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Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece

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This is a '''timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece'''. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.
Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the [[Apostle Paul]], although the church’s apostolicity also rests upon [[Apostle Andrew|St. Andrew]] who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, [[Apostle Titus|Titus]], Paul’s companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, [[Apostle Philip (of the Twelve)|Philip]] who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, [[Apostle Luke|Luke the Evangelist]] who was martyred in Thebes, [[Lazarus]] of Bethany, Bishop of Kittium in Cyprus, and [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] who was exiled on the island of [[Patriarchal Exarchate of Patmos|Patmos]] where he received the [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] recorded in the last book of the [[New Testament]]. In addition, the [[Theotokos]] is regarded as having visited the [[Mount Athos|Holy Mountain]] in 49 AD according to tradition. Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]]. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of [[Thessalonica|Thessaloniki]], Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.<ref name="WCC">[http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/greece/church-of-greece.html World Council of Churches: Church of Greece].</ref>
By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the [[Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece#Patriarchate_of_Rome|Exarchate of Illyricum]] which was under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the [[Church of Greece|Church in Greece]] remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Turks in 1453. As an integral part of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] the church remained under its jurisdiction up to the time when Greece won her freedom from Turkish domination.<ref name="WCC"/> During the Ottoman occupation up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".<ref>[[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]]. ''[http://www.ecclesia.gr/english/archbishop/christodoulos_speeches.asp?cat_id=&id=641&what_main=3&what_sub=12&lang=en&archbishop_heading=Addresses/Speeches Address to the Conference organised by the Synodal Committee on European Issues, entitled “Islam: the extent of the problematics”].'' Holy Monastery of Penteli, Attica, 12/5/2007.</ref><ref>[[w:Demetrios Constantelos|Demetrios Constantelos]]. ''[http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/constantelos_altrouistic_4.html Altruistic Suicide or Altruistic Martyrdom? Christian Greek Orthodox Neomartyrs: A Case Study].'' Archives of Suicide Research, Volume 8, No 1, 2004. (Myriobiblos Library).</ref><ref>{{el icon}} Bompolines, Κ. Α. (1952). ''The church in the struggle for freedom.'' Athens: no publisher given.</ref><ref>{{el icon}} Paparounis, Ρ.Ν. (no date). ''Under Turkish rule.'' Athens: Ekdoseis Gregoris, pp. 329-348.</ref><ref>{{el icon}} Perantones, Ι.Ρ. (1972). ''Lexicon of the neοmartyrs.'' Athens: no publisher is given.</ref><ref>{{fr icon}} [[w:François Pouqueville|Pouqueville]]. (1824). ''Histoire de la regeneration de la Grèce.'' Paris: F. Didot père et fils.</ref><ref>Vaporis, Ν.M. (2000). ''Orthodox Christian neomartyrs of the ottoman period 1437-1860. Witnesses for Christ.'' Crestwood, ΝΥ: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.</ref><ref group="note">"According to several accounts, from the [[Fall of Constantinople|Conquest of Constantinople]] to the last phase of the [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independence]], the Ottoman Turks condemned to death 11 [[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople]], nearly 100 bishops, and several thousands of [[priest]]s, [[deacon]]s and [[monk]]s (Bompolines, 1952; Paparounis, no date; Perantones, 1972; [[w:François Pouqueville|Pouqueville]], 1824; Vaporis, 2000)."</ref>
The [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independence]] of 1821-28, while leading to the liberation of southern Greece from the Turkish yoke, created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the [[Church of Greece]] autocephalous.
*306-37 Reign of Emperor [[Constantine the Great]].
*ca. 306 Death of Great-Martyr [[Barbara of Nicomedia]]; death of Bp. [[Parthenios of Lampsacus]].
*311 Martyrdom of Bp. [[w:Methodius of Olympus|Methodius of Olympus]].
*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire.
*314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held, the first post-persecution council.
*316 Death of [[Blaise of Sebaste]].
*319 Matyrdom of [[Theodore the GeneralStratelates|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"), under Licinius.
== Patriarchate of Rome Era (325-732)<ref group="note">'''Patriarchate of Rome'''<br>The Byzantine ''"[[w:Theme (country subdivision)|themes]]"'' of Greece rebelled against the iconoclast emperor [[w:Leo III the Isaurian|Leo III]] in 727 and attempted to set up their own emperor, although Leo defeated them. ''Up to this time Greece and the Aegean were still technically under the ecclesiastic authority of the Pope'', but Leo also quarreled with the Papacy; the defiant attitude of Popes St. [[w:Pope Gregory II|Gregory II]] and St. [[w:Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], who summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732) on behalf of image-veneration, led to a fierce quarrel with the emperor. Leo retaliated however by transferring the territories of southern Italy, Greece and the Aegean from the papal diocese to that of the the Patriarch of Constantinople, in effect throwing the Papacy out of the Empire.<br>
* In 421 (when a decree enacted by Emperor [[Theodosius II]] placed all churches within the pale of the ''[[w:Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Illyricum prefecture]]'' (then part of the Eastern Empire) subject to the Archbishop of Constantinople).
* In 438, through the [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Theodosian Codex]], ''Illyricum'' was again placed under Constantinopolitan jurisdiction.
* To some extent during the [[Acacian Schism|Acacian schism]], 484-519.
'''Praetorian Prefecture of Illyricum'''<br>
The ''[[w:Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|Prefecture of Illyricum]]'' was named after the former province of Illyricum and was one of the four principal divisions of the Empire instituted by [[Diocletian]]. It originally included two dioceses, the ''[[w:Diocese of Pannonia|Diocese of Pannoniae]]'' and the ''Diocese of Moesiae''. The Diocese of Pannoniae did not belong to the cultural Greek half of the empire, and it was transferred to the western empire when Theodosius I fixed the final split of the two empires in 395.
