes Pope ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]].*238 During reigns of Gordian and Patriarch of Alexandria on [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the death of DemetriusArab]] Church preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the in Egypt first Christian hermit. *247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]]. *249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under the Emperor Decius]] (7th). *251257-253 260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor GaiusValerian]] (253-260) (8th). *253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism. *264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Tyre]] writes ''Against the Christians''. *284 [[Diocletian]] ascends the becomes Roman imperial throneemperor, persecutes Church and begins the most severe persecution against the Christians. During his reign, martyrs an estimated 1 one million Christians; martyrdom of [[martyrCosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]]s are slain for Christ, Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. *300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the desert to pursue a life population of prayerthe Roman Empire.*301 St. [[Gregory the IlluminatorEnlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith. *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia. *304 303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[AlbanGeorge the Trophy-bearer]], protomartyr . *ca. 305-311 [[Lactantius]] writes ''[[Divinae Institutiones]]''. *ca. 306 [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of BritainElvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, killed by Roman authoritiesbecoming the pattern in the West.*308 Pope [[w:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]] opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.*310 Armenia becomes the first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379). *311 Rebellion Galerius issues Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; [[Donatism|DonatistsDonatist]] rebellion in Carthage. *312 Conversion [[Labarum|Vision]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats ; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes , making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].*313 The [[Edict of Milan]] is issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity. *314 Condemnation [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]] as a heresy. *315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.*318 Publication of "De incarnatione" ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by St [[Athanasius. This influenced the condemnation of the teaching Great]]; beginnings of [[AriusArianism|Arian Controversy]]. *318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], a disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]]. *320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. *320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. *324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.

==Nicene era (325-451)== : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]'' *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].*, also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. *326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.*326 ; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian. *328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria. *329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to apostolic work in evangelize Ethiopia. *330 Amoun Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Macarius Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert. *336 St -338 [[Athanasius the Great]] of Alexandria goes into exile in Treves until 338. He told the , telling Europeans about the monastic rule of St [[Pachomius the Great]], thus awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe. *337 Death of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]. *340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Arianism]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his heretical doctrine. *348 Death of St. 341 [[Pachomius the GreatCouncil of Antioch]]held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death. *350 St345 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra]]. *348 Death of [[NinianPachomius the Great]] establishes the church and [[Spyridon of Trimythous]]. *350 [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the [[missionary ]] effort to the Picts. *356 Death 351 Apparition of St. the [[Anthony the GreatCross]] over Jerusalem. *355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia]]. *358 356 Death of [[Basil Anthony the Great]] founds the . *357 [[Council of Sirmium]] issues ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''. *358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]]. *360 St359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]]. *360 [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge.*; first church of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]]. *362 Antiochian schism (362-414). *361 -63 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes Roman emperorand attempts to restore paganism. *367 St. 363 Emperor [[Athanasius of Alexandriaw:Jovian|Jovian]] writes his reestablishes Christianity as the official religion of the Empire. *364 [[PaschaCouncil of Laodicea]]l held. *367 [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] writes [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the first time the [[canon]] of the [[New Testament]] ; death of the [[Holy ScripturesHilary of Poitiers]]. *373 Death of St [[Athanasius the Great]], Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria[[Ephrem the Syrian]]. *374 Election of [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] to the episcopacy as bishop of Milan. *375 St. [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]'', confirming the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]].*376 Visigoths converted . *376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity. *380 Christianity established as the official faith 379 Death of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. [[Theodosius Basil the Great]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction. *381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning 380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/PneumatomachianismTheodosius the Great]] and ; [[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity Council of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical CouncilSaragossa]], and completing the condemns [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedPriscillianism]]. *395 St. 381 [[Augustine of Hippo|AugustineSecond Ecumenical Council]] becomes bishop of Hippo. *398 St. held in Constantinople, condemning [[John ChrysostomPneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] becomes and [[ArchbishopApollinarianism]] , declaring the divinity of Constantinople.*400 Translation of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Holy ScripturesEcumenical Council]] into Latin as , and completing the [[VulgateNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; [[Council of Aquileia]] led by St. [[JeromeAmbrose of Milan]]deposes Arian bishops. *401 St. 382 Pope [[Augustine Siricius of HippoRome]] writes the first to bear title ''ConfessionsPontifex Maximus''. *403 Abduction 383 Death of [[Patrick Frumentius of Ireland|PatrickAxum]] , bishop of Axum and Apostle to Ireland to serve as a slave; he escapes a while later and returns to BritainEthiopia.*384 Council of Bordeaux condemns [[Priscillian]]. *407 385 Death of [[John ChrysostomGregory of Nyssa]] in exile. *410 Fall 386 Death of Rome to the Visigoths. *411 [[Pelagius[Cyril of Jerusalem]] condemned at a council in Carthage.*412 St 387 [[Cyril Augustine of AlexandriaHippo|CyrilAugustine]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope and Patriarch baptized by [[Ambrose of AlexandriaMilan]]. *415 391 Death of [[PelagiusGregory the Theologian]] cleared at a . *391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[synodTheodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] in Jerusalem ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); Stcauses surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease. *392 Death of [[John CassianMacarius the Great]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn 393 [[Council of Hippo]] publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. *394 [[PelagiusEpiphanius of Salamis]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him.*418 A council in Carthage anathematizes attacks teachings of [[[PelagianismOrigen]] by way as heretical; Council of endorsing Constantinople held; [[Donatism|Donatist]] [[Augustine Council of Hippo|AugustinianBagai]] anthropologyin Africa held. *426 St. 395 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] writes ''The City becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of God''.*428 the [[NestoriusTheotokos]] becomes patriarch in the Church of Constantinoplethe Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. *395 Re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great. *431 397 [[Third Ecumenical Councils of Carthage|Councilof Carthage]] held in Ephesus, condemning publishes Biblical canon; death of [[NestorianismMartin of Tours]] and [[PelagianismAmbrose of Milan]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos. *398 [[John Chrysostom]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary; the council also grants becomes [[autocephalyArchbishop]] to of Constantinople. *ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Church Theophilus of CyprusAlexandria]]; . *399 [[PalladiusAnastasius I of Rome]] is sent by the Pope and other bishops condemn doctrine of Rome as a missionary bishop to Ireland[[Origen]]. *432 Return of 401 [[Patrick Augustine of Ireland|PatrickHippo]] to Ireland to begin missionary work.*433 The writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[Formulary Innocent I of PeaceRome]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Councilsupports [[John Chrysostom]] by reconciling and condemns [[Cyril of Alexandriapelagianism]] with . *402 [[John Porphyry of AntiochGaza]]obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. *444 Death 403 Abduction of St [[Cyril Patrick of AlexandriaIreland|CyrilPatrick]], Pope and Patriarch to Irelande; visit of Alexandria.*445 Founding [[Victricius of the monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland.*449 Rouen]] to Britain; [[Robber Synod of Ephesusthe Oak]]held near Chalcedon, presided over by deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]. *404 Martyrdom of [[Telemachus]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights. *405 Translation of [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by [[Jerome]]. *407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile. *410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence. *410 [[Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. *411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa. *412 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[Donatism]]; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]; ''[[Byzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. *414 Resolution of Antiochian division. *415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles. *416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him. *418 Foundation of the Arian [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle. *418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]]. *426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''. *428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople. *429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as [[missionary]] bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]]. *430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. *431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland. *432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin [[missionary]] work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts. *433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes work of [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]]. *435 Death of [[John Cassian]] and [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis. *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. *439 Carthage falls to Vandals. *444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate. *445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome. *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]]. *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]. *450 First monasteries established in Wales; death of [[Eutyches (heretic)|EutychesPeter Chrysologus]].*450 First monasteries established in Wales.

: ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]'' *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming that Christ has doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures; this eventually led to a in Christ, and recognizing [[schismChurch of Jerusalem]], with the as patriarchate.*452 [[Church Proterios of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian and nonconvenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[Church of AntiochJohn the Forerunner]] along with it. *452 457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Proterios of AlexandriaPaschalion]] (replacement ; first coronation of [[Dioscorus Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Alexandria|Dioscorus]]), convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groupsConstantinople. *459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]]. *466 461 Death of [[Church of AntiochLeo the Great]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of Catholicos of Kartli, thus rendering the and [[Church Patrick of GeorgiaIreland]] . *462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[autocephaly|autocephalousSeptember 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]]founded. *477 Bishop Timothy ("the Wild Cat") 466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of AlexandriaKartli, who opposed rendering the Council [[Church of Chalcedon, exiled the Orthodox bishops from Egypt.*484 Founding of the Georgia]] [[Monastery of St. Sabbasautocephaly|autocephalous]] in the Judean wilderness; Synod death of Beth Papat in Persia declares [[Shenouda the [[NestorianismArchimandrite|Nestorian doctrineShenouda the Great]] as , abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the official theology founder of the [[Assyrian Church of the EastAlexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]], centered in Edessa. *488 Death of Peter the Fuller, the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antiochca.*490 St471 Patr. [[Brigid Acacius of Kildaire|BrigidConstantinople]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Irelandfirst called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical"). *521 St. 473 Death of [[Columba of Iona|ColumbaEuthymius the Great]] is born. *529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople.*529 St. 475 Emperor [[Benedict of Nursiaw:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] founds the monastery issues letter to bishops of Monte Cassino and codifies Western empire, supporting [[monasticismMonophysitism]]; . *477 [[Council Timothy II Aelurus of OrangeAlexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt. *482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] condemns issues ''[[PelagianismHenoticon]]''. *533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of 484 [[John II of Rome|John IIAcacian Schism]], the first pope to change his name upon election.*533 Foundation . *484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor JustinianSt.*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals.*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (ConstantinopleSavas (Jerusalem)|Hagia SophiaMar Sabbas Monastery]] in Constantinople begun by Emperor St. [[Justinian|Justinian Sabbas the GreatSanctified]].*541 ; [[Jacob BaradeusSynod of Beth Lapat]], bishop of Edessa, organizes the in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Assyrian Churchof the East]] in western Syria (, effectively separating the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt (Assyrian church from the "Copts")Byzantine church. *544 Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by St. [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|CiaranZeno I]].*546 St. closes [[Columba w:School of IonaNisibis|ColumbaNestorian academy in Edessa]] founds monastery , which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of Derry in Irelandthe East]]. *553 490 [[Fifth Ecumenical CouncilBrigid of Kildaire]] held founds monastery of Kildare in Constantinople Ireland. *494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between Church and state in an attempt to reconcile the Chalcedonians with the non-Chalcedonians— the his letter ''Duo sunt'Three Chapters'' of , written to Emperor [[Theodore of MopsuestiaAnastasius I]], . *496 [[Theodoret Remigius of CyrrhusRheims]], and baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity. *ca. 500 [[Ibas of EdessaPseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] are condemned for their pro-writes ''The Mystical Theology''. *506 [[Nestorianism|NestorianChurch of Armenia]] nature, and separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy. *507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[Origenw:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] and his writings are also condemnednear Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul. *556 St. 518 [[Columba Severus of Iona|ColumbaAntioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] founds the monastery of Durrow in Irelandfor Monophysitism; Patr.*563 Consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (John II of Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople; Stis addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). *519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]]. *521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on . *527 [[IonaDionysius Exiguus]] and establishes his calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[monasterySt. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]] there. *569 Final schism between the Chalcedonians 529 Pagan University of Athens closed and non-Chalcedonians replaced by Christian university in Egypt. Henceforth there were two Popes and Patriarchs Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of Alexandria: the Greek Orthodox Patriarch and the Coptic Orthodox Patriarch. The Coptic Patriarch later moved to Cairo. The Chalcedonians (Greek Orthodox) were also called "Melkites".*570 Birth [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Mohammed, founder Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; death of [[IslamTheodosius the Great]]. *580 Monte Cassino is sacked by the Lombards and the monks flee to Rome.*589 At the 529-534 [[Council of ToledoJustinian the Great|Justinian]] in Spain, the 's ''[[Filioquew:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] is added to the '' issued. *530 [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedBrendan the Navigator]] lands in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]]Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks. *590 Irish missionary St. 532 [[ColumbanusJustinian the Great]] founds monasteries in France orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Luxeuil in BurgundyConstantinople).*596 St. |Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Gregory Sabbas the DialogistSanctified]] sends St. *533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[Augustine [John II of CanterburyRome|AugustineJohn II]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert , first pope to change name upon election. *534 Roman Empire destroys the pagansArian kingdom of Vandals. *ca. 600 ''[536 [[The Ladder Mennas of Divine AscentConstantinople]]'' written by St. summons a synod anathematizing [[John ClimacusSeverus of Antioch]]. *601 537 Construction of [[Augustine of CanterburyHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] converts King Stin Constantinople completed. *538 Emperor [[Ethelbert of KentJustinian the Great]] , via deportations and establishes the see of Canterburyforce, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.*615 Death 539 [[Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of [[ColumbanusByzantine Empire]] in Italy. *626 541 [[Akathist|Akathist HymnJacob Baradeus]]] is created, an extensive lyric poem of unparalleled beauty, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The Hymn was first chanted in the thanksgiving services following the victory of the Byzantine people after organizes the [[w:Sieges of ConstantinopleOriental Orthodox|first siege of ConstantinopleNon-Chalcedonian Church]] by Avars and Sassanid Persians on August 8in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), 626which spreads to Armenia and Egypt. *627 Pope St. 543 Doctrine of [[Gregory the Dialogistapokatastasis]] sends Paulinus to found the see condemned by Synod of York and convert King StConstantinople. *544 [[Edwin of NorthumbriaJacob Baradeus]].*627 Second consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Elevation Church of the Holy CrossAntioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]].*635 Founding of and the Chalcedonian [[LindisfarneChurch of Antioch]] Monastery by St. [[Aidan ; founding of Lindisfarnethe monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|AidanCiaran]], a monk from . *545 [[IonaDavid of Wales]]; Cynegils, king moves primatial see of Wessex, converts Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). *546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. *547 [[David of Wales]] does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem. *553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians— ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned. *553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. *554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected. *556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. *557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland. *563 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts. *569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.*576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].*577 Patr. [[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the ''[[Nomocanon]]'', of the [[Orthodox Church]]. *579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. *580 [[Monte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece. *587 Visigoth King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor of [[Orthodoxy]]. *589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]]. *590 [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France. *593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch. *596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. *597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]]. *598 [[Glastonbury Abbey]] founded. *ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms. *601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes see of Canterbury. *602 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury. *604 [[Mellitus]] becomes first bishop of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist]]. *605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury]]. *610 [[Heraclius]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population. *612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine. *614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred. *615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege. *626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written. *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power. *630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]. *633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]]. *635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem. *636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]]. *640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]] by the Muslim Arabs. *638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.*639 Muslim conquest of Syria. *641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.

