Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Church History"

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<!--- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. ---> {{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
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{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
 
{{Orthodoxchristianity}}
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The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]].
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The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]].
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==New Testament era==
 +
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)]]
 +
 
 +
*ca. 27 BC - AD 180 [[Pax Romana]].
 +
*ca. 4 BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem; 14,000 [[Holy Innocents]] slain in Bethlehem.
 +
*ca. 25-26 Death of [[Joseph the Betrothed]]. 
 +
*ca. 28 [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] begins ministry.
 +
*ca. 28-30 Three year ministry of [[Jesus Christ]].
 +
*ca. 30 Martyrdom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]] the deacon, first Christian martyr. 
 +
*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]].
  
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== New Testament era ==
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==Apostolic era (33-100)==  
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*ca. 6-7BC 14,000 Holy Innocents are slain in Bethlehem
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: Main article:  ''[[Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-100))]]''
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*ca. 6-7BC [[Nativity|Christ is born]] in Bethlehem (according to historians, Christ was not born in the Year 0. it is stated in the New Testament that Christ was born during the period that Herod was slaying the Holy Innocents. King Herod died -6BC.
 
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*ca. 25-26 The Holy Righteous [[Joseph the Betrothed]] reposes in peace (according to St Epiphanios of Cyprus, he reposed prior to Christ entering into his ministery).
 
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*ca. 27 [[Theophany|Christ's baptism in the Jordan]]
 
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*ca. 28 St. [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]] is beheaded.
 
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*ca. 30 Christ's death, [[resurrection]] and [[ascension]] in heaven. Total number of known Christians = 120.
 
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*ca. 30 First martyr for Christ, St. [[Stephen the Protomartyr|Stephen]], stoned to death.
 
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*30 Conversion of [[Apostle Paul]] on road to Damascus.
 
  
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==Apostolic era (33-100)==
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*ca. 30-33 [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]].  
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*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high.
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*34 [[Apostle Peter]] founds [[Church of Antioch|See of Antioch]].  
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*34 St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] founds the See of Antioch.
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*35 Name ''Christian'' first used in Antioch.  
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*35 The name ''Christian'' is first used in Antioch.
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*37 [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in [[Glastonbury]]. 
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*37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in Glastonbury.
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*40 [[Apostle Barnabas]] sent from Jerusalem to Antioch.
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*49 Apostolic Council of Jerusalem rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians.
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*ca. 42 [[Apostle Paul]]'s ecstasy to the third heaven (2 Cor.12:2-4).
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*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic.
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*ca. 46-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s first missionary journey, with [[Apostle Barnabas]].
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*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop of Jerusalem.
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*49 [[Apostolic Council of Jerusalem]] rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians. 
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*63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop of Britain.  
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*ca. 49-52 [[Apostle Paul]]'s second missionary journey, with [[Apostle Silas]].
−
*64-67 Persecution of Christians by Emperor Nero.
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*50 [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic. 
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*64 Martyrdom of the [[Apostle Paul]] in Rome.
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*52 [[Apostle Thomas]] arrives in Kerala, introducing [[Church of India|Christianity to India]].
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*67 Martyrdom of the [[Apostle Peter]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.
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*ca. 53-57 [[Apostle Paul]]'s third missionary journey (Acts 18:23 - 21:16).
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*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero.
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*ca. 59-62 [[Apostle Paul]]'s fourth missionary journey, voyage to Rome.
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*69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in Antioch.
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*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]]; crucifixion of [[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras.  
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*70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the Temple in Jerusalem is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues; Johanan Ben Zacchai founds a college at Jamnia that became the seat of the Sanhedrin and the religious centre of Judaism from A.D. 70-135, enabling the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism.
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*63 [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first bishop of Britain.  
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*71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.
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*64-68 First of ten major persecutions of the early Church, [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Nero.2C_64-68_A.D.|under Emperor Nero]].  
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*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans.
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*66 Flight of the Christian community in Jerusalem to [[w:Pella, Jordan|Pella]] and other places in the [[w:Decapolis|Decapolis]], and Antioch.
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*80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) [[Josephus]] writes the ''Antiquities''.
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*67 Martyrdom of Apostles [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.  
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*ca.80-90 The [[Didache]] is written, also called ''The Teaching (or Doctrine) of the Twelve Apostles''.
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*69 [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated [[bishop]] of Antioch.  
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*85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed by the [[Apostle Luke]].
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*70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; [[w:Herod's Temple|Temple in Jerusalem]] is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of Christians from synagogues.
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*90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks the final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] or [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] Old Testament widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora.
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*71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.    
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*95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]].
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*80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Titus dedicates [[w:Colosseum|Colosseum]], site of the martyrdom of many early Christians.  
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*96-98 Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian.
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*ca. 80-90 ''[[Didache]]'' written.  
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*96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination of the [[Synoptic Gospels]].
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*85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] written by [[Apostle Luke]].  
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*100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.
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*90 [[w:Council of Jamnia|Council of Jamnia (Javneh)]] marks final separation and distinction between the Jewish and Christian communities, including rejection of the [[Septuagint]] widely then in use among the Hellenized Jewish diaspora.  
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*95 [[Apostle John]] writes [[Book of Revelation]].  
 +
*ca. 90-96 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Domitian|Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian]] (2nd).  
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*96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John]].
 +
*ca. 100 Emergence of [[w:Catacombs_of_Rome#Christian_catacombs_2|Christian Catacombs]].  
 +
*100 Death of [[Apostle John]].
  
