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Timeline of Orthodoxy in the British Isles

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The early Christian writers [[Tertullian]] and [[Origen]] mention the existence of a British church in the third century AD and in the fourth century British bishops attended a number of councils, such as the [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] in 314 and the [[Council of Rimini]] in 359.
The first member Saint Dorotheus of Tyre recorded that the British church whom we know by Church at Tyre sent Saint Aristobulus to Britain as Bishop in AD 37. Eusebius and Hippolytus both name Aristobulus as the first Bishop of Britain and there is a town named after him to this day in Wales. So there is St [[Alban]], who, tradition tells us, was martyred for his faith on certainty that he came and established the spot where St Albans Abbey now standsChurch at that date.
The Tertullian mentions the British church was a missionary church with figures such Church as St Illtud, St Ninian operational in AD208 and St Patrick evangelising Origen mentions it in WalesAD238. In AD314 The Primate of the British Church, Scotland and IrelandAdelfius of Caerleon, but the invasions by the pagan Angles, Saxons Bishop Eborius of York and Jutes in the fifth century seem to have destroyed the organisation Bishop Restitutus of London all attended the church in much Council of what is now EnglandArles. In 597 a mission sent by St [[Gregory AD 325, Saint Athanasius specifically noted the Dialogist]] and led by St [[Augustine of Canterbury]] landed in Kent British Church assenting to begin the work decisions of converting these pagan peoplesNicaea I.
What eventually became known The British church was a missionary church with figures such as St Illtud, St Ninian and St Patrick evangelising in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, but the invasions by the pagan Angles, Saxons and Jutes set the "Church of England"<ref group="note">back. The "Church of England" (incomers as is now known, did not drive the Ecclesia Anglicana - or Britons out, but actually intermarried with them, and many Britons remained living in the English newly conquered areas. The Church)</ref> no doubt was the result of a combination of three traditions, that of Augustine muted and his successors, probably impotent at these times. There were those outside who thought it should be more militant in returning to evangelise the remnants of the old RomanoAnglo-British traditions and the Celtic tradition coming down from Scotland and associated with people like Saxons. In 597 a mission sent by St [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|St AidanGregory the Dialogist]] and led by St [[Cuthbert Augustine of Lindisfarne|St CuthbertCanterbury]]landed in Kent to begin the work of converting these pagan insurgents.
These three traditions came together However we know that Augustine met a British Bishop where he landed in Kent and that the British Church numbered around 120 Bishops at the time of his ecclesiastical invasion of an existing Church which was in full communion with the rest of the worldwide Church. What eventually became known as a the "Church of England"<ref group="note">The "Church of England" (the Ecclesia Anglicana - or the English Church)</ref> was the result of increasing mutual contact and a number combination of local synodstwo traditions, that of the British Church which existed throughout Cornwall, Wales up the [[Synod east coast of England and into Scotland, and that of Augustine and his successors. These traditions came together only very slowly - it was hundreds of years before the Cornish Bishops agreed to the Whitby]] in 664 has traditionally been seen as the most importantsettlement. The result was an English Church, led by the two Archbishops of Canterbury and York, that was fully assimilated into the mainstream Church. This meant that it was influenced by the wider development of the Christian tradition in matters such as theology, liturgy, church architecture, and the development of monasticism.
Regarding the British Isles, what is known about the state of the Church there at the time of the [[Great Schism]] is that subsequent to the Norman Invasion in 1066, church life was radically altered. Native clergy were replaced, liturgical reform enacted, and a strong emphasis on papal church control was propagated. As such, it is probably safe to say that, prior to 1066, the church of the British Isles was Orthodox, and the Normans brought the effects of the Great Schism to British soil. As such, it is probably proper to regard King [[Harold of England|Harold]] II as an Orthodox Christian.
It also meant that after King Harold II, the English church continued under the authority of the "[[Pope]]" and not with Orthodoxy and this article does not consider the historical development of the "Church of England" after this date.
''Orthodoxy came back into the picture in the British Isles in 1716-1725: A considerable correspondence was reintroduced by conducted between the [[English Nonjuring bishops (usually styled in contemporary Orthodox documents as the “Catholic remnant” of the British Church ), Peter the Great, Czar of Greece]] Russia, and by the Œcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. It was proposed that a parish be established in London, which would be Orthodox and Western Rite. The Nonjurers’ lack of funds prevented their sending the proposed two delegates to Russia to seal the agreement.However, the Patriarch’s second letter to the “British Catholics” expressed a willingness to effect union and fix details later: “As for custom and ecclesiastical order and for the form and discipline of administering the sacraments, they will be easily settled when once a union is effected.” Nothing actually eventuated. [ Then in 1868: The Primus of Scotland visited Russia, where he held informal discussions with Metropolitan Filaret of Moscow and other Russian Church leaders about their interest in effecting the admittance of the British Church into Orthodoxy. He reported his meetings in detail to be developed] the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Convocation of Canterbury. Nothing further eventuated here either. In 1869: the Holy Synod of Russia authorised the use of the corrected text of the Western Rite Liturgy for use in Britain. Various forms of ethnic Orthodoxy entered Britain during the twentieth century with refugees from eastern Europe and migrant workers. There are now a number of native British parishes through England, Wales and Scotland under various external Orthodox authorities.''
The greatest contributor towards documenting the ecclesiastical and political history of England is attested to St. [[Bede]], who completed in 731 five volumes of his best known work ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|The Ecclesiastical History of England]]''.
==Roman Britian: Introduction of Christianity (43-410)==
* '''Apostolic Era:''' ''According to the compilers of the [[Synaxarion]], three members of the Apostolic Church had been responsible for preaching the Gospel in Britain:''
[[Image:JosephArimathea.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]].]][[Image:Apostle Aristobulus.jpg|right|thumb|[[Apostle Aristobulus]], Apostle of Britain.]][[Image:Alban.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Alban]], Protomartyr of Britain.]][[Image:St Declan, Bp. and Abbot of Ardmore.jpg|right|thumb|St. Declan, Bishop & Abbot of Ardmore in Ireland.]][[Image:Patrick of Ireland.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]], Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland.]]
::*[[Apostle Peter]] who, after visiting Milan, had "passed over to the island of Britain, now called England, (where) he spent many years and turned many erring Gentiles to faith in Christ";
::*[[Apostle Aristobulus]] (brother of St. [[Apostle Barnabas|Barnabas]]), who is called the Apostle of Britain and who was its first bishop; and
*43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers England at Richborough (Kent), making it part of the vast Roman Empire; London is founded.
*51 [[w:Caratacus|Caratacus]], British resistance leader is captured and taken to Rome.
[[Image:JosephArimathea.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]].]]
*61 [[w:Boudicca|Boudicca]], queen of the Iceni, let uprising against the Roman occupiers but was defeated and killed by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus.
*63 [[Joseph of Arimathea]], travels to Britain and lands in Glastonbury<ref group="note">St. [[Apostle Philip|Philip]] sent [[Joseph of Arimathea]], with twelve disciples, to establish Christianity in the most far-flung corner of the Roman Empire: the Island of Britain. The year AD 63 is commonly given for this "event", with AD 37 sometimes being put forth as an alternative.</ref> on the first Christian mission to Britain; [[Apostle Aristobulus|Aristobulus]], consecrated as first bishop to Britain.
*167 Most commonly held date that Phagan and Deruvian sent by Eleutherius to convert the Britons to Christianity{{citation}}
*ca. 170-236 [[Hippolytus of Rome]]<ref group="note">Hippolytus was considered to have been one of the most learned Christian historians and is the one who identifies the seventy whom Jesus sent in the Gospel of Saint Luke</ref> identifies [[Apostle Aristobulus]] listed in Romans 16:10 with [[Joseph of Arimathea]] and states that they ended up becoming Shepherds of Britain.
*180 Protomartyr of Wales, St. [[Dyfan of Merthyr]] martyred at Merthyr Dyfan, Wales.[[Image:Alban.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Alban]], Protomartyr of Britain.]]
*208 [[Tertullian]] writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated.
*ca.251 St. [[Alban]] Protomartyr of England.<ref group="note">The date of St Alban's martyrdom is uncertain, but it is believed that it took place during the reign of Decius (ca. 251) or Valerian (ca. 257). The eighteenth century Turin manuscript (which may be based on a fifth century source) suggests that St Alban may have been executed as early as 209, when the emperor Septimus Severus and his two sons were in Britain. The [[w:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle|Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] list the year of St. Alban's execution as 283 not as 305.</ref>
*304 Death of [[Amphibalus]] at Verulamium (St Albans), Hertfordshire; [[Julius and Aaron]]<ref group="note">The earliest authority for their existence is St. [[Gildas]] in ''De Excidio Britanniae''.</ref> martyred at Caerleon, Britain, under the persecutions of the Emperor Diocletian; Socrates and Stephanus martyred in Monmouthsire.<ref group="note">Ss. Socrates and Stephanus appear in the ''Martyrologion Hieronymianum MS.50 from Trinity College, Dublin (11th-century) and one of the earliest amplifications of Bede's martyrology. Tradition holds them to be disciples of St. [[Amphibalus]].</ref>
*305 [[Constantine the Great]] was able to spend a year in northern Britain at his father Constantius' side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn.
*306 [[Constantine the Great]] is proclaimed as Augustus of the West at [[w:Eboracum|Eboracum]] (York), capital of the province of [[w:Britannia Secunda|Britannia Secunda]] and home to a large military base.
*307 The Church in Britain enjoys peace from the persecutions
*313 "Edict of Toleration" (Milan), Christianity is made legal throughout the empire.
*314 [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]], for the first time, three British bishops attend a council, including the Abp. of [[w:Roman London|Londinium]], [[w:Restitutus|Restitutus]].
*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] of Nicea convened by the Roman Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]].
*337 Constantine received "Christian" baptism on his deathbed; joint rule of Constantine's three sons: Constantine II (to 340); Constans (to 350); Constantius (to 361)
*390 [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] born at Kilpatrick, Scotland.
*395 Death of Theodosius, the last emperor to rule an undivided empire, leaving Arcadius, emperor in the East and his other son, Honorius, emperor in the West; the office of Roman Emperor changes from a position of absolute power to one of being merely a head of state.
*5th c. St. [[w:Declán of Ardmore|Declán of Ardmore]] founded the monastery of Ardmore (Ard Mór) in what is now Co. Waterford, believed to be the oldest Christian settlement in Ireland, Christianizing the area and converting the Déisi before the coming of St. Patrick.