*577 Patr. [[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the [[Nomocanon]], of the [[Orthodox Church]].
*580 Serious invasion of Slavs migrating into the Balkans and Greece; last recorded persecution of pagans in [[Byzantine Empire]].
*582 Persection of [[Monophysitism|Monophysites]] renewed under emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]].
[[Image:Spread of Christianity in Europe to AD 600.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Spread of Christianity to 325 AD (dark blue); Spread of Christianity to 600 AD (light blue)]]
*ca. 590 [[Parthenon (Athens)|Parthenon]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to Agia Sophia.
*662 [[w:Parthenon#Christian_church|Parthenon]] in Athens rededicated in honour of the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] as "Panagia Atheniotissa" (Panagia of Athens), becoming the fourth most important pilgrimage site in the Eastern Roman Empire after Constantinople, Ephesus and Thessalonica;<ref name=Kaldelis>Anthony Kaldellis Associate Professor (Department of Greek and Latin, The Ohio State University), [http://www.lsa.umich.edu/UMICH/modgreek/Home/_TOPNAV_WTGC/Lectures%20at%20U-M/ParthenonKaldellis.pdf ''A Heretical (Orthodox) History of the Parthenon''], p.3</ref> death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].
*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.
*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of [[Monothelitism]].
*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; emperor Justinian II is the first emperor to have the figure of the [[Lord]] [[Jesus Christ]] stamped on a coin.
*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus.
[[Image:Studite.jpg|right|thumb|220px|St. [[Theodore the Studite]] abbot of the [[w:Monastery of Stoudios|Stoudios]] monastery in Constantinople and a zealous opponent of Iconoclasm.]]
*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.
*764 Martyrdom of [[Stephen the New]] (Stephen the Younger), Byzantine monk from Constantinople who became one of the leading opponents of the iconoclastic policies of Emperor Constantine V.
*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]].
*789 Death of [[Philaret the Merciful]].
*803 Death of [[Irene of Athens]], wife of Byzantine Emperor Leo IV; St. Luke's icon brought to Agiassos on [[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytiline]].
*814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
*816 Death of Gregory the Decapolite (November 20).
*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.
*826 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]].
*838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.
*ca. 839 First [[w:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus|Rus'-Byzantine War]], where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
*840 [[Panagia ProussiotissaProusiotissa]] icon found near Karpenissi.
=== Byzantine Imperial era (843-1204)===
*ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]].
*861 [[Cyril and Methodius]] of Thessaloniki depart from Constantinople to [[Church of Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons.
*864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris I of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon.
[[Image:ByzantineEmpire 867AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Byzantine Empire, ca. 867 AD.]]
*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople.
*867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday.
*869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."
*925 Death of Bp. [[Peter of Argos]], whose writings appear in [[w:Patrologia Graeca|Patrologia Graeca]].
*941 Fourth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Rus-Byzantine War]].
*944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Image Not-made-by-hands|Icon Not Made By Hands]].
[[Image:Byzantine Themes, 950.gif|right|thumb|220px|Byzantine [[Theme (country subdivision)|Themes]] in Asia Minor, ca. 950 AD.]]
*953 [[Monastery of Hosios Loukas]] founded by St. [[Luke the Younger]] near Stiris (Thebes) in Greece.
*957 [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople.
*960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for the Byzantines.
*961 Founding of [[w:Agia Monastery of Holy Lavra(Kalavryta, Greece)|Agia Lavra]] monastery in Kalavryta, Peloponesse, (the symbolic birth-place of modern Greece in 1821).
*963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]; founding of Philosophou Monastery in [[Metropolis of Gortyna and Megalopolis|Dimitsana]] (Peloponesse); death of [[w:Michael Maleinos|Michael Maleinos]], a Byzantine monk who commanded great respect among Christians of Asia Minor, and was later adopted as a patron saint of [[w:Michael of Russia|Mikhail Feodorovich]], the first Romanov tsar.
*ca.963-1018 The [[w:Chronicle of Monemvasia|Chronicle of Monemvasia]] is composed, narrating the events that depict the [[w:Eurasian Avars|Avaro]]-[[w:South Slavs|Slavic]] conquest and colonization of mainland Greece, covering a period from 587 to 805 AD.
*ca.990 Bp. [[w:Œcumenius|Œcumenius of Trikka]] (now Trikkala) in Thessaly writes several commentaries on books of the [[New Testament]].
*ca.992 Greek monk and wonderworker St. [[w:Sergius of Valaam|Sergius of Valaam]] co-founded the [[Valaam Monastery]] (along with [[w:Herman of Valaam|Herman of Valaam]]), in [[w:Republic of Karelia|Russian Karelia]] on Valaam island, and is credited with bringing Orthodox Christianity to the Karelian and Finnish people.
*998 Death of [[w:Saint Nikon the Metanoeite|Nikon Metanoeite]] ("preacher of repentance").
*ca.999 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on Mount Athos near Iviron monastery.
*10th c. [[w:Paris Psalter|Paris Psalter]] produced, a Byzantine illuminated manuscript containing 449 folios and 14 full-page miniatures "in a grand, almost classical style", considered a key monument of the so-called [[w:Macedonian Renaissance|Macedonian Renaissance]] in Byzantine art.
*1022 Death of [[Symeon the New Theologian]].
*1025 Greece is divided into ''themes'' including Crete, the Peloponnese, Hellas, Nicopolis, Larissa, Cephalonia, Thessalonica, the Cyclades and the Aegean.
*1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]].
*1042 Founding of [[Nea Moni of Chios|Nea Moni]] Monastery on Chios.
*1043 [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] is re-organized under [[w:Michael Psellos|Michael Psellos]].