*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]]. *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus. *650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox ChristianityOrthodoxy. *653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]]. *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. *655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. *657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England. *662 Death of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]]. *663 Emperor [[Constans II ]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative. *664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic adopting Roman calendar and Roman liturgical practices tonsures in EnglandNorthumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York.*668 St. [[Theodore of Tarsus]] is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury. *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe. *670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. [[Caedmon]] of [[WhitbyAbbey|Whitby]]. *672 First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. *673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]]. *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] is held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming the [[Christology]] of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will; Patr. Patriarch [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of the Monothelite Monothelitism. *682 Foundation of [[heresyMonkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]]in England. *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. *685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite patriarch, founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. *687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raidersVikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. *ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. *691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. *692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') is held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. *694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent. *697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. *698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. *ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]]. *707 Death of [[John Maron]]. *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967. *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. *ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (708-Northern England). *715) visits Constantinople in 710, [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the last time a Pope would visit Cathedral of St. John the city until the visit Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Pope Paul VI to Istanbul in 1967Justinian]]; Emperor Pictish [[Justinian IIw:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] kisses invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Pope's footPicts. *716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage.*716 St. ; [[Boniface]]'s first [[missionary ]] journey to Frisia. *717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]]. *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. *719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. *723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against the [[iconography|icons]]. *730 [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. *731 Venerable [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. *732 Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. *733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning. *735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ECLOGA Law Code''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; death of [[Willibrord]]. *742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. *747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. *750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]] is "discovered" and '' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to "prove" territorial and jurisdictional claims. *751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. *752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] is held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins the dissolution of the monasteries. *754 Death of St[[Boniface]]. *756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. *768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd. *769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. *772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. *781 King [[BonifaceCharlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]], Apostle of GermanyYork to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. *785 Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield. *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] is held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming the [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, declaring that worship is due to God aloneone in the north at Pincanhale, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototypeother in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. *792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. *793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. *794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]. *800 [[Charlemagne]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland. *800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu ral-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy SepulcherSepulchre]] to the Frankish king Charlemagne, thus acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. *793 Sack 801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. *803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. *810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[LindisfarneFilioque]]. *814 Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]]over iconoclasm; Viking attacks on England beginLeo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo. *826 St. [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. *ca. 829-842 Icon of the Virgin Mary-[[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]]. *836 Death of St. [[Theodore the Studite]].*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on the first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring the [[iconography|icons]] to the churches.