*403 Abduction of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; [[Victricius of Rouen|Victricius]], Bishop of Rouen, visits Britain for the purpose of bringing peace to the island's clergy, who were in dispute over the [[Pelagian heresy]].
*406 Invasion of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome and Britain.<ref group="note">In early January, 406, a combined barbarian force (Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians) swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and Britain. In autumn 406, the remaining Roman army in Britain decided to mutiny. One Marcus was proclaimed emperor in Britain, but was immediately assassinated.</ref>
==Early British Kingdoms: Era of Celtic Missionaries (410-597)==
[[Image:Patrick of Ireland.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]], Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland.]]
*410 ''Probable end of Roman occupation of Britain''; Pelagian is driven out of Britain by the Goths of Alaric and moves to Palestine.
*412 [[Patrick of Ireland]] has a vision of God informing him that he will leave for Ireland.
*415 ''Pelagianism is attacked at the [[Council of Diospolis]]''
*418 ''Pelagianism is condemned at the [[Councils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]]''
*419 King [[Brychan of Brecknock]] born, ca. 419, in South Wales.
*429 [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy.
*430 [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] ordained by St. [[Germannus of Auxerre|Germannus]], Bishop of Auxerre.
*431 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] and Pelagius;
*432 [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] sent from Aesir in Gaul to mission to Ireland.
*440 [[Materiana]] born in Gwent of Wales.
*455 Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms.
*459 Death of [[Auxilius of Ireland]].<ref group="note">St. [[Auxilius of Ireland]]: The date of death is also given as 454 or 455, see Sabine Baring-Gould, ''The Lives of the Saints'' (J. Hodges, 1898), 275.</ref>
*461 Death of the Holy Hierarch St. [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]], the Apostle of Ireland, at Saul, Downpatrick, Ireland<ref group="note">When he came to Ireland, as its enlightener, it was a pagan country; when he ended his earthly life some thirty years later, about 461, the Faith of Christ was established in every corner." (Great Horologion) The work of St Patrick and his brethren has been called the most successful single missionary venture in the history of the Church.</ref>[[Image:Post-Roman Britannia ca.500 AD.jpg|right|thumb|Post-Roman Britain, ca.500 AD.]]
*ca.480 Death of St. [[w:Tydfil|Merthyr of Tydfil]], in Wales.
*484 [[Brendan the Navigator]] born at Tralee in Kerry, Ireland.
*490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland.
*493 [[Gildas the Wise]] born in the lower valley of the Clyde in central Scotland.<ref group="note">The date of St. [[Gildas the Wise|Gildas']] birth can only tentatively be placed to the decades either side of the beginning of the Sixth Century. St. [[Bede]] indirectly suggests the year 493 for this event and this is the date adopted for this article.</ref>
*ca.500 Death of St. [[w:Gwynllyw|Gwynllyw of Wales]] (St. Gundleus), a Welsh King & Penitent, founder of [[w:Newport Cathedral|St Woolos Cathedral]] and father of Saint [[Cadoc]] the Wise.
*520 [[w:Clonard Abbey|Clonard Abbey]] is founded in Ireland by St. [[w:Finnian of Clonard|Finnian]], where some of the most significant names in the history of Irish Christianity (who would go on to be known as the [[w:Twelve Apostles of Ireland|Twelve Apostles of Ireland]]) studied at.
*521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]].
*570 Repose of [[Gildas the Wise]], his relics allowed to drift; relics of [[Gildas the Wise]] recovered and translated to the church in Rhuys.
*573 [[Kentigern of Glasgow|Kentigern]] returns to Scotland after exile; Kentigern evangelises Galloway and Cumberland.
*576 Death of [[Constantine of Cornwall]].
*577 Death of St. [[Brendan the Navigator]].
*580 [[Aedan of Ferns]] returns to Ireland after studying under [[David of Wales|St. David]] in Wales.
*581 [[Kentigern of Glasgow|Kentigern]] returns to Glasgow.
*577 Death of St. [[Brendan the Navigator]].
*587 Death of [[David of Wales]].
*597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]], Enlightener of Scotland.
*598 Brandon mac Echac (d. 603) convence a synod at which the [[Diocese of Ferns]] is made an episcopal see and [[Aedan of Ferns]] is made the first Bishop; Glastonbury Abbey founded; the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia.
*7th c. Celtic missions are launched in Northumbria (Aidan, Cuthbert).
*ca.600 Emergence of [[w:Insular art|Insular art]], also known as the ''Hiberno-Saxon style'', produced in the post-Roman history of the British Isles, originating from the Irish monasticism of Celtic Christianity, or metalwork for the secular elite; the most important centres were in Ireland, Scotland and the kingdom of Northumbria in Northern England.
*601 Death of [[David of Wales]], Bishop of Menevia; [[Gregory the Great|Gregory]] sends the ''St Augustine Gospels'' to [[Augustine of Canterbury]]<ref group="note">The "St Augustine Gospels" manuscript is the oldest surviving Latin illustrated Gospel book in existence.</ref>
*602 [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] repares the church of our Saviour and builds the monastery of St. Peter the Apostle, "Peter" is the first abbot of the same.
*632 Death of [[Aed of Ferns]],<ref group="note">A bronze reliquary in which the relics of St. [[Aed of Ferns]] are kept is currently preserved in Dublin.</ref> Bishop of Ferns in Ireland.
*635 [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] born in Britain.
*640 Death of [[Constantine of Strathclyde]]; death of [[Beuno the Wonderworker]], Abbot of Clynnog.<ref group="note">St. [[Beuno the Wonderworker]], Abbot of Clynnog, was uncle to St. [[Winefride of Treffynon]], [[November 3]], whom he also restored to life.</ref>
*647 Repose of [[Felix of Burgundy]], Apostle of East Anglia.
*650 The [[w:Book of Durrow|Book of Durrow]] illuminated manuscript Gospel Book is begun at [[w:Durrow Abbey|Durrow Abbey]], Ireland in the [[w:Insular art|Insular]] style; ([[Fursey of Lagny]]) ; {{citation}}
*651 [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] witnesses the soul of St. [[Aidan of Lindisfarne]] reposing as a light in the night sky and leaves for Melrose Abbey to become a monk; Repose of St. [[Aidan of Lindisfarne]], enlightener of Northumbria of Northern England.
*653 [[Benedict Biscop]] and [[Wilfred the Elder]] set off to visit Rome.
*657 [[w:Whitby Abbey|Whitby Abbey]] (Benedictine) is founded by the Anglo-Saxon King of Northumbria, Oswy (Oswiu).
*661 [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] and [[Eata]] join a monastery at Ripon.
[[Image:Cuthbert.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert the Wonderworker]], Bishop of Lindisfarne.]]
[[Image:Lindisfarne Gospels.jpg|right|thumb|Folio 27r from the [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] contains the incipit from the [[Gospel of Matthew]].]]
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]]; [[Cuthbert]] stricken by the great pestilence; death of St. [[Boisil]], abbot of Melrose Abbey, Scotland;<ref group="note">Almost all that is known of St. Boisol or Boswell, is learned from St. [[Bede]] (Eccles. Hist., IV, xxvii, and Vita Cuthberti).</ref> death of St. [[Cedd of Lastingham|Cedd]], Apostle of Essex.*668 [[Gerald of Mayo]] follows [[Colman of Lindisfame|Colman]] and settles in Innisboffin.
*669 [[Theodore of Tarsus]] arrives in Kent at the age of seven.
*670 [[Colman]] founds an English monastery, separate to from the Irish, the "Mayo of the Saxons,"<ref group="note">The Mayo (Magh Eo, the yew plain), known as "Mayo of the Saxons". St. [[Bede]] writes of this monastery: "This monastery is to this day (731) occupied by English monks... and contains an exemplary body who gathered there from England, and live by the labour of their own hands (after the manner of the early Fathers), under a rule and canonical abbot, leading chaste and single lives."</ref> with [[Gerald of Mayo]] as the first abbot.
*672 Death of [[Chad of Lichfield]] and Mercia.
*673 Historian [[Bede]] born.
*675 Death of Ethelburgh, first abbess of the Convent of Barking
*676 [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] becomes a solitary on Farne Island; [[w:Malmesbury Abbey|Malmesbury Abbey]] (Benedictine) is founded at Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, by the scholar-poet [[Aldhelm of Sherborne|Aldhelm]], a nephew of King Ine of Wessex.
*679 Death of [[Audrey of Ely]].
*680 Death of [[Botolph of Iken]]; Repose of St. [[Hilda of Whitby]]; Sussex is the last part of England to be converted to Christianity.
*697 [[Gerald of Mayo]] resigns as abbot of the "Mayo of the Saxons" in favour of St. Adamnan; Relics of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] revealed to be incorrupt.
*703 [[Gerald of Mayo]] resumes the abbacy of the "Mayo of the Saxons".
*705 The Saxon Diocese of [[w:Sherborne Abbey|Sherborne]] was founded by King Ine of Wessex, who set [[Aldhelm of Sherborne|Aldhelm]] as first Bishop of the see of Western Wessex, with his seat at [[w:Sherborne Abbey|Sherborne]].
*709 Death of [[Wilfrid]], Bishop of Hexham.
*712 [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury Abbey]] is founded as a stone church in Glastonbury, Somerset, England, under the patronage of Saxon King Ine of Wessex, although the abbey itself was founded by Britons dating to ''at least'' the early 7th century.
*714 Death of [[Guthlac of Crowland]], the hermit.
*ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England).
*716 Death of [[Donald of OgilvryOgilvy]], confessor Confessor of Scotland, whose nine daughters all entered a monastery in Abernethy, founded by Ss. Darlugdach and Brigid, where they became known as the [[Nine Maidens]], or the Nine Holy Virgins.
*717 In Scotland, the [[Iona]] monks were expelled by the Pictish king [[w:Nechtan mac Der-Ilei|Nechtan son of Derile]].[[Image:Bede.jpg|right|thumb|St Bede, or the Venerable [[Bede]], Monk of Jarrow, biblical scholar (+735).]]
*725 During his pilgrimage to Rome, King Ina of the West Saxons first gives the tribute or alms knows as "[[w:Peter's Pence|Peter's-Pence]]" (otherwise called in the Saxon ''Romefeoh'').<ref group="note">It was said not to be a tribute to the pope, but for the sustenation of the English School or College at Rome.</ref>
*ca.830 ''[[w:Historia Brittonum|Historia Brittonum]]'' written (known for its list of 12 battles of King Arthur).
*836 Egbert of Wessex is defeated by the Danes.