[[Image:Byzantium1204.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The beginning of ''[[w:Frangokratia|Frangokratia]]'': the division of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade, 1204 AD.]]
*1204 [[Fourth Crusade]] [[Fall of Constantinople|sacks Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and stealing many [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; Venetians use the imperial [[w:Zeyrek Mosque|monastery of Christ Pantocrator]] as their headquardters in Constantinople.
[[Image:Byzantium1230 svg.JPG|left|thumb|220px|Eastern Mediterranean ca. 1230AD.]]
[[File:St John Vatatzes the Merciful.jpg|right|thumb|St. [[John III Doukas Vatatzes|John Vatatzes]] the Merciful King,<ref>Great [[Synaxarium|Synaxaristes]]: {{el icon}} ''[http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/1092/sxsaintinfo.aspx Ὁ Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Βατατζὴς ὁ ἐλεήμονας βασιλιὰς].'' 4 Νοεμβρίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.</ref> Emperor of Nicaea (1221–1254).]]
*1204 Latin Occupation of mainland Greece under Franks and Venetians: the [[w:Latin Empire|Latin Empire]] of Constantinople, Latin [[w:Kingdom of Thessalonica|Kingdom of Thessalonica]], the [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]], and the [[w:Duchy of Athens|Duchy of Athens]]; The Venetians controlled the [[w:Duchy of the Archipelago|Duchy of the Archipelago]] in the Aegean.
*1205 Latins annex Athens and convert the Parthenon into a Roman Catholic Church - ''Santa Maria di Athene'', later ''Notre Dame d'Athene''.
*1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by Ottoman Turks in 1669.
*1224 The Byzantines recover Thessaloniki and surrounding area, liberated by the Greek ruler of Epirus Theodore Ducas Comnenus.
[[Image:Byzantium1230 svg.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Eastern Mediterranean ca. 1230AD.]]
*1235 St. Olympiada and nuns martyred by pirates on [[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytilene of Lesbos]]
*1249 Mystras citadel built by Franks in the Peloponnese.
*1258 [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins.
*1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.
[[Image:Deesis Hagia Sophia.jpg|left|thumb|220px|The [[w:Deesis|Deësis]] mosaic with Christ as ruler, probably commissioned from 1261 to mark the end of 57 years of Roman Catholic use and the return to the Orthodox faith.]]
*ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].
*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred.
[[Image:Deesis Hagia Sophia.jpg|right|thumb|220px|The [[w:Deesis|Deësis]] mosaic with Christ as ruler, probably commissioned from 1261 to mark the end of 57 years of Roman Catholic use and the return to the Orthodox faith.]]
*1265-1310 [[Arsenite Schism]] of Constantinople, beginning when Patr. [[Arsenius Autoreianus of Constantinople|Arsenius Autoreianos]] excommunicated emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]].
*1274 Orthodox attending the Second Council of Lyons, accept supremacy of Rome and filioque clause.
*1275 Unionist Patr. of Constantinople [[John XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Beccus]] elected to replace Patr. [[Joseph I (Galesiotes ) of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]].
*1275 Persecution of Athonite monks by Emp. Michael VIII and Patr. John XI Beccus; death of 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos]], martyred by the Latins.
*1279 [[Hieromonk]] Ieronymos Agathangelos writes an ''[http://www.amazon.com/Apocalypsis-Agathangelos-Prophecies-Reproductions-Manuscript/dp/B000ITI8XO Apocalypse]'' dealing with the destinies of the nations.<ref group="note">Ieronymos Agathangelos flourished in 1279 AD. He was a priest-monk and confessor, born in Rhodes. He lived in a [[cenobitic]] monastery for 51 years. In his 79th year of age he was, as he says, at Messina of Sicily, and at dawn on the [[Sunday of Orthodoxy]] he experienced a majestic vision by which several prophecies were foretold him.</ref>
*ca.1391 Death of [[Nicholas Cabasilas]], well known theological writer and mystic of the Orthodox Church who took the side of the monks of [[Mount Athos]] and St [[Gregory Palamas]] in the [[Hesychast]] controversy.
*1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.
*1411 Death of [[Niphon of Mount Athos]], proponent of [[Hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology and wonderworker.
*1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople.
*1426 Death of New Martyr [[Ephraim of Nea Makri]] (a "newly revealed" ("νεοφανείς") saint in 1950).
*1511 Death of [[Joseph the Sanctified]] of Crete.
*1530 Mother of God restores sight to blind youth through the [[Panagia Cassiope|Cassiope]] icon of Corfu.
*1546 New Martyr [[John the New of Ioannina|John of Ioannina]].*1554 New Martyr [[Nicholas of PsariKorinth]] in Corinth.*1556 Death of [[Maximos Maximus the Greek]].
[[Image:The Burial Lamentations by Theophanes the Cretan.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''O [[w:Epitaphios (liturgical)|Epitaphios]] Threnos'' ("The Lamentation at the Tomb") by [[w:Theophanes the Cretan|Theophanes the Cretan]], 16th century ([[w:Stavronikita monastery|Stavronikita monastery]], Mount Athos).]]
[[Image:Divine Liturgy, (Damaskinos).jpg|right|thumb|220px|The [[Divine Liturgy]]. [[Michael Damaskinos]], 16th century.]]
*1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople.
*1587-Present. The relatively modest [[w:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
*1589 Death of [[Philothei of Athens]]; death of [[David of Euboea]] the Wonderworker.
*1590 Death of [[Timothy of Penteli]] (Athens).
*1596 Death of [[Nilus the Myrrh-gusher]] of Mt. Athos.
*1713 [[Theological School of Patmos]] founded.
*1716 Miracle of St. [[Spyridon of Trimythous|Spyridon]], who saves Corfu from Turkish invasion.