 
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
 
==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
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*107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon|Apostle and Hieromartyr Symeon]] the Kinsman of the Lord.
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: ''Main article:  [[Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))]]''
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*124 According to [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], both Quadratus and Aristides presented Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens.
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*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]].
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*107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]]; death of [[Apostle Symeon]].
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*132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome.
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*108-124 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Trajan]], continuing under Emperor Hadrian (3rd).
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*135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome.
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*120 Beginning of time of the Apologists: [[Justin Martyr]], [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]], [[Tatian]], [[Athenagoras of Athens]], [[Theophilus]], [[Minucius Felix]], [[Tertullian]] and [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]].
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*136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]].
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*124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and [[Apostle Aristides|Aristides]] present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens.
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*144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]].
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*128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].
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*150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]].
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*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]].  
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*155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]].
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*132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome.  
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*156 Beginning of [[Montanism]].
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*135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day]] in Rome.  
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*165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]].
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*136 Emperor Hadrian crushes Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from returning Jerusalem, and changes city name to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]].  
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*167 At the request of King Lucius, the missionaries, Phagan and Deruvian, are sent by Pope Eleutherius to convert the Britons to Christianity.
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*144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]].  
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*ca.170 The [[w:Muratorian fragment|Muratorian Canon]], the oldest known canon or list of books of the New Testament, by an anonymous compiler, recognized the Four Gospels, Acts, thirteen Epistles of Paul, 1st and 2nd John, Jude, and Revelation; it omitted Hebrews, James, 1 & 2 Peter and 3 John; (''it also included the Wisdom of Solomon and the Revelation of Peter'').
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*150 [[Justin Martyr]] describes [[Divine Liturgy]].  
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*180 St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''.
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*155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]].  
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*190 [[Pantaenus]] founds the [[Alexandrian school|Catechetical School at Alexandria]].  
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*156 Beginning of [[Montanism]].  
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*197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy.
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*165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]].
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*200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]].
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*166 Pope [[Soter of Rome|Soter]] inaugurates in Rome a separate annual feast for [[Pascha]], in addition to the weekly [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] celebrations of the [[Resurrection]], which is also held on a Sunday, in contrast to the [[Quartodeciman|Quartodecimans]].  
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*202 Hieromartyr Haralambos the Wonder-worker, Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly.
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*ca. 175 Tatian's [[w:Diatessaron|Diatessaron]] harmonizes the four canonical gospels into single narrative.
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*203 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]].
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*177-180 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Marcus_Aurelius|Persection under Emperor Marcus Aurelius]] (161-180) (4th).
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*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity.
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*180 [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''; [[Dyfan]] first martyr in British Isles.
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*ca.209 St. [[Alban]], protomartyr of Britain, was killed for his faith by Roman authorities in one of the few persecutions of Christians to take place on the island.
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*180-192 [[w:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].
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*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
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*193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Symmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].      
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*218  Martyrs Meletius Stratelates (the Commander), Stephen, John, and 1,218 soldiers with women and children, all of whom suffered in Galatia.
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*197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy.  
 +
*200 Martyrdom of [[Irenaeus of Lyons]].  
 +
*202 Emperor Septimus Severus issues edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]]; Martyrdom of [[Haralampus of Magnesia]].     
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*202-210 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Septimus_Severus|Persecution under Emperor Septimius Severus]] (193-211) (5th).
 +
*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity.    
 +
*ca. 209 Martyrdom of [[Alban]] in Britain.  
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*210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[w:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.
 +
*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].  
 