*838 At Death of Bp. Winnoc (Gwynog, Guinoch) of Scotland, a counsellor to King [[w:Kenneth MacAlpin|Kenneth]], whose prayers helped the king to vanquish the Picts in seven battles on a single day; at Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh.
*843 Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), King of the Scots, also becomes King of the Picts, thus becoming the '''first monarch of the new nation of Scotland'''; the Alpin dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.
[[Image:St Edmund the Martyr.jpg|right|thumb|[[Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]] the King-Martyr of East Anglia (+869).]]
*1005 Irish King Brian Boru visited Armagh, confirming to the apostolic see of Saint [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]], ecclesiastical supremacy over the whole of Ireland (as recorded in the [[w:Book of Armagh|Book of Armagh]]).
*1006 St. [[Alphege of Canterbury|Alphege]] goes to Pope John XVIII at Rome for his [[pallium]] and becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].
*1010 Death of [[w:Ælfric of Eynsham|Ælfric of Eynsham]], abbot of Eynsham and a prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homilies, biblical commentaries.
*1012 Death of St. [[Alphege of Canterbury|Alphege]], Archbishop of Canterbury martyred to the east of London at Greenwich.
*1014 Abp. Wulfstan preaches his Latin homily, ''"Wulf's Address to the English".''
*1020 [[w:Cnut the Great|Canute the Great]] codifies the laws of England.
*ca.1020 [[w:Harley Psalter|Harley Psalter]] illuminated manuscript is produced, probably at [[w:Canterbury Cathedral|Christ Church, Canterbury]].
*1022 [[w:Æthelnoth (Archbishop of Canterbury)|Aethelnoth]], Archbishop of Canterbury, is received at Rome; [[w:Gloucester Abbey|Gloucester Abbey]] (Benedictine) is founded in the city of Gloucester, England, dedicated to St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]].
*1030 Relics of St. [[Boisil]] (Boswell), Prior of Melrose (+661), are translated to Durham Cathedral by the priest Ælfred.
*1043 [[Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
*1045 Edward the Confessor begins construction of [[w:Westminster Abbey|Westminster Abbey]].*1050 [[w:Exeter Cathedral|Exeter Cathedral]] is founded, dedicated to Saint Peter, dating from 1050, when the seat of the [[w:United sees of Devon and Cornwall|Bp. of Devon and Cornwall]] was transferred from Crediton because of a fear of sea-raids; [[w:Leofric (bishop)|Leofric]] is enthroned as Bp. of Exeter on St. Peter's Day, with King [[Edward the Confessor]] in attendance;*1065 [[w:Westminster Abbey|Westminster Abbey]] is consecrated on December 28, 1065, only a week before [[Edward the Confessor]]'s death and subsequent funeral and burial; it was the site of the last coronation prior to the Norman conquest of England, that of [[Harold of England|Harold II Godwinson]].
==Roman Catholic Period (1066-1534)==
*1075 [[w:Council of London (1075)|Council of London]], a council of the Roman Catholic church in England held by the new Norman archbishop of Canterbury [[w:Lanfranc|Lanfranc]], deciding that all dioceses were to be re-centred on cities.
*1080 [[w:York Minster|York Minster]] cathedral is again rebuilt from 1080 AD.
*1083 [[w:Shrewsbury Abbey|Shrewsbury Abbey]] (the Abbey of Saint Peter and Saint Paul) is founded by the Norman Earl of Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery, in the county town of Shropshire, England.
*ca.1085 [[w:Great Malvern Priory|Great Malvern Priory]] (Benedictine) is founded in Malvern, Worcestershire, England, as [[w:Wulfstan (Bishop of Worcester)|Wulfstan]], Bishop of Worcester, had encouraged a hermit named [[w:Aldwyn of Malvern|Aldwyn]] to found a monastery in what was then the wilderness of Malvern Chase.
*1092 The first cathedral at [[w:Old Sarum|Old Sarum]] is completed by Bp. [[w:Osmund|Osmund]].
*1093 [[w:Durham Cathedral|Durham Cathedral]] is founded.
*1095 Death of [[w:Wulfstan (Bishop of Worcester)|Wulfstan]], Bishop of Worcester, the only English Bishop who maintained his office under William the Conqueror, after the Norman conquest (i.e. Bp. of Worcester 1062-1095).
*1096 [[w:St. John's Abbey, Colchester|Colchester Abbey]] (Benedictine) is founded by Eudo, son of Hubert de Ria, seneschal of King William II, on a site believed to be the location of a miracle.
*1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East.
*1102 [[w:Council of London (1102)|Council of London]], a Roman Catholic church council of the church in England convened by [[w:Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], Archbishop of Canterbury, to debate and pass decrees to reform the clergy; it is best known for confirming homosexuality as a sin in the English and wider church, and for outlawing the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands.
*1104 Relics of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]] translated<ref group="note">His [St. [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]] body was still found to be untouched by decay, giving off "an odour of the sweetest fragrancy", and "from the flexibility of its joints representing a person asleep rather than dead.</ref> from Lindisfarne to Durham Cathedral.
*ca.1120-1145 [[w:St. Albans Psalter|St. Albans Psalter]] is produced at [[w:St Albans Cathedral|St Albans Abbey]], one of the most important examples of English [[w:Romanesque art|Romanesque]] book production, of almost unprecedented lavishness of decoration.
*1128 [[w:Holyrood Abbey|Holyrood Abbey]] (Augustinian) is founded in Scotland.
*1131 [[w:Tintern Abbey|Tintern Abbey]] is founded in Wales, being only the second Cistercian foundation in Britain, and the first in Wales.
*1132 [[w:Rievaulx Abbey|Rievaulx Abbey]] (Cistercian) is founded in North Yorkshire, England, by twelve monks from [[w:Clairvaux Abbey|Clairvaux Abbey]] as a mission centre for the colonisation of the north of England and Scotland, becoming one of the great Cistercian abbeys of England; [[w:Fountains Abbey|Fountains Abbey]] (Cistercian) is founded two miles southwest of Ripon in North Yorkshire, England, being one of the largest and best preserved Cistercian houses in England, and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
*1136 [[w:Melrose Abbey|Melrose Abbey]] (Cistercian) is founded on the request of King David I of Scotland.
*ca.1136 [[w:Geoffrey of Monmouth|Geoffrey of Monmouth]] writes his chronicle ''[[w:Historia Regum Britanniae|Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' ("History of the Kings of Britain").
*1150 [[w:Kinloss Abbey|Kinloss Abbey]] (Cistercian) is founded by King David I of Scotland, going on to become one of the largest and wealthiest religious houses in Scotland.
===Plantaganet Era (1154-1485)===
:''This period witnessed the continual struggle between the English Kings and the Church in Rome for the legal high ground.''
*1159 [[w:John of Salisbury|John of Salisbury]] authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]],'' a treatise on government drawing from the [[Holy Scripture|Bible]], the [[Code of Justinian|Codex Justinianus]], and arguing for [[w:Divine Right of Kings|Divine Right of Kings]].
*1169-71 [[w:Norman invasion of Ireland|Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]]; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans.*1170 Abp. of Canterbury [[w:Thomas Becket|Thomas Becket]] is assassinated in December in Canterbury Cathedral, after having excommunicated the Abp. of York and the Bps. of London and Salisbury, who had held the coronation of Henry the Young King in York in June, in breach of Canterbury's privilege of coronation; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans.[[Image:Flag of England.jpeg|right|thumb|[[w:Flag of England|Cross of St. George]], officially established as the national flag of England in the 16th c.]]*1173 Death of [[w:Richard of Saint Victor|Richard of Saint Victor]], a Scotsman and prior of the famous Augustinian [[w:Abbey of St. Victor, Paris|abbey of Saint-Victor]] in Paris (1162-1173), who was one of the most important mystical theologians of 12th century Paris, then the intellectual center of Western Europe. *1185 The present-day [[w:Lincoln Cathedral|Lincoln Cathedral]] is begun, after an earthquake destroyed its predecessor; the [[w:Knights Templar in England|Knights Templar in England]] consecrated [[w:Temple Church|Temple Church]] as their headquarters in London, a round church, patterned after the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
*1194 King [[w:Richard I of England|Richard I]] (''Cœur de Lion, the Lionheart'') of England introduced the [[w:Flag of England|Cross of St. George]], a red cross on a white ground, as the National Flag of England.<ref group="note">During the crusades Richard the Lionheart claimed to have seen a vision of St George bearing a red-cross banner. Although he himself did not enter Jerusalem (declaring himself unworthy to do so), in gratitude for the victory he repaired the church over the grave of St George of Lydda and there took the saint as his personal patron.<br>The earliest reference to the cross of St George as an English emblem (not flag) was in a roll of account relating to the Welsh War of 1277.<br>Edward the Confessor was "patron saint" of England until 1348 when the greater importance of St George was promoted by the establishment of the Chapel of St George at Windsor.<br>St George's cross did not achieve any sort of status as the national flag until the 16th century, when all other saints' banners were abandoned during the Reformation. The earliest record of St George's flag at sea, as an English flag in conjunction with royal banners but no other saintly flags, was 1545.</ref>
*1202-04 Nobleman [[w:Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester]] achieved prominence in the [[Fourth Crusade]].
*ca.1207 [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] [[w:Stephen Langton|Stephen Langton]] divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in use today.
*1208-1215 Pope Innocent III placed the kingdom of England under an interdict for seven years after King John refused to accept the pope's appointee as Archbishop of Canterbury.
*1215 [[w:Magna Carta|Magna Carta]] is issued, arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law and democracy today in the English speaking world.[[Image:Salisbury-Cathedral-by-Steve-Somers.jpg|right|thumb|[[w:Salisbury Cathedral|Salisbury Cathedral]], considered one of the leading examples of [[w:English Gothic architecture|Early English architecture]].]]*1217 [[w:Culross Abbey|Culross Abbey]] is founded as a Cistercian abbey in Culross, Scotland, the birth place of St [[Kentigern of Glasgow]].
*ca.1220 English Bp. [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[Sarum Use|Use of Sarum]]", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the West.
*1221 The [[w:Dominican Order|Dominican Friars]] (known as Black Friars) arrive in England, appearing in Oxford.<ref group="note">[[w:White Friars|White Friars]] (Carmelites);<br>[[w:Grey Friars|Grey Friars]] (Francicans);<br>[[w:Black Friars|Black Friars]] (Dominican order);<br>[[w:Austin Friars|Austin Friars]] (Order of St. Augustine).</ref>
*1239 [[w:Wells Cathedral|Wells Cathedral]] is dedicated.