*1720 [[Holy Monastery of the Life-giving Fount (Poros, Greece)|Monastery of the Life-Giving Spring (Poros)]] founded.
*1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with the [[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]] (AD).
*1730 Death of [[John the Russian]].
*1735 Death of [[Athanasius of Christianopolis|Athanasius]] the New, Wonderworker of Christianopolis.
[[Image:Voulgaris.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Eugenios Voulgaris]], eminent 18th c. theologian, scholar, "Teacher of the Nation", and Abp. of Cherson, Ukraine.]]
[[Image:StCosmas Aitolos.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Cosmas of Aetolia|Kosmas Aitolos]], Equal to the Apostles.]]
*1740 Miracle performed by the glorious Prophet and Forerunner [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]], on the island of Chios.
*1741 Synodal reform initiated, when Metr. Gerasimos of Heraclia obtains a [[Firman]] (decree) from Ottoman officials, regulating and subordinating the election of the Patriarch of Constantinople to the five Metropolitans of Heraclia, Kyzikos, Nicomedia, Nicaea, and Chalcedon, creating the so-called System of the Elders (Γεροντισμος), established gradually, in place until the late 19th century.
*1751 New Virgin Martyr [[Kyranna of Thessalonica]].
*1753-59 Eminent theologian and scholar [[Eugenios Voulgaris]] heads the ''Athonite School'', envisaging a revivial and upgrading of learning within the Orthodox Church through substantial training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy.
*1754 [[Hesychasm|Hesychast]] Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]; most of the ''Kollyvades'' were men of high intellectual caliber, educated in ancient Greek and Christian literatures and well versed in the Biblical and Patristic sources of the church; among them were St. [[Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarios of Corinth]], Christophoros of Arta, Agapios of Cyprus, [[Athanasius Parios]], Neophytos Kausokalyvites, and also St. [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]]; discovery of the holy [[relics]] of the Four Martyrs of [[w:Megara|Megara]]: Polyeuctos, George, Adrianos and Platon, the "Newly-Revealed".
*1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople]].
*1759 School on [[Mount Athos]] forced to close down.
*1795 New Martyr [[Theodora of Byzantium]] ([[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytiline]]).
*1796 [[Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice.
*1798 Patriarch [[Anthimios Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of the [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and of Western [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].
*1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens; Death of Hieromonk [[Nikephoros Theotokis]], "Teacher of the Nation".
*1802 New Martyr [[Luke of Mytilene]].
*1803 [[w:Dance of Zalongo|Dance of Zalongo]].
*1805 Death of [[Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarios of Corinth]], a central figure in the [[Kollyvades Movement]].
*1808 New Hieromartyr [[Nicetas of Serres]].
*1809 Death of [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain]] the "Hagiorite"; Hieromartyr [[Nicetas the Hagiorite]].
*1816 Martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.
*1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
=== Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) ===
[[Image:Bishop-Germanos-1821.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Bp. [[Germanos of Patra|Germanos]] of Old Patras blessing the Greek banner at [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]], 25 March 1821. [[w:Theodoros Vryzakis|Theodoros Vryzakis]] (1851).]]
*1821 [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independance]] begins as Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]], at the Monastery of [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]], Peloponessos; martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation; Former Ecumenical Patr. [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] is hanged at the gate of Adrianople's cathedral; Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, and Joseph of Thessaloniki are decapitated on Sultan orders in Constantinople; Metropolitans Chrysanthos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia are executed in Nicosia, Cyprus; liberation fighters started calling themselves ''"Hellenes"'' (for continuity with their ancient Hellenic heritage), rather than using the generic ''"[[w:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks#Romans_.28.CE.A1.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B1.CE.AF.CE.BF.CE.B9.29_and_Romioi_.28.CE.A1.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B9.CE.BF.CE.AF.29|Romioi]]" (Ρωμιοί)'' (which referred to both their Roman citizenship and religious affiliation to Orthodox Christendom); death of [[Nikephoros of Chios]].
[[File:Fall of Tripolis.jpg|left|thumb|Panagiotis Kephalas raises the Greek Flag after the [[w:Siege of Tripolitsa|liberation of Tripolitsa]] on September 23, 1821, during the [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independence]].]]
*1823 Wonderworking Icon of [[Panagia of Tinos|Panagia Evangelistria]] found on Tinos, led by a vision from [[Pelagia of Tinos]], becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at the [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)|Church of Evangelistria]]; martyrdom of Hieromonk [[Christos of Ioannina]].
*1825 Archimandrite [[w:Papaflessas|Gregorios Dikaios]] ("Papaflessas") is killed during the [[w:Battle of Maniaki|Battle of Maniaki]] on June 20, fighting against the forces of [[w:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] at Maniaki, Messenia.
*1914 According to the Corfu Protocol [[w:Northern Epirus|Northern Epirus]] is granted autonomy within Albania; [[w:Byzantine & Christian Museum|Byzantine & Christian Museum]] is founded in Athens, becoming one of the most important museums in the world in Byzantine Art.
*1917 Hierarchy of the Greek Church changed in accordance with political control of the country.
[[Image:Chrysostomos of Smyrna.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Ethnomartyr Metr. [[Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna]] (1910-1922).]]