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
 
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
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*232 Heraclas becomes Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria on the death of Demetrius.
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*ca. 225-250 ''[[w:Didascalia Apostolorum|Didascalia Apostolorum]]'' written.
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*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the first Christian hermit.  
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*227 [[Origen]] begins ''Commentary on Genesis'', completes work on ''First Principles''.
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*249-251 Persecution under the Emperor Decius; the 10 Holy Martyrs of Crete; Martyr Nikon, and the 199 Disciples with him in Sicily; Martyrs Terence, Pompeius, Africanus, Maximus, Zeno, Alexander, Theodore, Macarius, and 33 others beheaded at Carthage; Martyr Paramon and 370 Martyrs in Bithynia.
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*235-238 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Maximinus_the_Thracian|Persecution under Emperor Maximinus Thrax]] (6th); martyrdom of St. [[Hippolytus of Rome]].
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*251-253 Persecution under Emperor Gaius.
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*238 During reigns of Gordian and [[w:Philip the Arab|Philip the Arab]] Church  preaches openly and increasingly attracts well-educated converts.
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*253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian;  Hieromartyr Stephen, Pope of Rome, and those martyred with him (257); Martyrs Leonidas, Charissa, Nice, Galina, Callista (Calisa), Nunechia, Basilissa, Theodora, and Irene of Corinth (258).
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*ca. 240 [[Origen]] produces [[Hexapla]].
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*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ.
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*244 [[w:Plotinus|Plotinus]] founds [[w:Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] school in Rome in opposition to Church.
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*264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].
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*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] becomes in Egypt first Christian hermit.
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*272 Martyr Sabbas Stratelates ("the General") of Rome, and 70 soldiers with him.
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*247 Rome celebrates thousandth anniversary, witnessing a period of increased persecution of Christians.
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*284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; death of Holy Wonderworkers and Unmercenaries [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], martyrs at Rome; Martyr Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia (284-305).
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*248 [[Origen]] writes ''Against Celsus'' that the [[Pax Romana|Roman Empire was ordained by God]].  
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*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to the desert to pursue a life of prayer.
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*249-251 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Decius_Trajan|Persecution under Emperor Decius]] (7th).  
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*301 St. [[Gregory the Illuminator]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith.
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*257-260 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Valerian|Persecution under Emperor Valerian]] (253-260) (8th).   
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*302 The 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia.
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*258 Martyrdom of [[Cyprian of Carthage]].
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*303 The 1,003 martyrs of Nicomedia; death of the Great Martyr, Victorybearer and Wonderworker [[George the Trophy-bearer|St. George]].
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*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins preaching against the divinity of Christ; Synod in Rome condemns Sabellianism and Subordinationism.  
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*304 Hieromartyr Marcellinus, Pope of Rome, and those martyred with him: Claudius, Cyrenus, and Antoninus; Hieromartyr Marcellus I, Pope of Rome, and those with him: Deacon Sisinius, Deacon Cyriacus, Smaragdus, Largus, Apronian, Saturninus, Pappias, Maurus, Crescentian, Priscilla, Lucina (Lucy), and princess Artemia.
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*264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].  
