Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece"

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*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed.   
 
*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed.   
 
*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].
 
*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].
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=== Ottoman Turkish Occupation (1456-1821) ===
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*1456 Turkish Occupation of Greece.
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*1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
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*1460 Parthenon Cathedral dedicated to the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] turned into a mosque.
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*1462 Wonderworking icon of the [[Archangel Michael of Mantamados]] is created; [[Matrona of Chios]] reposes [[October 22]].
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*1463 Martyric death of [[Raphael, Nicholas and Irene]].
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*1472 Decrees of the Council of Ferrara-Florence repudiated by Patriarchate of Contantinople.
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*1511 Death of [[Joseph the Sanctified]] of Crete.
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*1530 Mother of God restores sight to blind youth through the'[[Panagia Cassiope|Cassiope]] icon of Corfu.
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*1546 Death of New Martyr [[John of Ioannina]].
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*Mid 16th c. Death of [[Nilus the Myrrh-gusher]] of Mt. Athos.
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*1556 Death of [[Maximos the Greek]].
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*1556-65 The Patriarchal School of [[Joasaph II of Constantinople|Joasaph II]] is initially established in Constantinople, the forerunner of the ''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation] (I Megali tou Genous Sxoli / Η Μεγάλη του Γένους Σχολή)''.
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*1559 Death of Iconographer [[Theophanes the Cretan]].
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*1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule.
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*1573-81 Correspondence between Patriarch Jeremias II and the Lutheran professors at Tubingen.
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*1579 Death of [[Gerasimos of Cephalonia]].
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*1587-Present. The relatively modest [[w:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. 
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*1589 Death of [[Philothei of Athens]].
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*1590 Death of [[Timothy of Penteli]] (Athens).
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*1622 Death of [[Dionysius of Zakynthos]] ([[December 17]]).
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*1625 The Patriarchal School (''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation]'') opened again under the direction of Theofilos Korydaleas having many students, however Korydaleas' liberal ideas caused the school's closure.
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*1662 The Patriarchal School (''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation]'') acquired permanent income, a building and remarkable teachers, among them Alexandros Mavrokordatos who bore the title Confidant.
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*1677 Bishop Henry Compton of London builds church for the Greeks in London.
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*1682 Greek church in London closed.
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*1687 Parthenon devastated by Venetian shelling.
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*1694 Plan for Worcester College, Oxford (then Gloucester Hall) to become a college for the Greeks.
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*1713 [[Theological School of Patmos]] founded.
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*1715 St. [[Spyridon of Trimythous|Spyridon]] saves Corfu from Turkish invasion.
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*1720 [[Monastery of the Life-Giving Spring (Poros)]] founded.
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*1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with the [[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]] (AD).
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*1730 Death of [[John the Russian]].
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*1735 Death of [[Athanasius of Christianapolis]].
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*1749 Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy ("Athonite School") is founded on [[Mount Athos]] by the brethren of the Monastery of Vatopedion.
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*1753-59 Eminent theologian and scholar [[Eugenios Voulgaris]] heads the ''Athonite School'', envisaging a revivial and upgrading of learning within the Orthodox Church through substantial training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy.
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*1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]].
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*1759 School on [[Mount Athos]] forced to close down.
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*1779 Death of [[Cosmas of Aetolia|Kosmas Aitolos]].
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*1782 First publication of ''[[Philokalia]]'' on [[Mount Athos]].
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*1795 Death of New Martyr [[Theodora of Byzantium]] ([[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytiline]]).
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*1796 [[Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice.
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*1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens.
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*1805 Death of [[Makarios of Corinth]], a central figure in the [[Kollyvades Movement]].
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*1809 Death of [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain]] the "Hagiorite".
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*1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
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=== Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) ===
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*1821 [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independance]] begins as Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]], at the Monastery of [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]], Peloponessos; martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation.
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*1823 Wonderworking Icon of [[Panagia of Tinos|Panagia Evangelistria]] found on Tinos, led by a vision from [[Pelagia of Tinos]], becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at the [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)|Church of Evangelistria]]. 
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*1827 Europe recognises the autonomy of Greece.
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*1828 John Capodistrias first president of Greece and confiscates Athonite metochia; Greek church opened in London (2nd time).
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*1829 Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state.
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=== First Hellenic Republic (1829-1832) ===
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*ca. 1829 The purified and formal ''[[w:Katharevousa|Katharevousa]]'' dialect of [[w:Modern Greek|Modern Greek]] is promoted as the official language (to 1976).
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*1831 The fully sovereign status of Greece was accepted at the London Conference of 1831.
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*1832 European powers establish Greek protectorate; Otho I enthroned as Greek King.