*1918 The "St. Sophia Redemption Committee" is formed in Britain after the [[w:Armistice Day|Armistice]], whose members included two future Foreign Secretaries and many prominent public figures, seeking to restore [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] into an Orthodox Church (1918-1922);<ref>Prof. Erik Goldstein. ''Holy Wisdom and British Foreign Policy, 1918-1922: The St. Sophia Redemption Agitation''. In '''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies''' Vol.15 (1991): pp.36-64.</ref> Roman Catholic opposition to the St Sophia Redemption Committee included Msgr. Manuel Bidwell (Chancellor of the Archdiocese of Westminster) who was on the initial committee, British MP Sir [[w:Stuart Coats|Stuart Coats]] also on the committee, Cardinal [[w:Pietro Gasparri|Pietro Gasparri]] the Papal Secretary of State, and the Vatican who wished to block St. Sophia becoming a Greek Orthodox Church (according to the [[w:Grand Vizier|Grand Vizier]] of Constantinople who had an offer of Papal support).<ref>Prof. Erik Goldstein. ''Holy Wisdom and British Foreign Policy, 1918-1922: The St. Sophia Redemption Agitation''. In '''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies''' Vol.15 (1991): pp.46,47,59.</ref><ref group="note">
[[w:Stuart Coats|Coats]] pointed out that in 1453 Constantinople had officially been in communion with Rome as a [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] church. As such, he argued, St. Sophia should continue as a Greek Rite Uniate Church. Cardinal [[w:Pietro Gasparri|Gaspari]] gave an interview to the French press while in Paris to observe the peace negotiations, explaining that from Rome's viewpoint the great church had been catholic longer than anything else, being only in schismatic hands from the time of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to the [[Council of Florence]]. The Grand Vizier of Constantinople indicated to the British that he had an offer of Papal support, as the Vatican wished to block St. Sophia becoming a Greek Orthodox Church. The Rev. J.A. Douglas, a member of the Redemption Committee reported that:<br>
:" 'The traditional diplomacy of the Vatican has certainly laboured for decades under the influence of what would happen if the Oecumenical Patriarch, a dangerous witness against Roman claims, even when half-buried in the slum of the Phanar and paralysed by Turkish tyranny, should emerge and be the symbol of a great and progressive Communion which functioned with glorious St. Sophia as its mother church.' "<br>
(Prof. Erik Goldstein. ''Holy Wisdom and British Foreign Policy, 1918-1922: The St. Sophia Redemption Agitation''. In '''Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies''' Vol.15 (1991): p.48.)</ref>
[[File:Smyrnis.jpg|left|thumb|<center>The Holy Ethnomartyr Hierarchs of Asia Minor:</center><br>
* Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna (†1922);<br>
* Ambrosios of [[w:Ayvalık Islands Nature Park|Moschonision]];<br>
* [[Euthymios (Agritellis) of Zela]] (†1921);<br>
* Gregorios of [[w:Ayvalık|Kidonion]] (†1922);<br>
* Procopius of [[w:Konya|Iconium]].]]
*1918-1923 Allied [[w:Occupation of Constantinople|Occupation of Constantinople]].
*1918-24 Emigration of 70,000 Greeks to the United States.
*1919-22 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Greek Genocide|Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond and Anatolia.
[[Image:Chrysostomos of Smyrna.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Ethnomartyr Metr. [[Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna]] (1910-1922).]]
*1920 Death of [[Nektarios of Pentapolis]] (Aegina); St. Nektarios lived on Aegina for 13 years, and was buried in the precinct of the church that he founded; [[w:Chrysanthos Filippides|Chryssanthos, Bp. of Trebizond]] is condemned to death in absentio by a Court Martial in Ankara; Dodecanese Islands ceded to Greece by Italy; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement; [[w:Treaty of Sèvres|Treaty of Sèvres]] cedes Eastern Thrace and Ionia (Zone of Smyrna) to Greece, but is superceded in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne by which these areas were again lost.
*1921 [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America]] formally formed; martyrdom of Bp. [[Euthymios (Agritellis) of Zela]], the last Bishop of the Diocese of Zela on the Pontus.
*1922 [[Metropolis of Aitolia and Akarnania]] founded in its modern form; death of [[Ethnomartyr]] Metropolitan [[Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna]], lynched by a Turkish mob incited by Nureddin Pasha on Sunday [[September 10]]; Greek troops advancing on Constantinople are routed by Turks; the predominatly Orthodox Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Christian civilization; Patriarch [[Meletius IV (Metaxakis) of Constantinople|Meletios IV]] transferred the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] from the [[Church of Greece]] back to the jurisdiction of the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1923 Exchange of Christian and Moslem population between Greece and Turkey; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection, also granting control of the [[Mount Athos|Holy Mountain]] to Greece; Patriarch ceases to be regarded as head of the Christian Orthodox [[w:Millet (Ottoman Empire)|Millet]] ''(millet-i [[w:Rûm|Rûm]])'' in Turkey; Patriarch [[Meletius IV (Metaxakis) of Constantinople|Meletios Metaxakis]] promulgates [[Revised Julian Calendar|reformed calendar]] (Revised Julian).
*1931 [[w:Benaki Museum|Benaki Museum]] opens in Athens, housing Byzantine, Post-Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic ecclesiastical and national art collections.
*1932 Death of Papa-[[Nicholas (Planas)]].