*ca.1245 [[w:Monymusk Priory|Monymusk Priory]] is founded as a house of Augustinian canons, based in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.*1258 [[w:Salisbury Cathedral|Salisbury Cathedral]] consecratedat [[w:Salisbury|New Sarum]].
*1265 [[w:Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]] calls the first English parliament.
*1295 King Edward I summons the [[w:Model Parliament|Model Parliament]], including members of the clergy and the aristocracy, as well as representatives from the various counties and boroughs.
*1296 The [[w:Stone of Scone|Stone of Scone]] was captured by Edward I as spoils of war and taken to Westminster Abbey, where it was fitted into a wooden chair, known as [[w:King Edward's Chair|King Edward's Chair]], on which most subsequent English sovereigns have been crowned.
*1320 [[w:Declaration of Arbroath|Declaration of Arbroath]], a declaration of Scottish independence, was submitted to Pope John XXII.
*1337-1453 [[w:Hundred Years' War|Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.
*1347 Death of [[w:William of Ockham|William of Ockham]], English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and a supporter of the doctrine of [[w:Apostolic poverty|Apostolic poverty]], which was held by fundamentalist Franciscan and [[w:Mendicant orders|mendicant orders]], bringing them into conflict with the pope; also the author of ''[[w:Occam's razor|Occam's Razor]].
*1348 King Edward III (1327–1377), known for promoting the codes of knighthood, founded the [[w:|Order of the Garter]] in 1348 and promoted St. [[George the Trophy-bearer|George]] as the patron saint of the English monarchy.<ref group="note">Prior to this, Saint [[Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]] had been considered the patron saint of England, although his veneration had waned since the time of the Norman conquest, and his cult was partly eclipsed by that of [[Edward the Confessor]].</ref>
*1349 Death of [[w:Richard Rolle|Richard Rolle]], English religious writer and [[w:Christian mysticism|mystic]], Bible translator, and hermit.
*ca.1380-1534 [[w:Lollardy|Lollard Movement]] in England; Lollards were effectively absorbed into Protestantism during the [[w:English Reformation|English Reformation]], in which Lollardy played a role.
*1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif.[[Image:Flag of Scotland.jpeg|right|thumb|The Flag of Scotland, also known as the [[w:Flag of Scotland|Saint Andrew's Cross]] or more commonly The Saltire, officially adopted 16th c.]]
*1385 The [[w:Parliament of Scotland|Parliament of Scotland]] decreed that Scottish soldiers wear a white [[w:Saltire|Saint Andrew's Cross]] (''Saltire'') on their person, both in front and behind, for the purpose of identification.<ref group="note">The earliest reference to the Saint Andrew's Cross as a flag is to be found in the ''Vienna Book of Hours'', ca. 1503, where a white saltire is depicted with a red background.<br>In the case of Scotland, use of a blue background for the Saint Andrew's Cross is said to date from at least the 15th century, with the first certain illustration of a flag depicting such appearing in Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount's Register of Scottish Arms, ca. 1542.</ref>
*1393 [[w:Julian of Norwich|Julian of Norwich]], thought of as one of the greatest English [[w:Christian mysticism|mystics]], writes ''[[w:Revelations of Divine Love|The Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love]]'', chronicling her prolonged states of ecstasy when she saw visions of the sufferings of Christ and of the Trinity.
*ca.1410 [[Monk]] [[w:Nicholas Love (monk)|Nicholas Love]], prior of the [[w:Carthusian|Carthusian]] house of Mount Grace in Yorkshire, translated the ''Meditationes Vitae Christi'' (wrongly attributed to the Italian scholastic philospher [[w:Bonaventure|Bonaventure]]) into English as ''[[w:The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ|The Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ]].''
*1415 The festival of St. [[George the Trophy-bearer|George]] was raised to the position of a "double major feast" and ordered to be observed throughout the Province of the Archbishop of Canterbury with as much solemnity as Christmas Day.
*1438 [[w:Margery Kempe|Margery Kempe]],a "religious enthusiast"<ref group="note">[[w:Margery Kempe|Margery Kempe]] (ca.1373-ca.1439) stands very much alone in the English [[w:Christian mysticism|mystical tradition]]. Indeed, she is thought by some to be outside this tradition because of the lack of depth in her revelations, the highly personal level of her visions, and the extremes of her behaviour. If she is a mystic, it is certainly not in the same sense as her better known contemporaries such as [[w:Richard Rolle|Richard Role]] or [[w:Julian of Norwich|Julian of Norwich]].</ref> and laywoman, completes her autobiography ''The Book of Margery Kempe'', chronicling her spiritual experiences, visions, and extensive pilgrimages to various holy sites in Europe.
*1453 The Hundred Years War ends, England loses all its territory in France except for Calais.
*1455-1485 [[w:Wars of the Roses|Wars of the Roses]], a series of dynastic civil wars between supporters of the rival houses of Lancaster and York, for the throne of England.
*ca.1456 [[w:Rosslyn Chapel|Rosslyn Chapel]] is founded in Scotland by [[w:William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness|William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness]], as a Roman Catholic collegiate church (Collegiate Chapel of St Matthew), however having a number of [[w:Rosslyn_Chapel#Templar_and_Masonic_connections|Templar and Masonic]] connections.
*1476 [[w:William Caxton|William Caxton]] introduces the printing press into England, setting up a press at Westminster; the first book known to have been issued there was an edition of Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales.''
===Tudor Era (1485-1603)===
*1494 English [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] mystic [[w:Walter Hilton|Walter Hilton]] writes his magnum opus, the ''Scala Perfectionis,'' or ''[http://biblestudy.churches.net/CCEL/H/HILTON/LADDER/LADDERTH.HTM Scale of Perfection].''
*ca.1500-1505 The [[w:Eton Choirbook|Eton Choirbook]] is compiled, showing the development of early Renaissance polyphony in England, and being one of the very few collections of Latin liturgical music to survive the Reformation.
*1516 Leading [[w:Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanist]] [[w:Thomas More|Thomas More]] writes ''[[w:Utopia (book)|Utopia]].''
*1521 Pope Leo X rewards King Henry VIII for his written attack on Luther by granting him the title ''"[[w:Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]]".''
==English Reformation (1534-1660)==
*1534 [[w:Acts of Supremacy|Act of Supremacy]] by which the Parliament of England declared King Henry VIII as '' 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England','' and affirming the legal sovereignty of the civil laws over the laws of the Church in England.
*1535 Sir [[w:Thomas More|Thomas More]] and [[w:John Fisher|John Fisher]] were executed by beheading by order of King Henry VIII, for refusing to accept him as Head of the Church of England ''(More and Fisher were both canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1935).''
*1536-1541 [[w:Dissolution of the Monasteries|Dissolution of the Monasteries]], nunneries and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland.
*1536 The [[w:Pilgrimage of Grace|Pilgrimage of Grace]], a popular rising in York, Yorkshire, in protest against England's break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances; Wales is incorporated into England with the [[w:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Laws in Wales Acts 1536–1542]].
*1603-1625 [[w:Jacobean era|Jacobean Era]].
*1625-1642 [[w:Caroline era|Caroline Era]].
*1626 Death of Anglican Bp. [[w:Lancelot Andrewes|Lancelot Andrewes]], Bp. of Winchester, and head translator of the 1611 Authorised Version ("King James") Bible, remembered chiefly for his sublime sermons (lately admired and interpreted by Russian Orthodox theologian Nicolas Lossky for their patristic quality and profound affinities with Eastern Orthodox theology and liturgical texts).
*1644 The [[w:Long Parliament|Long Parliament]] (1640-49) directed that only the Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England, effectively removing the Apocrypha.
*1649-1660 [[w:English Interregnum|Interregnum: Commonwealth of England]]: Anglicanism was disestablished and outlawed, and in its place, [[w:Presbyterianism|Presbyterian ecclesiology]] was introduced in place of the episcopate; the [[w:Thirty-Nine Articles|39 Articles]] were replaced with the [[w:Westminster Confession of Faith|Westminster Confession]], and the [[w:Book of Common Prayer|Book of Common Prayer]] was replaced by the [[w:Directory of Public Worship|Directory of Public Worship]].
*1650 Anglican Abp. of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland [[w:James Ussher|James Ussher]] writes his ''"Annals of the World,"'' a chronology that purported to establish the time and [[Byzantine Creation Era|date of the creation]] as the night preceding 23 October 4004 BC, according to the proleptic Julian calendar.
==English (Stuart) Restoration (1660-1689): Orthodox Presence Re-established==
==United Kingdom of Great Britian (1707-1801)==
[[Image:St Pauls aerial.jpg|right|thumb|[[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Cathedral]], London.]]
*1708 [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Cathedral]], London, is consecrated, designed by [[w:Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]], seat of the Anglican Bp. of London, reckoned to be London's fifth ''St Paul's Cathedral'', all having been built on the same site since 604 A.D. (when the first Saxon cathedral was built by [[Mellitus]] in [[w:Anglo-Saxon London|Lundenwic]]).
*1714-1837 [[w:Georgian era|Georgian Era]].
*1738 Print 'Noon'<ref group="note">From the series entitled ''"The Four Times of the Day"''.</ref> by [[w:William Hogarth|William Hogarth]]<ref group="note">In Hogarth’s time the portion of the street where the church stood was called Hog Lane. It was later renamed Crown Street and was demolished when Charing Cross Road was widened.</ref> shows evidence of a crowd exiting a Greek Orthodox church.
*1752 Change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, in England and Wales, Ireland and the British colonies, with the passage of the "[[w:Calendar (New Style) Act 1750|Calendar (New Style) Act 1750]]".
*1778 The Parliament of Great Britain enacted the [[w:Papists Act 1778|Papists Act 1778]], the first Act for Roman Catholic Relief, reversing some of the penalties imposed in [[w:Popery Act 1698|Popery Act 1698]].
*1780 The [[w:Gordon Riots|Gordon Riots]], an anti-Catholic uprising against the act of 1778, which became an excuse for widespread rioting and looting.
*1791 [[w:Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford|Frederick North]], the 5th Earl of Guilford, a lifelong philhellene, converted to the Eastern Orthodox Church and became an ardent adherent.<ref group="note">In 1824 North established the [[w:Ionian Academy|Ionian Academy]] on the island of Corfu, which was under British control. It was the first University to be established in Modern Greece.</ref>
==United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1927)==
*1837 Imperial Russian Embasy offers hospitality in Finsbury Park, London to the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain]] community for their religious activities.
*ca. 1840-1927 St. [[Arsenios of Cappadocia]] prophesised that ''"The Church in the British Isles will only begin to truly grow again when it begins to venerate once more its own saints".''