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*305 Death of Holy Great-martyr and Healer [[Panteleimon]]; Great-martyr [[Catherine of Alexandria]].
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*265 ''[[Homoousios]]'' used for first time by Modalist Monarchians of Cyrene.
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*306 Great-martyr Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki.
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*274-275 [[w:Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire#Persecution_under_Aurelian|Persecution under Emperor Aurelian]] (9th). 
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*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379).
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*270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker|Gregory Thaumaturgus]]; [[w:Porphyry of Tyre|Porphyry of Tyre]] writes ''Against the Christians''.  
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*311 Rebellion of the [[Donatism|Donatists]] in Carthage; Hieromartyr Silvanus, bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs; Martyrs Zeno, Macarius, and 11,000 others in Armenia.
+
*284 [[Diocletian]] becomes Roman emperor, persecutes Church and martyrs an estimated one million Christians; martyrdom of [[Cosmas and Damian (Rome)|Cosmas and Damian]], Andrew Stratelates ("the General") and 2,593 soldiers with him in Cilicia.
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*312 Conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes Emperor of the West.
+
*285 [[Anthony the Great]] flees to desert. 
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*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity.
+
*300 Christian population reaches about 6,200,000, or 10.5% of the population of the Roman Empire.
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*314 Condemnation of [[Donatism]] as a heresy.
+
*301 [[Gregory the Enlightener]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith.  
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*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by St Athanasius, influencing the condemnation of [[Arianism]].
+
*302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia.  
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*318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].
+
*303 Outbreak of the [[w:Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]] (303-311) (10th); martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]].    
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*319 Translation of the relics of the Great-Martyr Theodore Stratelates ("the General").
+
*ca. 305-311 [[Lactantius]] writes ''[[Divinae Institutiones]]''.  
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*320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; the Holy Forty Martyrs of Sebaste.
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*ca. 306 [[w:Synod of Elvira|Synod of Elvira]] requires clerical celibacy and sets severe disciplinary penalties for apostasy and adultery, becoming the pattern in the West.
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*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome.
+
*308 Pope [[w:Pope Marcellus I|Marcellus]] opposes leniency for Christians who lapsed under persecution.  
 +
*310 Armenia becomes first Christian nation; persecution of Christians under Persian King [[w:Shapur II|Shapur II]] (310-379).  
 +
*311 Galerius issues Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his part of the Roman Empire; [[Donatism|Donatist]] rebellion in Carthage.  
 +
*312 [[Labarum|Vision]] and conversion of [[Constantine the Great]]; defeat of Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], making Constantine Emperor of the West; martyrdom of [[Lucian of Antioch]].
 +
*313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire.  
 +
*314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held; [[Council of Arles of 314|Council of Arles]] condemns [[Donatism]]. 
 +
*315 [[Council of Neo-Caesaria]] held.  
 +
*318 Publication of ''[[On the Incarnation]]'' by [[Athanasius the Great]]; beginnings of [[Arianism|Arian Controversy]].  
 +
*318 [[Pachomius the Great]] organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding [[cenobitic]] [[monasticism]].    
 +
*320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by [[Alexander of Alexandria]]; martyrdom of [[Forty Martyrs of Sebaste]]. 
 +
*320-21 Licinius' measures against Christians in the East enforced.
 +
*321 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] declares [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] a holiday in honor of the [[Resurrection]].
 +
*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds church on the site of the martyrdom of [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome. 
 +
*324 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] defeats Licinius and becomes sole emperor.
  