==Late Byzantine era (843-14531054)==*846 Muslim raid :''Main article: [[Timeline of Rome.Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''*852 St. 843 [[AnsgarTriumph of Orthodoxy]] founds the occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. *858 St. 850 [[Photius Third Finding of the Head of St. John the GreatForerunner|Third Finding]] becomes patriarch of Constantinoplethe head of [[John the Forerunner]]. *861 Ss. 852 [[Cyril Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to Ribe in Denmark. *858 [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_Slavs|missionize Photius the SlavsGreat]]; council presided over by papal legates held in becomes patriarch of Constantinople which confirms St. *ca. 860 [[Photius w:Christianization of the GreatRus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]] as patriarch. *862 Ratislav of Moravia converts to Christianity.*863 First translations of 861 [[Holy Scripture|BiblicalCyril and Methodius]] and liturgical texts into depart from Constantinople to [[Church Slavonicof Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]] ; Council of Constantinople attended by Ss. 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Cyril and MethodiusPhotius the Great]]as patriarch and passes 17 canons. *863 The Venetians steal relics 862 [[Rastislav of St Mark from AlexandriaMoravia]] converts to Christianity. *864 Prince [[Boris 863 First translations of Bulgaria]] is [[baptismHoly Scripture|baptizedBiblical]].*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by and liturgical texts into [[Photius the Great|PhotiusChurch Slavonic]], which anathematizes Pope by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. *863 Venetians steal relics of [[Nicholas I of RomeApostle Mark]] for his attacks on the work from Alexandria. *864 Baptism of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries of the heretical Prince [[FilioqueBoris of Bulgaria]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing the news of his excommunication; [[Basil the MacedonianSynaxis]] has Emperor of the [[Michael IIITheotokos]] murdered and usurps in Miasena in memory of the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch return of Constantinopleher icon. *869-870 The 865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Robber Council Boris of 869-870Bulgaria|Boris I]] is held, deposing St. converts to [[Photius the GreatOrthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] from the Constantinopolitan see . *866 Vikings raid and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."capture York in England. *870 Conversion of Serbia.*877 Death of St. [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints St. 867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.*877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.*879-880 The , which anathematizes Pope [[Eighth Ecumenical CouncilNicholas I of Rome]] is held in Constantinople, confirming for his attacks on work of Greek [[Photius the Great|Photiusmissionaries]] as Patriarch in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of Constantintople, anathematizing additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFilioque]], and declaring that the prerogatives and jurisdiction ; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equalexcommunication; this council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of RomeBasil the Macedonian]].*883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino.*885 has Emperor [[Mount AthosMichael III the Amorian|Michael III]] gains political autonomymurdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. *885 867 Death of St Methodius[[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], apostle to the Slavs. *911 The Holy Protection Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of the Virgin Mary. On October 1st, 911Kassiani]]'', chanted during an all night vigil at the Blachernae church [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday. *869-870 [[Robber Council of the Mother of God in Constantinople869-870]] held, at 4 o'clock in deposing [[Photius the morning, Great]] from the most holy Mother of God appeared above Constantinopolitan see and putting the people with a veil spread over her outstretched handsrival claimant Ignatius on the throne, as though declaring itself to protect them with this coveringbe the "Eighth Ecumenical Council. " *911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince 870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Rastislav of Rus'. *912 Normans become ChristianMoravia]]; martyrdom of [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia. *944 City 877 Death of Edessa is recovered by the Byzantine army[[Ignatius of Constantinople]], including who appoints [[Icon Not Made By HandsPhotius the Great|Photius]]to succeed him. *ca. 950 878 King [[Monastery of Hosios Loukasw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] is founded near ancient Stiris in Greece.*957 St [[Olga of KievWessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|OlgaDanelaw]] is baptized in Constantinople). *962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the 879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[baptismPhotius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth").*963 St. Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Athanasius of AthosNicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] establishes , and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], Roman pope and the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great LavraConstantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]]. *968 885 [[Rila MonasteryMount Athos]] foundedgains political autonomy. *973 Moravia assigned to the Diocese 885 Death of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church[[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]]. *978 Death of King 886 [[Edward the Martyrw:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]].*988 , (now called [[Baptism of Rus'w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]] begins with the conversion of ) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St. [[Vladimir of Kievw:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes. *995 St. 910 [[Olaf Benedict of NorwayNursia|Benedictine]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Christianization [[w:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of Greenland and IcelandCluny]] founded in France.*1008 Conversion 899 Death of Sweden[[Alfred the Great]]. *1009 Patriarch 911 [[Sergius II Protection of Constantinople]] removes the name Mother of Pope [[Sergius IV God|Holy Protection of Romethe Virgin Mary]] from the diptychs . *912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of the Constantinople. *927 [[Church of ConstantinopleBulgaria]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the recognized as [[Filioqueautocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1009 The by [[Church of the Holy SepulchreConstantinople|Constantinople]]. *931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny]] reforms monasteries in Jerusalem is completely destroyed on October 18Aquitaine, northern France, 1009and Italy, by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, founder of starting the [[[w:DruzeCluniac Reforms|DruzeCluniac Reform movement]] (1021)within the [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor. *1014 935 Martyrdom of [[FilioqueWenceslas]] used for , prince of the first time in Rome Czechs. *944 City of Edessa recovered by Pope Byzantine army, including [[Benedict VIII of RomeImage Not-made-by-hands|Benedict VIIIIcon Not Made By Hands]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.*1015 Death of St 945 [[Vladimir Dunstan of KievCanterbury|Dunstan]], Prince becomes Abbot of Rus', apostle [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]]. *957 [[Olga of the Russians and RutheniansKiev]] baptized in Constantinople. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.*1022 Death of St Simeon the New Theologian.*1027 The Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate. Byzantine leaders begin the reconstruction 960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for Byzantines; [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of the [[Church Benedict of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)Nursia|Holy SepulchreBenedict]] (see AD 800). *1036 Byzantine 962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IVbaptism]] makes a truce of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Caliph Great Holy Roman Emperor. *963 [[Athanasius of Egypt in 1036 Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines. *969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]]; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. *972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). *973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to allow the rebuilding the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. *975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. *978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]]. *980 Revelation of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]]. *980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]]. *987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith. *988 '[[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. *992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. *995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. *1008 Conversion of Sweden. *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]. *1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]]. *1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship. *1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. *1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]]. *1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. *1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]]. *1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]]. *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims. *1043 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. *1048 Re-consecration of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine Masons. The [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) were sent there to protect pilgrims, as the [[w:Knights Templar|Knights Templar]] would at a later date. The Church was consecrated in 1048.