*1845-52 [[w:Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Irish Famine]], a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration in Ireland during which the island's population dropped by 20 to 25 percent.
*1850 Greek Orthodox church built in London Street in the City.
*1863-64 ''"The Eastern Church Association"'' was founded in London, its purpose being to pray and work for Anglican reunion with the Eastern Church.
*1866 [[British Orthodox Church (Coptic)]] is originally established, when a Frenchman, [[w:Jules Ferrette|Jules Ferrette]], was consecrated as a bishop by the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] with the purpose of re-establishing Orthodoxy to the West.
[[Image:GreekOrthodoxCathedral Bayswater London.jpg|right|thumb|Greek Orthodox Cathedral of [[w:Saint Sophia (London)|St. Sophia, Bayswater, London]].]]*1877 Greek Orthodox [[w:Saint Sophia (London)|Church of the Divine Wisdom (St Sophia) ]] in Bayswater built, the first [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]] being celebrated on June 1, 1879, 18 months after [[w:Ralli Brothers|Eustratios Ralli]] laid the first stone.*1882 Greek Orthodox [[w:Saint Sophia (London)|Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St Sophia]] is consecrated by Antonios, Abp. of Corfu, being the mother church of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Greek Orthodox church in Great Britain]].
*1884 [[Nicholas II of Russia]] meets Princess [[Alexandra Romanov|Alice Victoria Helen Louise Beatrix von Hessen-Darmstadt]]
*1885 [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removes all of [[Apocrypha]] from the Authorized [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]].
*1896 Papal bull ''[[w:Apostolicae Curae|Apostolicae Curae]]'' is issued in by Pope Leo XIII, declaring all [[w:Anglican ministry|Anglican ordinations]] to be ''"absolutely null and utterly void".''
*1897 The Anglican Archbishops of Canterbury and York of the Church of England responded to the papal charges of 1896 with the encyclical ''Saepius Officio.''
*1899 [[Bede]] is made a "Doctor of the Church"<ref group="note">The position of "Doctor of the Church" is a position of theological significance; St. [[Bede]] is the only man from Great Britain to achieve this designation ([[Anselm of Canterbury]], also a Doctor of the Church, was originally from Italy</ref> by Leo XIII.
*1901-1910 [[w:Edwardian era|Edwardian Era]].
*1906 Greek Orthodox Church of Saint Nicholas built in Cardiff; a new society, called ''"The Anglican and Eastern Orthodox Churches Union"'' was formed in London by a group of Anglo-Catholic clergymen, whose purpose was to promote an interest in the Eastern Church among a wider circle of Anglicans and to establish personal contacts.*1908 Oecumenical Patriarchate transfers its rights for four Greek Orthodox community churches to [[Church of Greece]]; British writer, philosopher and Christian apologist [[w:G. K. Chesterton|G. K. Chesterton]] writes ''[[w:Orthodoxy (book)|Orthodoxy]],'' a classic of Christian [[apologetics]].<ref group="note">Chesterton routinely referred to himself as an "orthodox" Christian, and came to identify such a position with [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] more and more, eventually converting to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism.</ref> *1914 By this time in Great Britain there existed four thriving Greek Orthodox Communities, all centred around a Greek Church of their own: London ([[w:Saint Sophia(London)|Saint Sophia]]), Manchester (The Annunciation), Liverpool (Saint Nicholas), and Cardiff (Saint Nicholas). *1918 The family of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas]] II Romanov, [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and their five children are lined up in their basement and shot, .*1921 Rev. J.A. Douglas publishes ''[[July 16]http://www.genuineorthodoxchurch.net/images/relationsofangli00dougiala.pdf The Relations of the Anglican Churches with the Eastern-Orthodox].''*1922 Holy Synod of the Oecumenical Patriarchate recognises the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain]] with London as its seat; [[Germanos (Strinopoulos) of Thyateria and Great Britain|Germonos (Strinopoulos)]], former Rector of the [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Theological Academy]], is chosen as the first Bishop and Metropolitan of Thyateira (1922-1951) , and first Orthodox Bishop in Great Britain since the Norman conquest in 1066.
*1926 The [http://orientale-lumen.blogspot.com/ Society of St. John Chrysostom] is founded as a group of a group of Catholics of the Latin and Eastern Churches, along with friends in other traditions, promoting awareness and friendship in the Christian West for Christians of the East, through prayer and liturgy, conferences and lectures, and praying for the unity of the Churches of East and West.
*1926 The Russian parish of the Dormition in London split into those who continued to support [[ROCOR]], and those who supported the [[Church of Russia|Moscow Patriarchate]].
*1927 Russian émigré lay Orthodox theologian [[w:Nicholas Zernov|Nicholas Zernov]] who was one of the founders of the Anglican-Orthodox ecumenical group the Fellowship of Saint Alban and Saint Sergius, organized the Anglo-Russian Student Conferences of 1927 and 1928 that gave strong impetus to theological contact among English-speaking Christians and Orthodox Christians who had fled Russia after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
==United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927-Present)==
*1928 [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius]] is founded; the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] appointed the 38-year-old Archimandrite Nicholas (Karpov) to London.
*1929 On All Saints Sunday, June 30, Archimandrite [[Nicholas (Karpov) of London|Nicholas (Karpov)]] was consecrated Bishop of London (ROCOR); present at the consecration was the Grand Duchess [[:w:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia|Xenia Alexandrovna]], the sister of the martyred [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]].
*1933 Canon John Douglas (1868-1956) became the Secretary of the Church of England Council on Foreign Relations, whose main object in dealing with the Orthodox was to obtain from them official recognition of Anglican Orders.<ref group="note">He was only partially successful, for only three Patriarchates (those of Constantinople, Alexandria and Jerusalem, together with the Church of Cyprus) made a favourable pronouncement. Later in 1936, the Romanian Church came to a similar conclusion. The rest of the Orthodox world, in the absence of the Russian Church which had been silenced under the Communist regime, refrained from committing itself either way.</ref>
*1934 [[Nicholas (Gibbes)]], former English tutor of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia, converted to Orthodox Christianity, and was tonsured a [[monk]] then ordained to the [[Presbyter|priesthood]].
*1941 Death of [[w:Evelyn Underhill|Evelyn Underhill]], an English [[w:Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic]] writer and pacifist known for her numerous works on religion and spiritual practice, in particular [[w:Christian mysticism|Christian mysticism]].
*1948 HRH Princess Elizabeth, the present Queen, married the Greek Orthodox Prince Philip, the present Duke of Edinburgh; he was officially required to cease to be Orthodox, although he never ceased to make the Orthodox sign of the cross in public; Hieromonk [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony (Bloom)]] was appointed Chaplain of the Anglican-Orthodox [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius]].
[[Image:Sophrony8.jpg|right|thumb|Archimandrite [[Sophrony (Sakharov)]] (+1993).]]
[[Image:Anthony Bloom.jpg|right|thumb|Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh]], (1962-2003).]]
[[Image:Hinton St Mary Mosaic.jpg|right|thumb|The [[w:Hinton St Mary Mosaic|Hinton St Mary Mosaic]], mid 4th-c. AD. discovered in 1963.]]*1951 Death of [[Germanos (Strinopoulos) of Thyateria and Great Britain|Germonos (Strinopoulos)]]; succeeded by Abp. [[Athenagoras I (CavadasKavadas) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (CavadasKavadas)]], (1951-1962). *1952 Professor, lay theologian and [[Apologetics|Christian apologist]] [[C. S. Lewis]] writes ''[[w:Mere Christianity|Mere Christianity]],'' a classic of Christian apologetics.<ref group="note">Raised in a church-going family in the Church of Ireland, Lewis became an atheist at the age of 15, though he later paradoxically described his young self as being "very angry with God for not existing". Influenced by arguments with his Oxford colleague and friend [[w:J. R. R. Tolkien|J. R. R. Tolkien]], and by the book ''[[w:The Everlasting Man|The Everlasting Man]]'' by [[w:G. K. Chesterton|G. K. Chesterton]], he slowly rediscovered Christianity. After his conversion to theism in 1929, Lewis converted to Christianity in 1931. A committed Anglican, Lewis upheld a largely orthodox Anglican theology, though in his apologetic writings, he made an effort to avoid espousing any one denomination. ''[[w:Mere Christianity|Mere Christianity]]'' was voted best book of the 20th century by the Evangelical magazine ''[[w:Christianity Today|Christianity Today]]'' in 2000.</ref>*1957 Formation of the Vicariate of Sergievo of the Exarchate of Western Europe (Moscow Patriarchate), with Hieromonk [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony]] becoming Bp. of Sergievo.
*1958 Elder [[Sophrony (Sakharov)]] seeks a monastic life in Essex of London; [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Timothy Ware]] converted from the Church of England to the Greek Orthodox Church.
*1959 Patriarchal [[Stavropegic]] [[Monastery]] of [[Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist (Maldon, Essex)|St. John the Baptist]] founded by Elder [[Sophrony (Sakharov)|Sophrony]] in Tolleshunt Knights, Maldon, Essex under the [[jurisdiction]] of Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony (Bloom)]] of [[Diocese of Sourozh|Sourozh]].
*1962 Repose of [[Athenagoras I (CavadasKavadas) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (CavadasKavadas)]]; [[Diocese of Sourozh]] is founded by Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh]]; the Russian Church did not name the Diocese after British territory, so as not to upset good relations with the Church of England.*1963 Abp. [[Athenagoras (Kokkinakis) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (Kokkinakis)]] is elected by the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] as Metropolitan of [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Thyateira and Great Britain]] (1963-1979); Timothy Ware (future Bp. [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]]) writes ''The Orthodox Church,'' a classc introduction to the riches of Orthodoxy, written for a Western audience with no prior historical connection to the Orthodox faith; a large, almost complete [[w:Hinton St Mary Mosaic|Roman mosaic]] (mid-4th century) is discovered at Hinton St Mary in the English county of Dorset, apparaently featuring a portrait bust of [[Jesus Christ]] with the [[Labarum|Chi-Rho]] symbol as its central motif, attributed to the workshop of the [[w:Durnovaria|Durnovarian]] school of mosaic art.
*1964 [[Gregorios (Theocharous) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Gregorios (Theocharous)]] appointed Chancellor of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Archdiocese of Thyateira]].
*1965 [[Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist (Maldon, Essex)|Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St John the Baptist]] moved under the Ecumenical Patriarchate; [[Nicholas Couris]] ordained a priest for [[ROCOR]] in Ireland.