Revision as of 15:41, January 26, 2009

(This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time.)

The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.

This is a timeline regarding the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.

Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the Apostle Paul, although the church’s apostolicity also rests upon St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, Titus, Paul’s companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes, Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of Kittium in Cyprus, and John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the Revelation recorded in the last book of the New Testament. In addition, the Theotokos is regarded as having visited the Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to tradition. Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.

By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Turks in 1453. As an integral part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate the church remained under its jurisdiction up to the time when Greece won her freedom from Turkish domination.[1]

The Greek War of Independence of 1821-28, while leading to the liberation of southern Greece from the Turkish yoke, created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the Church of Greece autocephalous.

In the twentieth century during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of Istanbul and Jerusalem, and Cyprus.[2] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and Mount Athos however are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece, who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis), and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.

The population of Greece is 11.1 million (UN, 2007), 98% of which are Greek Orthodox (CIA World Factbook).

Apostolic era (33-100)

  • ca. 47-48 Apostle Paul's mission to Cyprus.
  • ca. 49 Paul's mission to Philippi, Thessaloniki and Veria.
  • 49 Paul's mission to Athens.
  • ca. 51-52 Metropolis of Korinthos founded in its Apostolic during Paul's first mission to Corinth; Paul writes his two Epistles to the Thessalonians.
  • ca. 54 Paul writes his First Epistle to the Corinthians.
  • ca. 55 Paul revisits Corinth.
  • ca. 56 Paul revisits Macedonia; he writes his Second Epistle to the Corinthians.
  • ca. 61 Paul shipwrecked in Crete.
  • 62 Crucifixion of Apostle Andrew in Patras.
  • ca. 95 Apocalypse of John written on the island of Patmos.
  • 96 Martyrdom of Dionysius the Areopagite of the Seventy.
  • 100 Death of St. John the Theologian in Ephesus.

Ante-Nicene era (100-325)

Patriarchate of Rome Era (325-732)

Nicene era (325-451)

Early Byzantine era (451-843)

Patriarchate of Constantinople Era (732-1850)

  • 732-33 Byzantine Emperor Leo the Isaurian transfers Southern Italy (Sicily and Calabria), Greece, and the Aegean from the jurisdiction of the Pope to that of the Ecumenical Patriarch in response to Pope St. Gregory III of Rome's support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm, adding to the Patriarchate about 100 bishoprics; the Iconoclast emperors took away from the Patriarch of Antioch, on the plea that he was a subject of the Arab caliphs, 24 episcopal sees of Byzantine Isauria; the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople became co-extensive with the limits of the Byzantine Empire.
  • 734 Death of Peter the Athonite, commonly regarded as one of the first hermits of Mount Athos.
  • 739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his Ecloga , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat Umayyad invasion of Asia Minor at Battle of Akroinon.
  • 746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.
  • 754 Iconoclastic Council held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.
  • 787 Seventh Ecumenical Council held in Nicea, condemning iconoclasm and affirming veneration of icons.
  • 789 Death of Philaret the Merciful.
  • 803 Death of Irene of Athens, wife of Byzantine Emperor Leo IV; St. Luke's icon brought to Agiassos on Mytiline.
  • 814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor Leo V and Patr. Nicephorus on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
  • 824 Byzantine Crete falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.
  • 828 Death of Patr. Nicephorus I of Constantinople.
  • ca. 829-842 Icon of the Panagia Portaitissa appears on Mount Athos near Iviron Monastery.
  • 836 Death of Theodore the Studite.
  • 838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.
  • ca. 839 First Rus'-Byzantine War, where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
  • 840 Panagia Proussiotissa icon found near Karpenissi.