*==Post-Roman Schism (1054 Cardinal -1453)==:''Main article: [[Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch Timeline of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of the [[Great Church History (Post-Roman Schism(1054-1453))]] between East and West.''*1059 Errors 1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Berengar Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Tours condemned in Rome. The term "transubstantiation" begins to come Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in to use, ascribed to Peter Damian (1007-1072).*1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King formation of the [[Harold of EnglandGreat Schism]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the reformation between East and West; First Letter of the church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics.*1071 [[w:Seljuk TurksMichael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Seljuk TurksMichael Cerularius]] capture Jerusalemto Peter of Antioch. Seljuk rule is not quite as tolerant as that *1059 Errors of Berengar of the [[w:Fatimid|FatimidsTours condemned in Rome; term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]] and Christian pilgrims begin returning to Europe with tales of persecution and oppression. The Seljuks then defeat the Byzantines at the *1064 [[w:Battle of ManzikertSeljuk Turks|Battle of ManzikertSeljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and begin the Islamification of Asia MinorAni, conquering Armenia. *1071 Norman princes led by 1066 Normans invade England flying banner of Pope of Rome, defeating King [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert GuiscardHarold of England]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of Byzantine rule in the southat Battle of Hastings. *1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory VII 1066-1171 Beginning reformation of RomeEnglish church and society to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics. *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Gregory VIISeljuk Turks]] and launches defeat Byzantines at the "Gregorian" reforms (celibacy [[w:Battle of the clergy, primacy Manzikert|Battle of the papacy over the empireManzikert]], right beginning Islamification of the Pope to depose emperors).*1075 ''Asia Minor; Norman princes led by [[w:Dictatus papaeRobert Guiscard|Dictatus PapaeRobert Guiscard]]'' document advances Papal supremacy.*1088 Founding capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of monastery of St. [[Apostle Johnw:Catapanate of Italy|John Byzantine rule in the Theologiansouth]] on Patmos. *1095 Launching 1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:First CrusadeGregorian Reform|First CrusadeGregorian reforms]](celibacy of the clergy, primacy of papacy over empire, right of Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. *1096 Persecution 1074 Death of Jews by Crusaders[[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]]. *1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his 1075 ''Cur Deus homo[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the Eastdocument advances Papal supremacy. *1098 Crusaders 1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture AntiochNicea. *1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem on July 15, 1099, founding 1084 Antioch is captured by the "''Seljuk Turks. *1088 Founding of monastery of [[w:Latin Kingdom of JerusalemApostle John|Latin Kingdom of JerusalemJohn the Theologian]]''," and other crusader states known collectively as ''"on Patmos; election of Pope [[w:OutremerPope Urban II|OutremerUrban II]],"'' lasting from 1099-1291.*1119 Order a prominent member of Knights Templar foundedthe [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] . *1144 Bernard 1095 Launching of Clairvaux calls for a the [[w:Second First Crusade|Second First Crusade]] to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom . *1098 Anselm of JerusalemCanterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo'', and Louis VII marking a radical divergence of France and Konrad III Western theology of Germany join the Crusaders, but they are defeated by atonement from that of the MuslimsEast. Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa *1098 Crusaders capture Antioch. *1149 Building on 1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the work of Byzantine [[Constantine IX]] in 1048, the crusaders began to renovate the [[Church w:Latin Kingdom of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church Latin Kingdom of the Holy SepulchreJerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as "[[w:Outremer|Outremer]] in a Romanesque style and added a bell tower." *1180 Last formal, canonical acceptance 1108 Death of Nicetas of Latins to communion at an Eastern altar in Antioch[[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod. *1187 ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:SaladinPope Gabriel II of Alexandria|SaladinGabriel II]] retakes Jerusalem and destroys crusader army at initiates addition of Arabic as a liturgical language with his Arabic translation of the [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)Divine Liturgy|Battle of HattinLiturgy]]. *1189 1144 [[w:Third Second Crusade|Third Second Crusade]] is led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted ; Muslims take Christian stronghold of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick BarbarossaEdessa. *1191 Cyprus is taken from the Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart", and sold 1149 Crusaders begin to Frankish crusaders in 1198.*1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade renovate [[Sacking Church of Constantinople|sack Constantinoplethe Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]in Romanesque style, laying waste to the city and stealing many holy adding a bell tower. *1159 [[relicsw:John of Salisbury|John of Salisbury]] and other items; authors ''[[Great Schismw:Policraticus|Policraticus]]'', a treatise on government drawing from the [[Holy Scripture|Bible]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act.*1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by the Ottoman Turks in 1669 over four centuries later.*1235 Death of [[Sava w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex Justinianus]], and arguing for [[w:Divine Right of SerbiaKings|St Sava Divine Right of SerbiaKings]]. *1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin 1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Church of_Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237Theotokos]] "of the Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-1448)|subjugation Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Russia]]Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans. *1240 Mongols sack Kiev. Prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky) 1176 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Sultanate of Rum]] defeats Byzantine Empire in the Swedish army at the [[w:Battle of the NevaMyriokephalon|Battle of Myriokephalon]], marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them. *1242 Prince 1179 Pope Alexander Nevsky's Novgorodian force defeats III convened the Teutonic Knights in [[w:Third Council of the Battle of Lake PeipusLateran|Third Lateran Council]], which was attended by a major defeat for certain Nectarios of the Catholic crusadersimportant [[w:Basilian monks|Basilian]] Monastery of St. *1258 Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[Michael VIII Palaiologosw:Otranto|Otranto]] seizes , under Norman patronage, who made himself the throne champion of the Nicaean EmpireGreek Church, founding the last Roman (and vigorously supported their [[Byzantine) dynastyRite|customs and doctrines]].<ref>K. He begins the reconquest of the Greek peninusla from the LatinsLake.*1259 Byzantines defeat Latin Principality of Achaea at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]] ''"The Greek Monasteries in September of 1259, marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of GreeceSouth Italy III."'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-V(17): 22-41. p. 35.</ref>*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration 1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox patriarchsaltar in Antioch. *1261 Emperor 1182 [[Michael VIII PalaiologosMaronite Catholic Church|Maronites]] made , who assisted the city Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of [[w:MystrasMonreale#The_Cathedral|MystrasMonreale Cathedral]] in Sicily, containing the seat largest cycle of Byzantine mosaics extant in Italy. *1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of the new Bulgaria and Serbia. *1187 [[w:Despotate Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at [[w:Battle of MoreaHattin (1187)|Despotate Battle of MoreaHattin]].*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.*1275 Patriarch of Constantinople , and returns Christian holy places to [[John XI Beccus Church of ConstantinopleJerusalem|John XI BeccusOrthodox Church]] (1275-1282), was elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople. *1189 [[w:Third Crusade|Joseph I GalesiotesThird Crusade]] (1267led by King Richard the Lion-1275) who had abdicated early in 1275 due to his opposition to the Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. *ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[Council w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] orders construction of Lyon[[w:Lalibela|Lalibela]] (1274). Patriarch Bekkos was a controversial figure and the chief Greek advocate of the reunion *1204 [[Fourth Crusade]] [[Sacking of Constantinople|sacks Constantinople]], laying waste to the Eastern Orthodox city and stealing many [[relics]] and Roman Catholic Churches.*1291 Fall of Acre. End of crusading in the Holy Land.*1302 Papal Bull ''other items; [[w:Unam sanctum|Unam SanctumGreat Schism]]'' issued on November 18, 1302 generally regarded as having been completed by Pope Boniface VIII proclaims Papal supremacy.*1333 this act; [[Gregory Palamas]w:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]] (1296-1359) defends establishes the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasmw:Empire of Nicaea|hesychast spirituality]] and the use Empire of the [[Jesus PrayerNicaea]]. *1336 ca.1207 [[Meteoraw:Stephen Langton|Stephen Langton]] divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in Greece is established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]]use today. *1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91)ca.1220 English Bp. [http://www.1911encyclopedia.*1341-1351 Three sessions org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[Ninth Ecumenical CouncilSarum Use|Use of Sarum]] held in Constantinople", affirming which had the [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology sterling reputation of Stbeing the best liturgy anywhere in the West. *1228 [[Gregory Palamasw:Sixth Crusade|Sixth Crusade]] and condemning results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the rationalistic philosophy of coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem. *1231 [[Barlaam of Calabriaw:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]]initiated by Pope Gregory IX, charged with suppressing heresy.*1344 1235 Death of Amda Syon, Emperor [[Sava of EthiopiaSerbia]]. *1346 *1349 Prince Stephen Dushan 1237 Golden Horde begin [[Church of Serbia assumes the title of Tsar Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (Caesar1237-1448)|subjugation of Russia]]. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, 1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at GallipoliBattle of the Neva. *1359 Death of St 1242 [[Gregory PalamasAlexander Nevsky]], Athonite monk and Archbishop 's Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of Thessalonica. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, seeing the simultaneous reign Ice|Battle of three Popes of RomeLake Peipus]], a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders. *1383 St. 1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[Stephen of Permw:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]]mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, missionary to the Zyrians, consecrated bishoptriggering Seventh Crusade. *1389 Serbs are defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at 1247 [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out the battle of Kosovo Polje.*1391-98 Ottoman Khwarezmian Turks beseige Constantinople for the first time, unsuccessful seven-year seige. *1396 First English Bible translated by John Wyclif.*1417 End of Western "Great Schism" at 1258 [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the Council throne of Constance.the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. *1422 1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Siege Principality of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siegeAchaea|Principality of Achaea]] of Constantinople.*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West is attempted at the [[Council w:Battle of FlorencePelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], where only St. [[Mark marking the beginning of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands Byzantine recovery of the delegates from RomeGreece. *1444 ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Donation of ConstantineIviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]] proved forgery.*1448 1260 Subjugation of [[Church of RussiaCyprus]] declares its independence from to the [[Roman Catholic Church of Constantinople]]. *1452 Unification 1261 End of the Roman Catholic Latin occupation of Constantinople and Greek restoration of Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on December 12, 1452 on the West's terms, when patriarchs; Emperor Constantine XI [[Michael VIII Palaiologos, under pressure from Rome allowed ]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the union to be proclaimed.*1453 new [[Fall w:Despotate of ConstantinopleMorea|Constantinople fallsDespotate of Morea]] on Tuesday May 29,1453 where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. *1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. *1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to the invasion of the Ottoman Turks. End of the Roman Empire in the EastAntioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation by Latin patriarch. *1274 Second [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[John XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the Latins. *ca. 1280 ''[[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]]'' ("Book of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings. *1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]]. *1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land. *1298 [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]], and [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Western Church. *1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy. *1326 Metr. [[Peter of Moscow|Peter]] moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow. *1332 [[w:Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Amda Syon]], Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces, allowing for the spread of Christianity to frontier areas. *1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]]. *1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]]. *1340 [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]] founded by [[Sergius of Radonezh]]. *1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]]. *1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[Ignatius II of Antioch|Ignatius II]]. *1349 Prince [[Stephen Dushan]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control. *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli. *1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]]. *1360 Death of [[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer. *1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. *ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks." *1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif. *1383 [[Stephen of Perm]], [[missionary]] to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of Tikhvin]] icon. *1385 [[w:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union. *1387 [[w:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]], while most [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox. *1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. *1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia. *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. *1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]]. *1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope. *1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]]. *1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''. *1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople. *1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. *1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. *1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]]. *1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' proved forgery. *1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed. *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].[[Media:Example. [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophiaogg]] is turned into a mosque.