*1976 The first phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue was concluded by the publication of ''The Moscow Agreed Statemen.''
*1977 Death of Fr. [[Nicholas Couris]]; the ''New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha - [[w:Revised Standard Version|Revised Standard Version]] (Expanded Edition)'' is published, endorsed by Abp. [[Athenagoras (Kokkinakis) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (Kokkinakis)]] of Thyateira and Great Britain.
*1977 A Diocesan Assembly formed by Metr. [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony (Bloom)]] met for the first time, forming a committee which began work on a new set of statutes which, on Metropolitan Anthony's insistence, were intended to reflect the principles of the [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|1917-18 Local Council]] on the governance of the church; thanks to these statutes the [[laity]] were able to contribute, with the [[clergy]], at every level within the Diocese to decision-making; British composer [[John Tavener]] converted to the Russian Orthodox Church, knighted in 2000 for his services to music.
*1978 [[Diocese of Sourozh]] buys the Cathedral of the [[Church of the Dormition and All Saints (London)|Dormition and All Saints]], in London's [[Church of the Dormition and All Saints (London)|Ennismore Gardens]].
*1979 Death of Abp. [[Athenagoras (Kokkinakis) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Athenagoras (Kokkinakis)]] succeeded by Abp. [[Methodios (Fouyias)]] (1979-1988); [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]] appointed; Bp.Kallistos (Ware) writes ''The Orthodox Way.''
*1980 The Antiochian Orthodox Society is established to serve the Arabic speaking and believing community.
[[Image:Kallistos Ware.jpg|right|thumb|The Most Reverend Metropolitan [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]], (1982-present).]]
*ca.1980-2010 [https://www.westdean.org.uk/CollegeChannel/Tutors/TutorProfilesandWork/AidanHart.aspx Aidan Hart] becomes England's leading professional iconographer, fresco painter and illuminator, completing over 700 private and church commissions, having his works commissioned by HRH The Prince of Wales, the Cathedrals of Hereford, Lichfield and Newcastle, Hexham Abbey, [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]] in [[Mount Athos]], and Saint John’s Abbey USA for [[w:The Saint John's Bible|The Saint John’s Bible]].
*1981 Redundant Anglican Church of St. Mary in Mary Street, Dublin handed to the Greek Orthodox Community of Dublin and Ireland, blessed and dedicated to the Holy Annunciation by Abp. [[Methodius (Fouyias) of Thyateira]] of Thyateira, Great Britain and Ireland.
*1982 [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]] consecrated as Bishop for the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Thyateira and Great Britain]]; the [[St. Edward the Martyr Orthodox Brotherhood (Surrey, England)|Church of St. Edward the Martyr]] is founded in Brookwood, Surrey, England, under the authority of Metr. Cyprian of Oropos and Fili ([[Holy Synod in Resistance]]), to care for the sacred relics of Saint [[Edward the Martyr]].
*1984 The second phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue was concluded with the publication of ''The Dublin Agreed Statement''.[[Image:Gregorios.jpg|right|thumb|His Eminence Abp. [[Gregorios (Theocharous) of Thyateira and Great Britain]] (1988-present).]]
*1985 With the departure of Bp. [[Constantine (Essensky) of Richmond]] in 1985, ROCOR's Diocese of Great Britian and Ireland did not receive a resident bishop, but was assigned under the [[omophorion]] of His Eminence Abp. [[Mark (Arndt) of Berlin]], also Bp. of ROCOR's German diocese (i.e. Bp. of the "Germany and Great Britain Diocese").
*1988 Abp. [[Methodios (Fouyias)]] is succeeded by Abp. [[Gregorios (Theocharous) of Thyateira and Great Britain|Gregorios (Theocharous)]] who is elected Abp. of [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Thyateira and Great Britain]] and enthroned at the Cathedral of Sophia in West London.
*1989 The third phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue began, when the commission was re-constituted as ''The International Commission for Anglican-Orthodox Theological Dialogue'' (ICAOTD), under the chairmanship of Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|John of Pergamon]] and Bp. Henry Hill (succeeded in 1990 by Bp. Mark Dyer).
*1990 The [[Friends of Mount Athos]] society is formed by people sharing a common interest for the monasteries of [[Mount Athos]], with Metr. [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Kallistos (Ware)]] of Diokleia being the President of the society, also including Prince Philip (Duke of Edinburgh) and Prince Charles (Prince of Wales and Heir Apparent to the British throne) among its members.
*1991 The body of [[Nicholas II of Russia]] is exhumed in Yekaterinburg, Siberia.
*1992 Professor [[w:Eamon Duffy|Eamon Duffy]] writes ''"[[w:The Stripping of the Altars|The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1580]],"'' dealing with the shift in religious sensibilities in English society between 1400 and 1580.
*1993 Death of Elder [[Sophrony (Sakharov)]].
*1993-95 The ''Pilgrimage to Orthodoxy'' group is formed by a body of former Anglican Priests with their parishes, who were wanting to be received as groups into the Orthodox Church; Anglican priest Fr. [[w:Michael Harper (priest)|Michael Harper]] became President of the group from 1993 to its closure in 1995.
*1994 The [[British Orthodox Church (Coptic)]], originally established in 1866 as an Oriental Orthodox mission to the West, became a constituency of the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate]], under the leadership of Metr. [[w:Metropolitan Seraphim of Glastonbury|Seraphim of Glastonbury]] and Pope [[Shenouda III (Gayyid) of Alexandria|Shenouda III]].
*1995 Death of [[Philip Sherrard]], theologian; establishment of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland]].
*1996 St. Aidan's Antiochian Orthodox Church in Manchester consecrated by Metropolitan [[Gabriel (Saliby)]]; [[Richard Swinburne]], Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford and a very influential proponent of [[w:Natural theology|natural theology]], converted from the Church of England to the Greek Orthodox Church; former Anglican priest Fr. [[w:Michael Harper (priest)|Michael Harper]] is appointed Dean of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland]]in April 1996, elevated to the rank of Archpriest in 2006. *1997 [[Friends of Orthodoxy on Iona]] founded; Fr. [[w:Michael Harper (priest)|Michael Harper]] writes ''[http://www.amazon.co.uk/True-Light-Pilgrimage-Orthodoxy/dp/0340678615 The True Light: A Pilgrimage to Orthodoxy] (A Faith Fulfilled - US edition).''
*1998 [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and family properly laid to rest.
*1999 The [http://www.iocs.cam.ac.uk/history.html Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies] is founded in the ancient university city of Cambridge with the blessing of all Orthodox hierarchs in Western Europe, being a full member of the Cambridge Theological Federation; the [[Philokalia]], Volume 4 published by Faber&Faber.
*2000 [[Theodoritos (Polyzogopoulos) of Nazianzos]] elected and consecrated [[Bishop]] of Nazianzos; the council of Bishops of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] unanimously recognise [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas]], Alexandra and their five children as saints; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain|Archdiocese of Thyateira]] annual Youth Conference held at Wood Green, North London; Monachos.net <ref>Monachos: http://www.monachos.net/</ref> online discussion community set up by [[Irenaeus (Steenberg)|M.C. Steenberg]]; [http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/ByzantineStudies/ Institute of Byzantine Studies] established at Queens' University, Belfast, Ireland.
*2001 Bishop [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]] retires.
*2002 In January, [[Hilarion (Alfeyev) of Volokolamsk|Hilarion Alfeyev]] was consecrated as Bishop of Kerch, an assistant bishop for the Sourozh diocese; on July 17th, the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow]] moved Bp. Hilarion out of the [[Diocese of Sourozh]], to become Head of the [http://orthodoxeurope.org/ Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church to the European Institutions]; Abp. of Canterbury Dr. Rowan Williams writes ''Ponder These Things: Praying With Icons of the Virgin.''*2004 Abp. of Canterbury Dr. Rowan Williams writes ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=9vh1C7LOhJEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Dwelling of the Light: Praying with Icons of Christ].''*2005 Mission in Macclesfield dedicated to St. Theodore of Canterbury opens in September; British composer Fr. [[w:Ivan Moody|Ivan Moody]] is elected the first Chairman of the International Society for Orthodox Church Music ([http://www.isocm.com/ ISOCM]).
[[Image:Fr Elisey (Ganaba) of Sourozh.jpg|right|thumb|Bp. [[Elisey (Ganaba) of Sourozh]], (2007-present).]]
*2006 Bp. [[Basil (Osborne) of Amphipolis|Basil (Osborne)]] was accepted into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on June 8 and accorded the title of ''Bishop of Amphipolis'' as head of the Episcopal [[w:Patriarchal_Exarchate_for_Orthodox_Parishes_of_Russian_Tradition_in_Western_Europe#Episcopal_Vicariate_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|Episcopal Vicariate of Great Britain and Ireland]], within the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]].
*2007 The Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Moscow Patriarchate ]] officially released Bp. [[Basil (Osborne) of Amphipolis|Basil (Osborne)]] from its jurisdiction on March 27; on December 27 the Diocese of Sourozh is reconstituted, as the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia]] appointed Bp. [[Elisey (Ganaba) of Sourozh|Elisey (Ganaba)]] as Bp. of Sourozh, bringing to an end the Temporary Administration of Abp. Innokenty, who was thanked for having restored peace to the Diocese; [[Diocese of Sourozh]] celebrated the 50th anniversary of the consecration of the ''Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God and all Saints'' (known to Londoners simply as "[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45939 Ennismore Gardens]").*2007 The Abp. of Canterbury Dr. Rowan Williams welcomed Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] to Westminster Abbey to celebrate the publication of ''[http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=32722 The Church of the Triune God: The Cyprus Agreed Statement]'', taking over 16 years to produce, concluding the third phase of the Anglican-Orthodox international theological dialogue; [[Diocese of Diokleia]] is elevated to a Metropolis and Bp. [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Kallistos (Ware)]] to Titular Metropolitan of Diokleia; death of Metr. [[Gabriel (Saliby) of Western Europe]] (Antiochian); by decree of the Holy Synod moves towards restoration of canonical relations between [[ROCOR]] and the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox ChurchMoscow Patriarchate]] Bp. saw the departure in January 2007 of 1) the monastic [[Elisey St. Edward the Martyr Orthodox Brotherhood (GanabaSurrey, England)|Brotherhood of St Edward in Brookwood]], 2) the Holy Annunciation Convent in Willesden, and 3) the missionary parish of St Boniface on the Isle of SourozhWight, all for the [[Holy Synod in Resistance|Elisey (Ganaba)Greek Orthodox Synod in Resistance]] was appointed Bp; the Abp. of Canterbury Dr. Rowan Williams "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1566108/Rowan-Williams-hits-out-at-atheist-Dawkins. html launched a fierce attack]" against the modern cult of Sourozhatheism in a lecture singling out the eminent scientist Richard Dawkins, author of the best-selling ''The God Delusion'' and a leading Darwinist, arguing that atheists had missed the point and failed to understand what Christians really believe in.