*1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]], declaring that when one becomes a Mason (a member of Freemasonry) it is an act of [[apostasy]] from the Church and therefore, until that person [[Repentance|repents]], they can not attend the [[Eucharist|Holy Eucharistic]]. <ref name=OCIC>''[http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/masonry.aspx Freemasonry: Official Statement of the Church of Greece (1933)].'' Orthodox Christian Information Center. Retrieved: 2012-11-24.</ref><ref name=ZORZOS>Gregory Zorzos - Γρηγόρης Ζώρζος. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=HoRJ4o23A5cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Secret Societies at revolution era 1821 in Greece - Μυστικές Εταιρείες 1821].'' Gregory Zorzos, 2009. p.77. ISBN 9781448625499</ref><ref group="note">"Orthodox Christians must disavow the Masonic movement and resign from it if they have joined it in ignorance of its goals. Pike, in his ''[[w:Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry|Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry]]'' tells us that "Every Masonic Lodge is a temple of religion; and its teachings are instruction in religion." (p. 213) "Masonry, around whose altars the Christian, the Hebrew, the Moslem, the Brahim, the followers of Confucius and Zoroaster, can assemble as brethren and unite in prayer to the one God who is above all the Baalism." (p. 226) "Masonry, like all religions, all the Mysteries, conceals its secrets from all except the Adepts and Sages or Elect and uses false explanations and interpretations of its symbols to mislead those who deserve only to be misled." (p. 105 )".</ref><ref group="note">{{el icon}} "Η Σύνοδος τής Ιεραρχίας ασχολήθηκε με το θέμα αυτό κατά την συνεδρία τής ''' ''7ης Οκτωβρίου 1933'' ''' και εξέδωσε ειδική «Πράξη» ('''Εκκλησία 48/1933, σ. 37-39'''). Το κείμενο αυτό κάνει λόγο περί «διεθνούς μυητικού οργανισμού» και «μυσταγωγικού συστήματος, όπερ υπομιμνήσκει τάς παλαιάς εθνικάς μυστηριακάς θρησκείας ή λατρείας, από των οποίων κατάγεται και των οποίων συνέχειαν και αναβίωσιν αποτελεί». Το κείμενο αναφέρεται σε μαρτυρίες μασονικών κειμένων και κατοχυρώνει τη θέση της «εκ των εν ταίς μυήσεσιν δρωμένων και τελουμένων».</ref>
*1935 [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism, when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act; Greek Old Calendarist groups maintain that they have not separated over a mere calendar, rather that the calendar is a symptom of what has been called ''"the pan-heresy of ecumenism;"'' Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, transformed [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] into a museum.
*1947 The Dodecanese Islands are liberated but remain under the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]].
*1948 Death of [[Savvas the New of Kalymnos]].
*1950 Uncovering of the relics of St. [[Ephraim of New Nea Makri]] (+1426).
*1952 New Monastery of [[Panagia Soumela]] built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of [[Panagia Soumela]], becoming a center of religious pilgrimage.
*1953 The Athonite School was officially re-established in [[Mount Athos]], now named the ''‘[http://lyk-ekkl-athon.chal.sch.gr/Istoselides/index.htm# Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy]’'', it occupies a wing of the Skete of St Andrew in [[w:Karyes (Athos)|Karyes]], and follows the Greek secondary school curriculum combined with ecclesiastical education.
*1959 Death of Blessed Elder [[Joseph (Spilaiotis)]] the [[Hesychast]].
[[Image:Elder Ieronymos Patmos.jpg|right|thumb|210px|Elder [[Ieronymos of Aegina|Ieronymos (Apostolides) of Aegina]].]]
*1960 Death of [[Anthimos Anthimus of Chios]].
*1961 Glorification of [[Nektarios of Pentapolis]] (+1920).
*1962-68 The 12-Volume ''"Religious and Ethical Encyclopedia"'' (''[http://el.orthodoxwiki.org/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1 Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια]'',''ΘΗΕ'') is compiled as a joint effort between academics, university scholars and other contributors.
*1968 [[Orthodox Academy of Crete]] (OAC) founded by the Archdiocese of Crete, near the [[w:Moni Gonia Monastery|Moni Gonia Monastery]].
*1970 Death of [[Amphilochios (Makris)]] of Patmos.
*1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]], Orthodoxy's most prominent theological school, is closed by Turkish authorities breaching Article 40 of the Lausanne Treaty and Article 24 of the Turkish Constitution which both guarantee religious freedom and education; the island of [[Metropolis of Syros, Tinos, Andros, Kea, and Milos|Tinos]] is proclaimed sacred by an act of parliament in 1971.<ref>Helena Smith. ''VISIONS OF THE VIRGIN FILL GREEK SKIES.'' The Guardian (London). August 17, 1992. p.7.</ref><ref name=EVYCOMP>Evy Johanne Haland. ''From the Ritual Year of the Miraculous Icon on the Greek Island of Tinos to the Wider Mediterranean.'' '''Comparative Civilizations Review'''. No. 63, Fall 2010. p.19.</ref><ref group="note">The discovery of the [[icon]] just as the [[w:Greek War of Independence|War of Independence]] against the Turks got under way was regarded as an omen and proof that [[God]] had willed the liberation of Greece. </ref> the [[Church of Greece]] designated Pelagia of Tinos (†1834) a saint on September 11.<ref name=EVYCOMP/>*1972 [[w:Ecclesiastical coup|Ecclesiastical coup in Cyprus]] fails to remove Makarios from the Presidency; death of missionary [[Archimandrite]] [[Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos]], having laboured to spread the Orthodox faith in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Congo; on November 28, the [[Church of Greece]] reaffirmed its 1933 ban on [[w:Freemasonry|Freemasonry]], declaring and proclaiming that Freemasonry is a proven [[w:mystery religion|mystery religion]].<ref name=ZORZOS/><ref group="note">The 1933 decision of the Bishops of the [[Church of Greece]] was renewed with a new act, issued on the 28th of November 1972. Hence, the Hierarchy: "adheres strictly to the provisions in the act relating to Freemasonry. It is declared and proclaimed that Freemasonry is a proven [[w:mystery religion|mystery religion]], a projection of the old [[w:pagan religion|pagan religions]], most foreign and contrary to the revealed salvific truth of our Holy Church. It is declared categorically that the status of a person who is a Mason in whatever form, is incompatible with the status of a Christian member of the [[Body of Christ]]. "</ref>
*1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Turkish forces advance capturing the 37% of the island, 3,000 are killed or missing, 200,000 become refugees; the Monarchy is voted out by a plebiscite vote of 69%.