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==Nicene era (325-451)==
+
==Nicene era (325-451)==  
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*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].
+
: ''Main article:  [[Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))]]''
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*326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.
+
 
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*326 King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian.
+
*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]], also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
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*328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria.
+
*326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress [[Helen]]a; King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian.  
−
*329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia.
+
*328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria.  
−
*330 Constantinople is founded as the Christian capital of the Roman Empire; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert.
+
*329 [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains [[Frumentius of Axum|Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to [[priest]]hood and commissions him to evangelize Ethiopia.  
−
*333 St. [[Constantine the Great]] commissioned [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], Bishop of Caesarea and church historian, to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches in the new capital.
+
*330 Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]]; Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert.      
−
*335 Death of St. Sylvester, Pope of Rome.
+
*336-338 [[Athanasius the Great]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe.  
−
*336-338 [[Athanasius the Great]] goes into exile in Treves, telling Europeans about the monastic rule of St. [[Pachomius the Great]], awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe.
+
*337 Death of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]].    
−
*337 Death of [[Constantine the Great|Holy Equals-to-the-Apostles Emperor Constantine]].
+
*340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Arianism]].  
−
*340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Arianism]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his [[heresy|heretical]] doctrine.
+
*341 [[Council of Antioch]] held; Emperor Constans bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death.  
−
*341 Martyr Azat the Eunuch and 1,000 Martyrs of Persia.
+
*345 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra]].     
−
*345 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas the Wonderworker]], Archbishop of Myra in Lycia.
+
*348 Death of [[Pachomius the Great]] and [[Spyridon of Trimythous]].  
−
*348 Death of St. [[Pachomius the Great]]; death of Saint [[Spyridon of Trimythous|Spyridon (Spiridon) the Wonder-worker]] of Trymithous.
+
*350 [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts. 
−
*350 St. [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts.
+
*351 Apparition of the [[Cross]] over Jerusalem.  
−
*351 Apparition of the Sign of the Precious [[Cross]] over Jerusalem.
+
*355 Death of [[Nino of Cappadocia]].  
−
*355 Death of Saint [[Nino of Cappadocia|Nina]], Equal-to-the-Apostles, Enlightener of Georgia.
+
*356 Death of [[Anthony the Great]]. 
−
*356 Death of St. [[Anthony the Great]].
+
*357 [[Council of Sirmium]] issues ''Blasphemy of Sirmium''.  
−
*358 St. [[Basil the Great]] founds the monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]].
+
*358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]].  
−
*360 St. [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; the first church of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] was inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]], which together with the existing cathedral of [[w:Hagia Irene|Hagia Eirene]] were the principal churches of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
+
*359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]].  
−
*362 Martyr Ia of Persia and 9,000 Martyrs with her (362-364).
+
*360 [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge; first church of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]].  
−
*361 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes Roman emperor.
+
*362 Antiochian schism (362-414).  
−
*367 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] writes his [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the first time the [[canon]] of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Holy Scriptures]], including all 27 New Testament Books; death of St. [[Hilary of Poitiers]], a leader in the West in the fight against [[Arianism]].
+
*361-63 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes Roman emperor and attempts to restore paganism.  
−
*373 Death of St. [[Athanasius the Great]]; death of Venerable [[Ephrem the Syrian]] (373-379).  
+
*363 Emperor [[w:Jovian|Jovian]] reestablishes Christianity as the official religion of the Empire.
−
*374 Election of [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] as bishop of Milan.
+
*364 [[Council of Laodicea]] held.   
−
*375 St. [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]'', confirming the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]].
+
*367 [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] writes [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the first time the [[canon]] of the [[New Testament]]; death of [[Hilary of Poitiers]].  
−
*376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity.
+
*373 Death of [[Athanasius the Great]] and [[Ephrem the Syrian]].   
−
*379 Death of St. [[Basil the Great]], Archbishop of Caeasaraea in Cappadocia.
+
*374 Election of [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] as bishop of Milan. 
−
*380 [[Introduction to Orthodox Christianity|Christianity]] established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. [[Theodosius the Great]], who joined with [[w:Gratian|Gratian]] in a edict declaring that all subjects of their domains should profess the Orthodox faith. Martyrs James presbyter, and Azadanes and Abdicius deacons, of Persia.
+
*375 [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]''.  
−