*2008 Enthronement of Metr. [[John (Yazigi) of Western Europe|John (Yazigi)]] of Western and Central Europe for the [[Antiochian Orthodox Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland]]; partnership between [http://www.monachos.net/content/ Monachos.net] (Patristic and Monastic website) and [[Ancient Faith Radio]], launching a series of weekly internet podcasts entitled ''"[http://ancientfaith.com/podcasts/holyfathers A Word From the Holy Fathers]".''
*2009 With the retirement of Bp. [[Basil (Osborne) of Amphipolis]], the [[w:Patriarchal_Exarchate_for_Orthodox_Parishes_of_Russian_Tradition_in_Western_Europe#Episcopal_Vicariate_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland|Episcopal Vicariate of Great Britain and Ireland]] became the [[Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland]], coming directly under the omophorion of Abp. [[Gabriel (de Vylder) of Komana]] ([[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]]); Archpastoral visitation of Metropolitan [[Hilarion (Kapral) of New York|Hilarion]] of ROCOR to Great Britain; Hieromonk Fr.Michael (Mansbridge-Wood) of ROCOR stated that [[Western Rite]] was celebrated on two successive Sundays in the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of the Dormition at Chiswick in London;<ref group="note">''"The Cathedral has a Lower Church (the original) and an Upper Church - which has just been finished. They have given us the Lower Church to use for [[Western Rite]]. So we celebrate our Western Rite in the Lower Church at the same time as they celebrate the Eastern Rite in the Upper Church..."''</ref> interviewing the Rt. Rev Paul Richardson, assistant Church of England Bishop of Newcastle, ''The Daily Telegraph'' on 27 June reported that Britain is no longer a Christian nation and that the [http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/coedead.htm Church of England could die out within a generation].*2010 Death of Archpriest Fr. [[w:Michael Harper (priest)|Michael Harper]], Dean of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland]], who was one of the leaders of the [[w:Charismatic Movement|Renewal movement]] in the 1960s to 1980s before he joined the Antiochian Orthodox Church, playing a significant part in the setting up of the Institute for Orthodox Christian Studies and its inclusion as part of the Cambridge Theological Federation; the Christian manifesto ''[[w:Westminster2010|Westminster2010: Declaration of Christian Conscience]]'' is launched on [[Pascha|Easter Sunday]] in the UK; inaugural meeting of the [[Episcopal Assembly of the British Isles]] was held on June 21st at Thyateira House; second meeting of the [[Episcopal Assembly of the British Isles]] was held on December 14th at Thyateira House. ==See also==*[[Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom]]*[[Western Rite]]*[[Differences in Mindset among Western Rite Orthodox]]*[[Western Rite in the Twentieth Century]]*[[Western Rite Service Books]]*[[Anglican Communion]]*[[Episcopal Assembly of the British Isles]]'''Timelines'''*[[Timeline of Church History]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] *[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]] ===Othodox Churches in the British Isles==={| border="1" !Founded||Diocese||Jurisdiction |- |1922||[[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain]]||[[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] |- |1929 ??<br>1985||[http://www.rocor.org.uk/index.html Diocese of Great Britian and Ireland];<br>Germany and Great Britain Diocese||[[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] |- |1962||[[Diocese of Sourozh]]||[[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] |- |1990 ??||[[Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Scandinavia]]||[[Church of Serbia]] |- |1994||[[British Orthodox Church (Coptic)]]||[[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)]] |- |1995||[[Antiochian Orthodox Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland]]||[[Church of Antioch]] |- |????||[[Ukrainian Orthodox Diocese in Western Europe]]||[[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] |- |2006||[[Deanery of Great Britain and Ireland|Episcopal Vicariate of Great Britain and Ireland]]||[[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] ([[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]) |- |????||[http://www.mitropolia.eu/ro/ Church of Romania]||[[Church of Romania]] |- |????||[http://www.goclp.org.uk/eng/ London Parish of St George]||[[Church of Georgia]] |}
==Notes==
;Unknown dates:
<small>''If you know the dates for these events, please assist us''</small>
:* [[G. E. Palmer]], [[Philip Sherrard]] and [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Bishop Kallistos Ware]] translate and publish four volumes of the [[Philokalia]] into English; [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Bishop Kallistos Ware]] and Mother Mary produced English translations of the [[Lenten Triodion]] and Festal [[Festal Menaion]].
:* Grand Duchess St. Elizabeth (a grand-daughter of Queen Victoria and a great-aunt of Prince Philip) and St. John Maximovich, who have been associated with them in the recent past.
:* The memory of Brother Lazaros, killed (some would say, martyred) within the Cathedral at Camberwell, remains vivid...
:* Monastery of St. John the Baptist in Essex, which depends directly on the Oecumenical Patriarchate and whose Founder was the saintly Archimandrite Sophrony, a pupil of St. Silouanos of the Holy Mountain.
:* The [http://www.bai.org.uk/default.asp British Association of Iconographers] (BAI) is founded, based at the Benedictine [[w:Turvey Abbey|Turvey Abbey]] in Bedfordshire (Priory of Our Lady of Peace).
<br>==See also==*[[Timeline of Church History]] ==Notes==<br>
<references group="note" />
'''Wikipedia'''
:'''Traditions of Christianity''':* [[w:CategoryEarly Insular Christianity|Early Insular Christianity]]:* [[w:Celtic Anglo-Saxon Christianity|Category:Celtic Anglo-Saxon Christianity]]:* [[w:Celtic Christianity|Celtic Christianity]]:* [[w:Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom#Eastern_Orthodox_ChurchesCeltic Rite|Christianity in the United Kingdom: Eastern Orthodox ChurchesCeltic Rite]].:* [[w:Christianity in Medieval ScotlandSarum Rite|Christianity in Medieval ScotlandSarum Rite]] :'''Missions''':* [[w:CuldeeGregorian mission|CuldeeGregorian mission]]:* [[w:Hiberno-Scottish mission|Hiberno-Scottish mission]]:* [[w:Anglo-Saxon mission|Anglo-Saxon mission]] :'''History''':* [[w:Roman_Britain#Christianity|Chrisitianity in Roman Britian]]:* [[w:Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England|Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England]]:* [[w:History of the Church of England|History of the Church of England]]:* [[w:Norman conquest of England|Norman conquest of England]].:* [[w:Catholic Church in England and Wales|Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales]] :'''Categories''':* [[w:Timeline of Anglo-Saxon settlement Category:Christianity in England|Category:Christianity in England]]:* [[w:Category:Christianity in Wales|Category:Christianity in Wales]]:* [[w:Category:Christianity in Scotland|Category:Christianity in Scotland]]:* [[w:Category:Christianity in Ireland|Category:Christianity in Ireland]]:* [[w:Category:Christianity in BritainNorthern Ireland|Timeline of Anglo-Saxon settlement Category:Christianity in BritainNorthern Ireland]].:* [[w:Timeline of British historyCategory:Celtic Christianity|Timeline of British historyCategory:Celtic Christianity]]. :'''Other''':* [[w:Britons Calendar of saints (historicalChurch of England)|Britons Calendar of saints (historicalChurch of England)]]:* [[w:List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom|List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom]] :'''Orthodox Church''':* [[w:Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom#Eastern_Orthodox_Churches|Christianity in the United Kingdom: Eastern Orthodox Churches]].:* [[w:Orthodoxy in the Republic of Ireland|Orthodoxy in the Republic of Ireland]].
'''General'''
* [http://www.eldrbarry.net/heidel/ereftl.pdf Timeline of the English Reformation and Development of the Anglican Church] (1517-1726).
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/uk_1.shtml Christianity in the UK] at BBC News.
* [http://www.andrewespress.com/index.html LANCELOT Andrewes Press]. (The publishing arm of the ''Fellowship of Saint Dunstan'', a non-profit organization for the advancement of historic Christian orthodoxy, as expressed by the liturgical and devotional usages of traditional English Christianity (particularly as embodied in the texts of traditional editions of the Book of Common Prayer, the 1611 Authorised Version Bible, and related texts, commentaries, hymnals and chant books).