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]]. *1480 Spanish Inquisition1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr. Gennadius of Constantinople. *1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar(year 7,000, according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Creation]]). *1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]]. *1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. *1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria. *1526 [[Non-Possessors ]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground. *1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.*1536 Publication of John Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian religion". *1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the 1529 First Ottoman [[w:Society Siege of JesusVienna|JesuitsSiege of Vienna]]. *1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.*1542 Ethiopians , marking Ottoman Empire's apex and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran end of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.*1547 Council of Trent held to answer the Protestant ReformationOttoman expansion in central Europe.

*1552 1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan. *1557 Death of St. [[Basil the Blessed]].*1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Fool for ChristBasil the Great]], critic [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Ivan IV GroznyNazianzus]], for whom and [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)Athanasius of Alexandria|St. Basil's CathedralAthanasius]] in Red Square is named. *1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564)1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule. *1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule. *1569 Martyrdom 1573-81 Correspondence of StPatr. Philip, Metropolitan [[Jeremias II (Tranos) of Moscow, at the hands Constantinople|Jeremias II of Ivan IV GroznyConstantinople]] with Lutherans. *1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov. *1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar ]] by Pope Gregory XIII.*1589 1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople. *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[Autocephalyw:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of RussiaConstantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. *1589 [[Autocephaly]] recognized; the and [[primatecanonical territory]] of the [[Church of Russia]] is styled recognized, as "Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[patriarchPatriarch]]of Moscow and of All Russia." *1596 At the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of RussiaConstantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church. *ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the ''Djize''. *1625 ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written. *1627 Pope [[Cyril LukarisLucaris]] of Alexandria presented the famous presents [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping." *1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia. *1642 The [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical ]] books. *1647 1646 [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patr. Joannikiospriests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]]. *1652-1658 Patr. Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]]. *1672 [[w:Synod of Jerusalem|Synod of Jerusalem]] convened by Patr. [[Dositheos II of Jerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]], refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaris]], defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia). *1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]]. *1685-87 The [[w:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of two Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], on the premises of the [[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students. *1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijingby [[Church of Russia]]. *1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Church of China|Church in China]], in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Julian Calendar]] by Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase'' on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China by .*1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Union of RussiaBrest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic. *1715 Metropolitan Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid ]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. *1721 Czar [[Peter I abolishes of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]]. *1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.*1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]]. *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. *1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism. *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople]]. *1767 A community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants. *1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. *1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland. *ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. *1774 Russia and Ottoman Empire sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians. *1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]]. *1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great. *1794 [[Missionaries]], including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos. *1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice. *1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of the [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and of Western [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].*1800 5th edition of ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens. *1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior 1805 Death of [[Church Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarius of the Holy SepulchreCorinth]] rebuilt after fire , a central figure in the then current Ottoman Baroque style[[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] movement. *1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]]. *1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.

:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation. *1829 The Treaty ca. 1830 [[Slavophile movement]] begins in Russia. *1831 Return of Adrianople ends 3,000,000 [[Uniate]]s with the Greek War of Independence, culminating [[Orthodox Church]] at Vilnius in the creation of the modern Greek state1831. *1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]. *1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]]. *1847 Restoration 1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[w:Latin Patriarch Union of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of JerusalemBrest-Litovsk]] by Pope Pius IXin all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church. *1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]." *1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Greece]]. *1851 Translation into English of the [[Septuagint]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]]. *1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent. *1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land. *1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma ]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]]. *1859 [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].*1860 Death of [[Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. *1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]].*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]. *1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of [[Western Rite]] liturgy and Benedictine offices. *1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council. *1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan. *1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be a [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan. *1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Chełm|Chelm]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. *1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian. *1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]]. *1881 Wave 1882 Synod of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migrations Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine)[[Church of China]]. *1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removes all of [[Apocrypha]] from [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]]. *1888 ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia.*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church |Old Catholic Churches]], not in communion with Rome, at the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. *ca. 1890 ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' further revised by [[Theophan the Recluse]]. *1891 Death of Romania[[Ambrose of Optina]]. *1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII. *1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]]. *1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]]. *1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the China|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer-Rebellion(Yihetuan Movement). *1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]] , resulting in Chinafall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens. *1904 [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people. *1905 Seat Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]. *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds ''[[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]],'' thus becoming one ; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of the most influential figures Russian synod reports in the twentieth century history favor of adaptation of the Church services from Book of GreeceCommon Prayer and sets out criteria. *1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas ]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans. *1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]]. *1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.

*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire; : ''Main article: [[Timeline of Church of GeorgiaHistory (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]'s '*1917 [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; [[w:w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; St. restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Nicholas II Tikhon of RussiaMoscow|Nicholas RomanovTikhon]], Tsar of Russia is martyred together with his wife St. as patriarch; [[Alexandra Romanov|AlexandraChurch of Georgia]] and children's [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia.*19191917-1922 40 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Greco-Turkish WarPersecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlierbegins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95,000 of whom were executed by firing squad. *1920 Death of St. 1918 Tsar [[Nektarios Nicholas II of AeginaRussia]].*1921 murdered together with his wife [[Church of ConstantinopleAlexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and the Patriarch of Alexandria is henceforth known as the Pope and Patriarch of children. *1919-1922 [[Church of Alexandriaw:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Alexandria and all AfricaGreco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of AmericaGenocide|Pontic Greek Archdiocese of AmericaGenocide]] is formedeliminates the Christian population of Trebizond. *1922 [[Church 1920 Death of Albania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church Nektarios of ConstantinopleAegina]]; formation publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement. *1921 [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of PalestineConstantinople|British Mandate of PalestineConstantinople]] begins.*1923 renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of the Czech Lands Alexandria|Alexandria and SlovakiaAll Africa]] granted ''; [[autonomyGreek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] by the formed ; Abp. [[Church Tikhon of Constantinople]Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]].*1924 elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Church Gorazd (Pavlik) of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephalyPrague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is declared independent from the African Church Moscow Patriarchate (a Protestant denominationMP) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire.*1925 1922 [[Church of RomaniaAlbania]] becomes a declares [[autocephaly]] from [[patriarchateChurch of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas.*1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa Lenin's decree to America to be consecrated a bishop the [[w:Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the African Orthodox Church. Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established.*1931 Reception earliest forced-labor camps of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into laity; the predominatly Christian city of [[Ecumenical Patriarchatew:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], led by Metrending 1900 years of Christian civilization. *1923 [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) Church of Paristhe Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]].*1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to Uganda to meet Reuben Spartas, and establish African Orthodox Church there.*1933 by [[Church of GreeceConstantinople]] bans ; [[Freemasonry]w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]]affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.*1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, and establishes African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna.*1935 Critical edition 1924 [[Church of the Constantinople]] recognizes [[Septuagintautocephaly]], ''"Septuaginta,"'' is published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens Institute. *1937 [of [[Church of ConstantinoplePoland]] recognizes the . *1925 [[autocephalyChurch of Romania]] of the becomes a [[Church of Albaniapatriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr.*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)of Moscow]] founded; death of St. *1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a [[Silouan the AthoniteWestern Rite]]diocese in Poland of [[Church of Russia]] under Bp.*ca. 1941-45 Croatian Alexis of Grodno; [[w:Ustaše|UstasaJohn Maximovitch]] terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expelled 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Roman Catholic Church|CatholicismAnthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]]. *1943 1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[American Orthodox Catholic Church of Russia]] recognizes , including a [[autocephalyWestern Rite]] of the [[Church of Georgiamissionary]]; first constitution outreach. *1929 Kingdom of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas Italy and Arthur Gathuna.*1945 Papacy ratify [[Church of Bulgariaw:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]]'s , recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the [[autocephalyw:Vatican City|Vatican City]] generally recognized; library . *1931 Reception of early Christian texts is discovered at Nag Hammadi [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of RussiaWestern Europe]] claims jurisdiction over into the [[Church Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of the Czech Lands and SlovakiaParis]]. *1946 Reuben Spartas of the 1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church visits Alexandriathere. The Holy Synod of the *1933 [[Church of AlexandriaGreece]] officially recognises and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda.*1947 bans [[Dead Sea ScrollsFreemasonry]] are discovered near Qumran in Egypt. *1948 Establishment of [1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; episcopal consecration of [w:State of Israel|State of Israel[John Maximovitch]] and end . *1935 Critical edition of [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of PalestineSeptuagint]]published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Church of RussiaOld Calendarists|Old Calendar]] re-grants schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[autocephalyChurch of Greece]] to stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act. *1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of PolandEthiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]] (after having revoked it . *1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in the aftermath of World War II)France using [[Western Rite]]. *1951 1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[Church w:Great Purge|Great Purge]]. *1937 [[Church of RussiaConstantinople]] grants recognizes [[autocephaly]] to the of [[Church of the Czech Lands and SlovakiaAlbania]].*1950 1938 Death of [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XIISilouan the Athonite]] proclaims the ; [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily AssumptionAmerican Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]] founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogmaleadership of Fr. *1957 [[Church Orestes (Chornock) of RussiaAgathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]] grants [[autonomy]] to , were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. *1941 Martyrdom of [[Church Gorazd (Pavlik) of ChinaPrague]]by Nazis. *1958 Creation of 1941-45 Croatian [[Western Rite Vicariatew:Ustaše|Ustasa]] in the terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North AmericaRoman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] with the reception of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxy. *1959 Archbishop 1943 [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) Church of AlbaniaRussia]] established recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the inter-African Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to revive the church's mission activities. His missionary work brought , including the gathering of the holy synod and the recovery election of the Orthodox churches in East Africa and Albania[[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as patriarch of Moscow. *19621943-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for 44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Roman Catholic Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]]eliminated, including the restriction tortured and drowned by Organization of ancient Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Tridentine MassEastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] and the introduction Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Novus Ordo.*1961 Death of StNuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. *1944 Fr. [[Luke Jean-Nectaire (VoinoKovalevsky) of Saint-YasenetskyDenis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky) of Crimea]]; consecration completes restoration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes[[Divine Liturgy according to St. *1963 1900th anniversary Germanus of martyrdom Paris|Liturgy of [[Apostle MarkSt. Germaine de Paris]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. . *1964 Meeting of Pope 1945 [[Paul VI Church of RomeBulgaria]] and Patriarch 's [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of Constantinople]] early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in JerusalemEgypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes. *1965 Pope Paul VI [[Church of Rome and Patriarch Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) Church of Constantinoplethe Czech Lands and Slovakia]] mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054. *1967 1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of MacedoniaAlbania|Orthodox Church in Albania]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent . *1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of SerbiaAlexandria]] (as yet unrecognized).*1968 Visit to officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Patriarchate Union of AlexandriaBrest-Litovsk]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Conference in ChambesyChurch, SwitzerlandSoviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia. *1970 1947 Death of [[Orthodox Church Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in America[[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] reconciles with in the early 20th century. *1948 [[Church of Russia]] and is granted re-grants [[autocephaly]], returning control of to the [[Church of JapanPoland]] to Moscow, which grants (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[autonomyw:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]]is founded; glorification Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Herman Church of AlaskaRussia|St. Herman of AlaskaRussian Church]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Archbishop from [[w:Makarios IIIChurch of Constantinople|Makarios IIIConstantinople]] , with representatives of Cyprus baptizes some 10,000 into the the local Orthodox Church Churches rejecting all participation in Kenya, at Kagira and Nyerithe World Council of Churches. *1971 1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[Theological School w:Union of HalkiUzhhorod|Halki SeminaryUnion of Uzhhorod]] Greek of 1646, creating the Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closedEparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.*1974 1600th anniversary of death of 1950 [[Athanasius the Great]]. *1975 Division in w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one Virgin Mary as a dogma. *1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]. *1952-60 With the [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in Kenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), the [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]the Colonial Government.*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America. *1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]]. *1958 Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite]] in America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[John Maximovitch]], who authorizes the use of the restored Gallican rite. *1959 Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; autocephaly granted to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]]. *1961 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo. *1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]]. *1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]]. *1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the [[excommunication]]s of 1054.*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya. *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] closed by Turkish authorities. *1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference (November 21 – 28) at the Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.

