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Typikon
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The '''Typikon''' (Greek: τυπικόν/''typikon'', pl. τυπικά/''typika'', lit. "following the order"; Slavonic: ѹставъ/''ustav'') is the a book of directives and [[rubrics]] that establishes in the Orthodox Christian Church the order of divine services for each day of the year. It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. In [[monasterymonastic]] usage, the typikon of the monastery includes both the rule of life of the community and the rule of prayer. There are a number of major typikon traditions, but there are also many local variations, often codified into an official typikon. ==Origin of the Typikon of St. Savas and the Studite Typikon==
The liturgical books presently used by the Orthodox Church have originated either in monasteries or have been greatly influenced by monastic practices. The services of the daily cycle of worship used today in the Orthodox East reflect monastic usages and traditions, especially those of the two monastic centers that produced and developed them, the [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Holy Lavra of St. Savas of Jerusalem]] and the Monastery of Studion in Constantinople.
The liturgical tradition originating with ''The Typikon of St. Savas'' — produced by the [[Lavra]] in its initial stages — was influenced by the customs and practices of the monastic communities in the Near East, Egypt, Palestine, and Asia Minor. Under St. [[Theodore the Studite|Theodore]] , the Studion Monastery in Constantinople became the center of monastic revival and reform in the imperial city. During the times of the iconoclastic controversy , the Palestinian monastic typikon came to the Constantinople monasteries. In the [[Studion Monastery ]], a synthesis occurred as elements of the [[Cathedral Office]] of Constantinople were added to the Palestinian typikon. In time , this Studite synthesis was further modified by Palestinian monks to produce a revised Typikon of St. Savas that remained in general use until the nineteenth century. ==The Typikon of the Great Church==The difficulty of using a monastic typikon at the [[parish]] level came to a head as the nineteenth century began, and abbreviations and omissions of the services became widespread. Accordingly, the [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] authorized the revision of the typikon for parish use. This revision became known as ''Ecclesiastical Typikon according to the Style of the Great Church of Christ'', and was published in 1838. This revision was further revised by Protopsaltis George Violakes in the ''Typikon of the Great Church of Christ'', published in 1888.<ref>''The Festal Menaion'' (Tr. Mother Mary and Archimandrite [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Kallistos Ware]], Faber and Faber, London, 1984), p. 543.</ref> Bishop Kallistos notes: :"Violakis made extensive and often ill-advised changes, especially in the order of the service for [[Matins]] on Sunday: for example, the [[katavasia|katavasiai]] are appointed to be sung all together at the end of [[Biblical Odes|Canticle]] Eight of the [[Canon (hymn)|Canon]], instead of occurring one at the end of each canticle; and the reading of the Gospel is moved from its old position before the Canon, and awkwardly inserted between Canticles Eight and Nine. Thus Canticle Nine is separated from those which precede it, and the whole structure of the Canon is unhappily obscured." <ref>''The Festal Menaion'' (Tr. Mother Mary and Archimandrite Kallistos Ware, Faber and Faber, London, 1984), p. 543.</ref> He goes on to note, however:
The primary differences between the liturgical practice of the Byzantine and Slavic worlds stem from their origins in the Savaite and Studite typika, respectively, along with subsequent revisions. However, for the most part, the Greek, Romanian, and Slavic Typikons were closely aligned until the publication of the Violakes edition of ''the Typikon of the Great Church'' in 1888.<ref>''The Festal Menaion'' (Tr. Mother Mary and Archimandrite Kallistos Ware, Faber and Faber, London, 1984), p. 542.</ref>
==Notes==<div class="references-small"><references /></div> ==External linksthat Discuss the Typikon==*[http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8504.asp ourfaith8504 The Origins of Pascha and Great Week - Part I]*[http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8505.asp ourfaith8505 The Origins of Pascha and Great Week - Part II]*[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/typicon.aspx How to Keep the Church Typicon: The Question of Uniformity in the Church Services Discussed at the Council of Hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (1951), by St. John (Maximovitch)]*[http://www.stjohndc.org/russianRussian/Whatwhat/e_9609ca.htm The Late, Great Typikon]
*[http://www.metropolitancantorinstitute.org/Typikon.html The Typikon] (includes brief history, from an [[Eastern Catholic]] website)
*[http://www.orthodox.net/ustav/index.html Information on and from the Typikon]
*[http://launch.groups.yahoo.com/group/ustav/messages The Ustav List: A Discussion Group about the Typikon, that focuses more on Russian and Old Calendar liturgical issues]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/typikon/messages The Typikon List: A Discussion Group about the Typikon that focuses more on New Calendar Liturgical issues, and both Byzantine and Slavic practice]
*[http://www.holy-trinity.org/liturgics/ The Holy Trinity Cathedral Liturgics Page]
*[http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/manual_services_sokolov.htm A Manual of Divine Services, by Archpriest D. Sokolof]
==External links with Rubrics based on the Typikon==
*[http://www.saintjonah.org/rub/ Rubrics for Upcoming Vigils] (Old Calendar).
*[http://www.saintjonah.org/lit/ Rubrics and Texts for the Divine Liturgy] (Old Calendar).
*[http://www.saintjonah.org/typ/ Rubrics and Texts for Typika] (Old Calendar).
*[http://www.dowama.org/node/31 How to put the Services together] (Antiochian).
*[http://www.antiochian.org/1110642035 The Antiochian Liturgical Guide, Online]
*[http://www.ematins.org/matins.htm Texts for Sunday Matins] (New Calendar / Greek Archdiocese).
*[http://www.dioceseofalaska.org/html/liturgical_resources.html The Russian Orthodox Diocese of Alaska Liturgical Calendar (Old Calendar Rubrics)]
*[http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/order_divine_services_fecula.htm Excerpts from the "The Order of Divine Services" According to the usage of the Russian Orthodox Church, By Peter Fekula and Matthew Williams]
*[http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/hierarchical_services_rubrics.htm Rubrics for Hierarchical Services (Instructions for Clergy and Altar Servers)]
*[http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/liturgical_rubrics_1.htm Liturgical Instructions for Non-Hierarchical Services (for Clergy and Altar Servers)]
==External links with Translations of the Typikon==
*[http://almoutran.com/pdf/typikon.pdf The Violakis Typikon of the Great Church of Christ of Constantinople in English]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/journal2/typikon/ An English Translation of the Slavic Typikon (an ongoing project)]
*[http://www.orthodoxliturgy.netru/ustavdocs/indexdocs_all/graphics.html Information on and from the Typikonphp The Slavonic Typicon (in GIF files)] *[http://www.networks-noworthlib.netinfo/litresswraocTypikon/Typicon_ChartsTypikon.htm How to put the Services together] html The Slavonic Typikon (AntiochianPDF format).]*[http://wwwweb.antiochianarchive.org/1110642035 The Antiochian Liturgical Guide, Online] *[web/20071216201216/http://sgpmusers.goarchforthnet.orggr/ath/ematinsfrc/matinspsprotheoria.htm Texts for Sunday Matinshtml A Draft Translation of the Biolakes Typikon] (New Calendar / Greek Archdiocese).*[http://www.holy-trinitytypikon.org/liturgicsgr/ The Holy Trinity Cathedral Liturgics PageBiolakes Typikon in Greek] *[http://userswww.forthnetholytrinitymission.grorg/athbooks/frcenglish/psprotheoriatypikon_1.html A Draft Translation of the Biolakes htm Abridged Typikon]
[[Category:Liturgics]]