==Published Works==
'''Roman Britian'''* Dowding, Janka. ''[http://www.mcgill.ca/files/classics/2004-05.pdf The Prevalence of Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 410].'' '''Hirundo: The McGill Journal of Classical Studies''', Volume III, pp.53-63, 2005.* [[w:William Hugh Clifford Frend|Frend, William H. C.]] ''"Roman Britain, a Failed Promise."'' In: Martin Carver. '''The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300–1300.''' Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2003. pp.79–92. ISBN 1-84383-125-2. * Kelly C. ''“Constantine: Britain's Roman Emperor.”'' '''History Today''' 56, no. 7 (2006): 25-31.* Petts, David. ''Christianity in Roman Britain.'' Tempus, 2003. ISBN 0752425404* Smithett Lewis, Rev. Lionel (Vicar of Glastonbury). ''St. Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury, or The Apostolic Church of Britain.'' 7th ed. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. Ltd., 1955. ISBN 0-227-67868-0 * [[w:Charles Thomas (historian)|Thomas, Charles]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=BgkQIcRgNk0C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500].'' London: Batsford, 1981.* Watts, Dorothy. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MX0OAAAAQAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Christians and Pagans in Roman Britain].'' Taylor & Francis, 1991. ISBN 0415050715* Watts, Dorothy. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=8UJYbX2WKjIC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Religion in Late Roman Britain: Forces of Change].'' London: Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0415118557 '''Celtic Christianity'''* Allchin, A.M., and Esther De Waal. ''Threshold of Light: Prayers and Praises from the Celtic Tradition.'' Templegate, 1988.* Bitel, Lisa M. ''Isle of the Saints.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.* Bitel, Lisa M. ''Landscape with Two Saints: How Genovefa of Paris and Brigit of Kildare Built Christianity in Barbarian Europe.'' Oxford University Press US, 2009. ISBN 0195336526* [[w:Nora Kershaw Chadwick|Chadwick, Nora]]. ''The Age of Saints in the Early Celtic Church.'' London: Oxford University Press, 1961.* De Paor, Maire and Liam. ''Early Christian Ireland.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 1978.* Gougaud (OSB), [[w:Dom (title)|Dom]] Louis. ''Christianity in Celtic Lands.'' London, 1932.* Gougaud (OSB), [[w:Dom (title)|Dom]] Louis. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/gaelicpioneers00gouguoft Gaelic pioneers of Christianity: The Work and Influence of Irish Monks and Saints in Continental Europe (VIth-XIIth cent)].'' Dublin: M.H. Gill and Son, Ltd., 1923. * [[w:Kathleen Hughes (historian)|Hughes, Kathleen]], and Ann Hamlin. ''Celtic Monasticism.'' New York: Seabury Press, 1981.* Mackey, James, (Ed.). ''An Introduction to Celtic Christianity.'' Edinburgh : T.T. Clark, 1989. * Matthews, Caitlin. ''The Elements of the Celtic Tradition.'' Worcester, England: Element Books, 1989.* McNeill, John T. ''The Celtic Churches.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.* O'Dwyer, Peter. ''Celi De: Spiritual Reform in Ireland 750-900.'' Dublin: Editions Tailliura, 1981.* Ryan, John. ''Irish Monasticism.'' Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1931. '''Anglo-Saxon Chrisitanity'''* [[Bede]]. ''A History of the English Church and People''. Transl. Leo Sherley-Price. Penguin Classics, 1988. ISBN 0-14-044042-9. :See: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book1.html ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People''], excerpts (from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.* Blair, John P. ''The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-921117-5. * Brooks, Nicholas. ''The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066.'' London: Leicester University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-7185-0041-5. * Campbell, James. ''"Observations on the Conversion of England."'' '''Essays in Anglo-Saxon History.''' London: Hambledon Press, 1986. pp.69–84. ISBN 0-907628-32-X. * Cavill, Paul. ''Anglo-Saxon Christianity: Exploring the Earliest Roots of Christian Spirituality in England.'' Zondervan, 1999. ISBN 978-0006281122 * Chaney, William A. ''"Paganism to Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England."'' In: Thrupp, Sylvia L.. '''Early Medieval Society.''' New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967. pp. 67–83. * Church, S.D. ''"Paganism in Conversion-age Anglo-Saxon England: The Evidence of Bede's Ecclesiastical History Reconsidered".'' '''History''' [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119391128/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Vol.93, Issue 310], pp.162–180, March 4, 2008.* Deanesly, Margaret and Grosjean, Paul. ''"The Canterbury Edition of the Answers of Pope Gregory I to St Augustine."'' '''Journal of Ecclesiastical History''' Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp.1–49, April 1959.* Demacopoulos, George. ''"Gregory the Great and the Pagan Shrines of Kent."'' '''Journal of Late Antiquity''' Vol. 1, Issue 2, pp.353–369, Fall 2008. * [[w:Richard A. Fletcher|Fletcher, R. A.]] ''The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity.'' New York: H. Holt and Co., 1998. ISBN 0-8050-2763-7. * Foley, W. Trent and Higham, Nicholas. J. ''"Bede on the Britons."'' '''Early Medieval Europe''' [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122325687/abstract Vol. 17, Issue 2], pp. 154–185, 2009. * Gameson, Richard and Fiona. ''"From Augustine to Parker: The Changing Face of the First Archbishop of Canterbury."'' In: Smyth, Alfred P.; [[w:Simon Keynes|Keynes, Simon]]. '''Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart.''' Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006. pp.13–38. ISBN 1-85182-932-6. * [[w:Judith Herrin|Herrin, Judith]]. ''The Formation of Christendom.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-691-00831-0. * Jones, Putnam Fennell. ''"The Gregorian Mission and English Education."'' '''Speculum''' [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2847433 Vol. 3, No. 3], pp.335–348., July 1928. * Lawrence, C. H. ''Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.'' New York: Longman, 2001. ISBN 0-582-40427-4. * Markus, R. A. ''"The Chronology of the Gregorian Mission to England: Bede's Narrative and Gregory's Correspondence."'' '''[[w:Journal of Ecclesiastical History|Journal of Ecclesiastical History]]''' Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.16–30, April 1963. * Markus, R. A. ''"[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/94815 Gregory the Great and a Papal Missionary Strategy]."'' '''Studies in Church History 6: The Mission of the Church and the Propagation of the Faith.''' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970. pp. 29–38.* [[w:Henry Mayr-Harting|Mayr-Harting, Henry]]. ''The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England.'' University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-271-00769-9. * Meens, Rob. ''"A Background to Augustine's Mission to Anglo-Saxon England."'' In: Lapidge, Michael. '''Anglo-Saxon England 23.''' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994. pp.5–17. ISBN 978-0-521-47200-5. * Ortenberg, Veronica. ''"The Anglo-Saxon Church and the Papacy."'' In: Lawrence, C. H.. '''The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages.''' Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1965. pp.29–62. ISBN 0-7509-1947-7. * Thacker, Alan. ''"Memorializing Gregory the Great: The Origin and Transmission of a Papal Cult in the 7th and early 8th centuries."'' '''Early Medieval Europe''' [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119131135/abstract Vol.7, No. 1], pp.59–84, 1998. * Wood, Ian. ''"The Mission of Augustine of Canterbury to the English."'' '''Speculum''' Vol. 69. No. 1, pp. 1–17, January 1994.* [[w:Barbara Yorke|Yorke, Barbara]]. ''The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800.'' London: Pearson/Longman, 2006. ISBN 0-582-77292-3.  '''Fall of Orthodoxy'''* Moss, Vladimir. ''[http://www.romanitas.ru/eng/THE%20FALL%20OF%20ORTHODOX%20ENGLAND%205X8.htm THE FALL OF ORTHODOX ENGLAND: The Ecclesiastical Roots of the Norman Conquest, 1043-1087].'' St. Michael's Press, 2004. (299 pp.) ''(Available: [http://www.cafepress.com/orthodoxbook04.11789667# here])'' '''Late Medieval, Early Modern'''* [[w:Eamon Duffy|Duffy, Eamon]] (Prof.). ''[[w:The Stripping of the Altars|The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400 to 1580]].'' Yale University Press, 1992.* Lossky, Nicolas. ''Lancelot Andrewes the Preacher (1555-1626): The Origins of the Mystical Theology of the Church of England.'' Transl. from the French by Andrew Louth. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0198261853 :(''Foreword by Michael Ramsey; afterword by A.M. Allchin.'') * Nicolson, Adam. ''God's Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible.'' Harper Collins, 2003. ISBN 0060185163* [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]]. ''“The [[w:Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford|Fifth Earl of Guilford]] (1766-1827) and His Secret Conversion to the Orthodox Church.”'' In D. Baker (ed.), '''The Orthodox Churches and the West''', Studies in Church History, 13 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, for the Ecclesiastical History Society, 1976), 247-56. * Pinnington, Judith Pinnington. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=LnpA9tvCYUcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Anglicans and Orthodox: Unity and Subversion 1559-1725].'' Gracewing Publishing, 2003. 260 pp. ISBN 9780852445778 :''(Forward Foreward by Rowan Williams, Abp. of Canterbury; Introduction by [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Kallistos Ware]], Bp. of Diokleia)'' '''Modern'''* [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]]. ''“The Orthodox Church in England.”'' In: [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]] (ed.), '''A Sign of God: Orthodoxy 1964''' (Athens: Zoe, 1964), 47-62. * Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia. ''“Orthodoxy in Britain: Its Origins and Future.”'' '''Sourozh''', 42 (1990), 23-8. * Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia. ''“Father Lev Gillet and the Fellowship of St Alban and St Sergius.”'' '''Sobornost''' (incorporating '''Eastern Churches Review''') , new series 15.2 (1993), 7-15.* Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia. ''“[[C. S. Lewis]]: An ‘Anonymous Orthodox’?”'' '''Sobornost''' (incorporating '''Eastern Churches Review''') , new series 17.2 (1995) , 9-27. *[[Makarios (Tillyrides) of Kenya]]. ''“Orthodoxy in Britain: Past, Present, and Future.”'' In: John Behr, Andrew Louth, Dimitri Conomos (eds.). '''Abba, The Tradition of Orthodoxy in the West: Festschrift for Bishop Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia.''' Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2003. pp.135-155. ISBN 0-88141-248-1* Fr. Andrew Phillips. ''[http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/pdf/Orthodox_Christianity_and_the_Old_English_Church.pdf ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY AND THE OLD ENGLISH CHURCH].'' 3rd edition. Seekings House, Fellixstowe, England. 2006. '''Saints Lives'''* Doble, Gilbert H. ''The Saints of Cornwall.'' Oxford: Holywell Press, 1970.* Duckett, Eleanor. ''The Wandering Saints.'' London: Catholic Book Club, 1960.* Hanson, R.P.C. ''The Life and Wanderings of the Historical Saint Patrick.'' New York: Seabury Press, 1983.* James, J.W. (Transl.). ''Rhigyfarch's Life of St. David.'' Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1967. * Moss, Vladimir. ''The Saints of Anglo-Saxon England (9th to 11th Centuries).'' Vol. 1. Seattle, Washington: St. Nectarios Press, 1992. ISBN 0-913026-32-8* Moss, Vladimir. ''The Saints of Anglo-Saxon England (9th to 11th Centuries).'' Vol. 2. Seattle, Washington: St. Nectarios Press, 1993.ISBN 0-913026-34-4* Sellner, Prof. Edward C. ''Wisdom of the Celtic Saints.'' Notre Dame: Ave Maria Press, 1993. ISBN 0-87793-492-4* Sharpe, Richard. ''Medieval Irish Saints' Lives.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.* Stokes, Whitley, (Transl.). ''Lives of Saints from the Book of Lismore.'' Oxford: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1890. * Walsh, Michael J. ''A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West.'' London: Burns & Oates. ISBN 0-8601-2438-X.  '''Art'''* Dodwell, C. R. ''Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective.'' Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1985. ISBN 0-8014-9300-5.* Green, Miranda. ''Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art.'' New York: Routledge, 1989.* Karkov, Catherine E., and Michael Ryan, Robert T. Farrell. ''The Insular Tradition.'' Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997. * Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book Illumination in the British Isles 600–800.'' New York: George Braziller, 1977. * [[w:David M. Wilson|Wilson, David M]]. ''Anglo-Saxon Art: From the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 1984.* Youngs, Susan (Ed.). ''"The Work of Angels", Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th–9th centuries AD.'' London: British Museum Press, 1989. ISBN 0714105546  
[[Category:Timelines|Britain]]
[[Category:Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Orthodoxy in Western Europe]]
[[Category:Missionaries]]
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