=== Third Hellenic Republic (1974-Present) ===
[[Image:Archbishop-serapheim-stamp.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Archbishop [[Seraphim (Tikas) of Athens|Seraphim (Tikas)]] of Athens<br>(1974-1998).]]
*1974 [[Esphigmenou Monastery (Athos)]], a stronghold for the conservative Greek [[Old Calendarists]], withdrew its representative from the common meetings of the Holy Community at [[w:Karyes (Athos)|Karyes]] (the administrative center of [[Mount Athos]]), accusing the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate]] of being [[Ecumenism|ecumenist]], and refusing to commemorate the Patriarch; Metropolitan [[Seraphim (Tikas) of Athens|Seraphim]] of Ioannina is elected Archbishop of Athens and all Greece (1974-1998); the Cathedral of Saint Andrew in Patras is inaugurated, being the largest church in Greece, housing the relics of [[Apostle Andrew|Saint Andrew]] the Apostle.[[Image:Patras Cathedral.jpg|rightleft|thumb|220px|Cathedral of Saint Andrew in Patras, Achaea, Greece.]]
[[Image:Philotheos Zervakos.jpg|right|thumb|210px|Blessed Elder Archimandrite [[Philotheos (Zervakos)]] (Paros, Greece).]]
[[Image:Elder Paisios of Mount Athos.jpg|right|thumb|210px|Elder [[Paisios (Eznepidis)]] of Mount Athos.]]
*1974 [[Esphigmenou Monastery (Athos)]], a stronghold for the conservative Greek [[Old Calendarists]], withdrew its representative from the common meetings of the Holy Community at [[w:Karyes (Athos)|Karyes]] (the administrative center of [[Mount Athos]]), accusing the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate]] of being [[Ecumenism|ecumenist]], and refusing to commemorate the Patriarch; Metropolitan [[Seraphim (Tikas) of Athens|Seraphim]] of Ioannina is elected Archbishop of Athens and all Greece (1974-1998); the Cathedral of Saint Andrew in Patras is inaugurated, being the largest church in Greece, housing the relics of [[Apostle Andrew|Saint Andrew]] the Apostle.
*1975 Death of Papa-[[Dimitris (Gagastathis)]]; ''Article 3'' of the [[w:Constitution of Greece|Greek Constitution]] officially declares the prevailing religion in Greece as Eastern Orthodoxy under the authority of the autocephalous [[Church of Greece]], united in doctrine to the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].<ref group="note">'''Church and State'''<br>The Orthodox Church in Greece has been considered historically as the protector of the so-called “Hellenic Orthodox Civilization.” The actual role of the Orthodox Church since the creation of the Greek nation-state has been interpreted in many diverse and opposing ways; nevertheless, '''in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church is accorded the status of the “prevailing religion"'''.
Article 3 of [[w:Constitution of Greece|Greece's Constitution]] defines the relations between the Church and the State :
*1981 Greece becomes the 10th member of the European Community, [[January 1]]; Adultery is decriminalized in the penal code.
*1982 [[w:Greek diacritics|Monotonic orthography]] was imposed by law on the Greek language, however the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]] continues to use [[w:Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]].
*1983 Death of Elder [[Arsenios the Cave-Dweller|Arsenios the cave-dweller of Mt. Athos]].
*1984 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete.
*1986 [[Root of Jesse]] icon of the Mother of God in Andros begins gushing myrrh; glorification of [[Arsenios the Cappadocian]] (+1924) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
*2000 Government of Greece orders removal of compulsory reference to religious affiliation on state identity cards, despite campaigns against this from the [[Church of Greece]] and the majority of the public.
*2001 Death of Elder [[Haralambos Dionysiatis]], teacher of [[Jesus Prayer|noetic prayer]]; on the first trip to Greece by a Pope since AD 710, Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for [[Fourth Crusade]]; a day earlier some 1,000 Orthodox conservatives took to the streets to denounce his visit; in March, Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] blessed the ''Hellenic Genocide Petition Effort'', which urged that the government not violate Law 2675/98 by deleting the term "genocide" when explaining the destruction of Hellenism in Asia Minor; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow]], being also received by Russian President Vladimir Putin.
[[File:Vladimir Putin 8 May 2001-3.jpg|left|thumb|Russian President Vladimir Putin, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow|Alexei II]], and head of the Greek Orthodox Church Archbishop [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens|Christodoulos]] of Athens and all Greece, at the Kremlin in Moscow.]]*2002 The Holy Synod of the [[Church of Greece]] rejected a proposal to introduce Modern Greek into the [[Divine Liturgy]] (similar to what the Second Vatican Council did for the Roman Catholic Church by allowing the use of the vernacular for the Mass), opting to keep [[Koine Greek]] as it was spoken 2,000 years ago and used in [[New Testament]] texts;<ref>''"Greek Orthodox ban modern Greek in liturgy. (News in Brief: Greece)."'' '''Catholic Insight'''. Nov. 2002: 27+.</ref> [[Metropolis of Glyfada]] is established as a new [[metropolis]] separating from [[Metropolis of Nea SmyrniNew Smyrna]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] consented to the construction of a mosque in Athens to end the situation of the Greek capital being the only EU capital without a Muslim place of worship; Ecumenical [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]] of Constantinople declared the monks of [[Esphigmenou Monastery (Athos)]] as being in [[schism]] with the [[Orthodox Church]].
*2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; the Greek Minister of Culture Evangelos Venizelos informs Europarliament session that the status of the monasteries on Holy [[Mount Athos]] and its way of life will remain unchanged, citing official recognition of this status fixed in Article 105 of the Greek Constitution and also legally confirmed in the special Athens Treaty clause specifying conditions on which Greece joined the European Union; in February, the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]] issued a statement opposing the threat of war in Iraq.