*1979 The Joint Commission of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established in November 1979 by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]]. *1980 First plenary session of the International 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the Theological Dialogue first time in Patmos and RhodesEspoo, Finland. *1982 Second Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.*1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."'' *1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland. *1987 Third Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church" in Bari, Italy.*1987 Visit ''; visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to Vatican. *1987 Group of twenty parishes of the Vatican[[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition."'' *1988 Millennial 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.*1988 Fourth Joint Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the ; Orthodox Church and the -Roman Catholic Church meets in Valamo, Finland and Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there." *1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America.*1989 Glorification ; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946. *1990 Fifth Joint Theological Commission session meets in Moscow[[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-KP) self-proclaims its independance from the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|UAOC]] (both groups unrecognized).

*1991 Soviet Union collapses, end of :''Main article: [[w:Cold War|Cold WarTimeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]; representatives ''*1991 Representatives of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches. *1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.*1993 The sixth Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, and issued the issuing common document on ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"'' (the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."'' *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous. *1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at the [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]"."*1995 Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] welcomed to visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the VaticanEcumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West. *1997 Visit 1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America reorganized by Ecumenical Patriarch the [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] to US; establishment , dividing the administration of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeriathe two continents into four parts.*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] held to discuss Orthodox participation in [[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."'' *1999 In Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia more than 70 Serbian Orthodox shrines, churches and monasteries are destroyed and desecrated under the watch of during NATO's Kosovo Force KFOR, UN civil administration, and numerous humanitarian organizations, from June to October 1999peacekeeping presence.*2000 The seventh Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission session met meets in Baltimore, U.S.A., and discussed a discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'', but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"''.*2001 [[Church of Armenia]] celebrates 1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|Papal Apology apologizes to Orthodox Church]]for Fourth Crusade; [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Non-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches. *2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] Sign a co-sign Venice Declaration on Protecting the Environmentof Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation. "'' *2003 The Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] is granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by the [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions.*2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns the [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church built in Antarctica by [[Initiation into the Church of Russia]]."'' *2006 First Orthodox Prayer Book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops "Patriarch of the West" title and formally dismisses doctrine of Limbo; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Eighth Joint Theological Commission of the Orthodox and Roman Cathlolic Churches meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."'' *2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Church of Ukraine]] announce that the UOC-MP is ''"an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church"''; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]). *2008 ''[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]'') published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council''".*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of popular Elder [[Joseph of Vatopedi]], [[July 1]].

==Notes==*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.*The division {{Template:Timeline of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.}}

*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]

==Published works== The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history: '''From an Orthodox perspective''' * Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518 * Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)* Maloney, George A. (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. * Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''. * Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924 * [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)* [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.<br>* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199* [[John Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]]. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587

'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective''' * Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399) * Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122) * Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994) * Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057) * Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158) * Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166) * Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295) * Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675) * Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.''. (ISBN 0198264569) * Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105) * Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X) * [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773) * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803) * Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X) * Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)

==External links== *[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church] *History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture ** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver *[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of their national identity during 400 years Patriarchal History]. Order of Turkish ruleSt. By Andrew the end Apostle. Archons of the 19th centuryEcumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concernsin Sections)'' *[[Categoryw:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church History]][[Category:Featured Articles]] 

[[Category:Church History]] [[Category:Featured Articles]] [[Category:Timelines|Church History]] [[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] [[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]] [[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]] [[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]