8,921
edits
Changes
→Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453): 1411
==Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453)==
*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of Michael Cerularius to Peter of Antioch.
*1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]].
*1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia.
*1148 Death of [[Anthony the Roman]], Abbot and Wonder-worker of Novgorod.
*1149 On the 50th anniversary of the taking of Jerusalem by the First Crusade, Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Romanesque style, adding a bell tower; in August, 1149, Abbot [[w:Abbot Suger|Suger of St. Denis]] together with [[w:Bernard of Clairvaux|Bernard of Clairvaux]] laid plans for a series of councils which would summon all of France to a new crusade to the [[Holy Land]]; this call to crusade included voices such as [[w:Peter the Venerable|Peter, Abbot of Cluny]] who demanded vengeance on the [[Byzantine Empire]] over the failure of the Second Crusade and had correspondence with [[w:Roger II of Sicily|Roger of Sicily]] calling for an expedition against [[Constantinople]].<ref>John Gordon Rowe. ''The Papacy and the Greeks (1122-1153) (Part II).'' '''Church History''', Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1959), p.318.</ref>
*1156-57 [[Council of Constantinople (1156)|Council of Constantinople]] (Synod of Blachernae) is held under Patr. [[Luke Chrysoberges of Constantinople|Luke Chrysoberges]] to condemn the errors of Soterichus Pantengenus, patriarch-elect of Antioch, and of some others, who asserted that the Sacrifice upon the [[Cross]] was offered to the [[God the Father|Father]] and to the [[Holy Spirit]] alone, and not to the Word, the [[Jesus Christ|Son of God]].
*1159 [[w:John of Salisbury|John of Salisbury]] authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]]'', a treatise on government drawing from the [[Holy Scripture|Bible]], the [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex Justinianus]], and arguing for [[w:Divine Right of Kings|Divine Right of Kings]].
*1164 Uncovering of the relics of [[Leontius of Rostov]].
*1236 Córdoba was recaptured from the Muslim army by King Ferdinand III of Castile, and the [[w:Great Mosque of Córdoba|Great Mosque of Córdoba]] was re-converted into a Christian church.
*1237 Golden Horde begin [[Church of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|subjugation of Russia]].
*1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at [[Battle of the Neva]].
*1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of the Ice|Battle of Lake Peipus]], a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders.
*1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade.
*1271-72 [[w:Ninth Crusade|Ninth Crusade]] led by [[w:Edward I of England|Prince Edward]] of England to Acre, considered to be the last of the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land.
*1274 Second [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East; death of [[w:Thomas Aquinas|Thomas Aquinas]], Latin [[w:Scholasticism|scholastic]] philosopher and theologian, author of the ''[[w:Summa Theologica|Summa Theologica]]''.
*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[John XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I (Galesiotes ) of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed the Second Council of Lyons; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the Latins.
*ca. 1280 ''[[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]]'' ("Book of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings.
*1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
*1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.
*1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]].
*1411 Death of [[Niphon of Mount Athos]], proponent of [[Hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology and wonderworker.
*1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope.
*1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]].