*2003 Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] has falling out with Ecumenical [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew]] over who should have the final say in the appointment of bishops in northern Greece, but rift is mended four months later; the proposal to build a mosque outside Athens before the 2004 Olympics was blocked due to opposition from residents and [[Church of Greece|Greece's Orthodox Church]] which disagreed with the location and plans for the funding for the multimillion-pound mosque to come from Saudi Arabia's King Fahd; Abp. Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens inaugurated the Office of the [http://www.regue.org/index.asp?lang=1 Representation of the Church of Greece to the European Union] in Brussels.
*2008 Death of Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]], proving to be one of the most popular archbishops in Greek history, reviving the appeal of the Church in a secular age, especially among young people; Abp. [[Ieronymos II (Liapis) of Athens]] elected; [[Glorification]] of [[George (Karslidis) of Drama]] (+1959); [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council''"; the 13-member standing committee of the [[Church of Greece]] denounced government plans to introduce a civil partnerships law, saying government support for common law marriage would amount to state-sanctioned “prostitution.”
*2009 The European Court on Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that Turkey violated the property rights of the ''Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Greek Orthodox Church'' on the Aegean island of Bozcaada; the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] has filed more than two dozen cases with the ECHR to recover some of the thousands of properties it has lost; US President Barack Obama made an explicit appeal in his speech to the Turkish Parliament for the reopening of the hotly contested Greek Orthodox [[Theological School of Halki|seminary on Halki]], viewed by the European Union and others as a test case for religious freedom in Turkey; a delegation from the Orthodox Church of Greece headed by Metropolitan Nectarios of Kerkira, Paxoi and Diapontioi Nisoi visited several monasteries in West Ukraine; Patr. Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas of the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Oriental Church of Antioch]] went on an official visit to Greece, as the guests of the Greek Government and the Greek Orthodox Church to congratulate the new Abp. of the Greek Church and to renew the relationship between both churches; Elder [[Joseph of Vatopedi]] reposes peacefully, funeral service held [[July 1]]; Russian Orthodox Patr. [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow|Kirill]] called on Turkish authorities to re-open the [[Theological School of Halki|Theological Seminary on Halki]]; over 1,000 Muslims rallied in the city streets of Athens over unsubstantiated claims that Greek police allegedly tore up and trampled on the Quran, smashing 75 cars, injuring 14 people, overturning trash bins and attacking banks; a group of Orthodox clergy in Greece, led by three senior archbishops, published a manifesto, ''[http://www.impantokratoros.gr/FA9AF77F.en.aspx A Confession of Faith Against Ecumenism],'' pledging to resist all ecumenical ties with Roman Catholics and Protestants, amongst its signatories including six metropolitans, as well as 49 archimandrites, 22 hieromonks, and 30 nuns and abbesses, as well as many other priests and church elders.
*2010 On Sunday, [[August 15]], 2010 Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] conducted the first [[Divine Liturgy]] in 88 years at the historic monastery of [[Panagia Soumela]] in [[w:Trabzon|Trapezounta]], northeastern Turkey, marking the first official religious service carried out at the ancient monastery since the foundation of the modern Turkish Republic; death of Metr. [[Augustinos (Kantiotes) of Florina]], a prolific spiritual writer and defender of traditional Orthodox theology; [[Thyranoixia]] service of the Church of St. [[John Vatatzes the Merciful]], in [[Metropolis of Didymotichon, Orestias and Soufli|Didymoteicho]].*2011 March 4 [[Glorification]] of [[Ephraim of Nea Makri]] (+May 5, 1426); On Sunday 3 April 2011, at 9:30 pm, in the Church of the Holy Trinity in [[w:Kalymnos|Kalymnos]], the face of [[Christ]] crowned with thorns appeared in the icon of the Virgin Mary on the [[iconostasis]].;<ref group="note">Metropolitan [[Paisios (Aravantinos) of Kalymnos|Paisios of Leros and Kalymnos]] was immediately notified of this and came to the church to see for himself. He told the people that God sends these signs in order to draw His people closer to Him. Thousands of clergy and faithful have come to the church to see this miracle in the middle of [[Great Lent]]. It was originally seen by women who were in the church chanting the lamentations to the Virgin Mary. When the image appeared the [[w:Sanctuary lamp|oil candle]] above the icon began to move, though the others stood still.</ref> canonization of 1241 New Martyrs of [[w:Naousa, Imathia|Naoussa]], Greece, massacred by the Ottoman Turks from Thursday of Bright Week to the Sunday of Thomas in 1822.<ref>[http://www.ipernity.com/blog/81196/333998 The Canonization of 1241 New Martyrs of Naoussa]. Ipernity. July 5, 2011 at 05:38PM.</ref><ref>[http://romfea.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8506:---1241---&catid=25:2009-12-18-08-37-46 Τελετή αγιοκατάταξης των 1241 νεομαρτύρων της Νάουσας]. Romfea.gr. Δευτέρα, 27 Ιούνιος 2011.</ref>
==See also==
== Notes ==
<references group="note" />
 
==References==
<div class="small"><references/></div>
== Published works ==
* Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). ''A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας''. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984.
* Rev. A. H. Hore. ''[http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029361890 Eighteen centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church].'' London: James Parker & Co. 1899. 706pp. (''Re-printed: [http://www.gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/showproduct.aspx?ISBN=1-59333-051-0&1534-D83A_1933715A=21298d6137546098da8fa887c997148f348de914 Gorgias Press LLC], 2003.'')
 
==References==
<div class="small"><references/></div>
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[[Category:Timelines|Greece]]
[[Category:Church History]]
 
[[ro:Ortodoxia în Grecia (cronologie)]]
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