Byzantine Imperial era (843-1204)

Latin Occupation (1204-1456)

  • 1204 Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, laying waste to the city and stealing many relics and other items; Great Schism generally regarded as having been completed by this act; Venetians use the imperial monastery of Christ Pantocrator as their headquardters in Constantinople; Latin Occupation of mainland Greece under Franks and Venetians.
  • ca. 1204-75 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of Iveron Monastery.
  • 1205 Latins annex Athens and convert the Parthenon into a Roman Catholic Church - Santa Maria di Athene, later Notre Dame d'Athene.
  • 1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by Ottoman Turks in 1669.
  • 1222 The Byzantines recover Thessaloniki.
  • 1235 St. Olympiada and nuns martyred by pirates on Mytilene of Lesbos
  • 1249 Mystras citadel built by Franks in the Peloponnese.
  • 1259 Byzantines defeat Latin Principality of Achaea at the Battle of Pelagonia, marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.
  • 1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos makes Mystras seat of the new Despotate of Morea, where a Byzantine renaissance occurred.
  • 1274 Orthodox attending the Second Council of Lyons, accept supremacy of Rome and filioque clause.
  • 1275 Persecution of Athonite monks by Emp. Michael VIII and Patr. John XI Beccus; death of 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on Mount Athos, martyred by the Latins.
  • 1281 Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the Sicilian Vespers.
  • 1283 Accommodation with Rome officially repudiated.
  • 1309 Rhodes falls to the Knights of St. John, who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the "Knights of Rhodes"
  • 1336 Meteora in Greece are established as a center of Orthodox monasticism.
  • 1338 Gregory Palamas writes Triads in defense of the Holy Hesychasts, defending the Orthodox practice of hesychast spirituality and the use of the Jesus Prayer.
  • 1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91).
  • 1341-51 Three sessions of the Ninth Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople, affirming hesychastic theology of Gregory Palamas and condemning rationalistic philosophy of Barlaam of Calabria.
  • 1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli.
  • 1359 Death of Gregory Palamas.
  • 1360 Death of John Koukouzelis the Hymnographer.
  • 1382 Founding of the Great Meteora Monastery.
  • 1390 Ottomans take Philadelphia, last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia.
  • 1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.
  • 14th c. "Golden Age" of Thessaloniki, many churches and monasteries are built.
  • 1422 Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople.
  • 1426 Death of New Martyr Ephraim of Nea Makri.
  • 1429 The Turks capture Thessaloniki.
  • 1430 The monks of Mount Athos submit to Sultan Murad II and keep their autonomy.
  • 1438 Council of Florence unsuccessfully tries to unit Greek East and Latin West.
  • 1450 Death of Empress Helena Palaeologus (St. Ipomoni of Loutraki).
  • 1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed.
  • 1453 Constantinople falls to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; Hagia Sophia turned into a mosque; martyrdom of Constantine XI Palaiologos, last of the Byzantine Emperors; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the Renaissance.

Ottoman Turkish Occupation (1456-1821)

Greek War of Independence (1821-1829)

First Hellenic Republic (1829-1832)

  • ca. 1829 The purified and formal Katharevousa dialect of Modern Greek is promoted as the official language (to 1976).
  • 1831 The fully sovereign status of Greece was accepted at the London Conference of 1831.
  • 1832 European powers establish Greek protectorate; Otho I enthroned as Greek King.
  • World Council of Churches: Church of Greece.
  • The Globe and Mail (Canada's National Newspaper). "Orthodox Church at Crossroads." November 10, 1995. p.A14.
  • Retrieved from "https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece&oldid=80370"