*381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Aquileia#Council_of_381_AD Council of Aquileia,]where [[Ambrose of Milan|St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan]] and the council of 32 bishops of the West deposed the Arian bishops, including Palladius of Ratiaria.
+
*376 Visigoths convert to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity.  
−
*382 [[w:Pope Siricius|St. Siricius]], Pope of Rome 384-399, was the first bishop to bear the title ''Pontifex Maximus'' (after it was relinquished by Roman Emperor Gratian), as well as the first Bishop of Rome to use the title of ''Pope'', and the author of two decrees concerning ''clerical celibacy''.
+
*379 Death of [[Basil the Great]]; Emperor Gratian's rescript ''Ordinariorum Sententias'' extends power of Bishop of Rome by allowing him authority over bishops within his own jurisdiction.  
−
*385 Death of St [[Gregory of Nyssa]].
+
*380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]]; [[Council of Saragossa]] condemns [[Priscillianism]].  
−
*386 [[Panagia Soumela Monastery]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor, after the wonderworking icon of the Virgin Mary of Soumela, believed to have been painted by the [[Apostle Luke]], appears at Mt. Melas; death of [[Cyril of Jerusalem|St. Cyril]], Archbishop of Jerusalem; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] begins to rebuild the present-day [[w:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]], one of four churches considered to be the great ancient basilicas of Rome.  
+
*381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[Apollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]; [[Council of Aquileia]] led by [[Ambrose of Milan]] deposes Arian bishops. 
−
*387 St [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] is baptized at [[Pascha|Easter]] by St [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose, Bishop of Milan]].
+
*382 Pope [[Siricius of Rome]] first to bear title ''Pontifex Maximus''.     
−
*391 Death of St [[Gregory the Theologian]] Archbishop of Constantinople;
+
*383 Death of [[Frumentius of Axum]], bishop of Axum and Apostle to Ethiopia.
−
*391-92 All non-Christian temples in the Empire were closed; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] ended the pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree, caused surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease, and proscribed domestic cults, as paganism was prohibited; one theory posits that the great [[w:Library of Alexandria|Library of Alexandria]] and the [[w:Serapeum|Serapeum]] were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_alexandria#Destruction_of_the_Library destroyed about this time].
+
*384 Council of Bordeaux condemns [[Priscillian]].  
−
*392 Death of St [[Macarius the Great]] of Egypt, who was among the most influential Desert Fathers;
+
*385 Death of [[Gregory of Nyssa]].  
−
*393 Emperor Theodosius banned the Olympic Games citing the games as a Pagan Festival not suitable for the Christian Ethics.
+
*386 Death of [[Cyril of Jerusalem]].
−
*394 [[w:Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius of Constantia (Bishop of Salamis)]] attacked the teachings of [[Origen]] as heretical; the [[Donatism|Donatist]] Council of Bagai in Africa brought together 310 Donatist Bishops.
+
*387 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] baptized by [[Ambrose of Milan]]. 
−
*395 St. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; the placing of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy [[Theotokos]] in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408).
+
*391 Death of [[Gregory the Theologian]].   
−
*395 After the death of Emperor [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]], the Empire was re-divided into an eastern and a western half; the eastern half centered in Constantinople under [[Arcadius]], son of Theodosius, and the western half in Rome under Honorius, his brother.
+
*391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree and causes surviving pagan sacrifices at Alexandria and Rome to cease. 
−
*397 At the [[w:Councils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]] the Biblical canon is definitely declared; death of St. [[Martin of Tours]]; death of St. [[Ambrose of Milan]], ranked with the great Western Christian leaders of the time.
+
*392 Death of [[Macarius the Great]].  
−
*398 St. [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[Archbishop]] of Constantinople.
+
*393 [[Council of Hippo]] publishes Biblical canon; Emperor Theodosius bans Olympic Games as a pagan festival. 
−
*ca.398  Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of [http://www.ldysinger.com/MONS_423/03_MonHis1/02_nit-kel-scet.htm Scetis] by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria.
+
*394 [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] attacks teachings of [[Origen]] as heretical; Council of Constantinople held; [[Donatism|Donatist]] [[Council of Bagai]] in Africa held.  
−
*399 St. [[w:Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius]] Pope of Rome, and other bishops, condemn the doctrine of [[Origen]].
+
*395 [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] becomes bishop of Hippo in North Africa; placing of the cincture of the [[Theotokos]] in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople. 
−
*401 St. [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''Confessions''; Pope St. [[Pope Innocent I|Innocent I]] supported St [[John Chrysostom]] and condemned [[pelagianism]].
+
*395 Re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great.  
−
*402 Emperor Honorius transfers the capital of the Western Empire from Milan to [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]]; St. [[w:Porphyry of Gaza|Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza]] (395–420), known for Christianizing the pagan city of Gaza, obtains an imperial decree ordering the closing of the pagan temples there.
+
*397 [[Councils of Carthage|Council of Carthage]] publishes Biblical canon; death of [[Martin of Tours]] and [[Ambrose of Milan]]. 
−
*403 Abduction of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; [[w:Victricius|Victricius]], Bishop of Rouen and missionary, visited Britain for the purpose of bringing peace to the island's clergy, who were in the midst of a dispute; the [[w:Synod of the Oak|Synod of the Oak]], a provincial council largely composed of Syrian and Egyptian bishops inimical to [[John Chrysostom]] Bishop of Constantinople, deposes and banishes him.
+
*398 [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[Archbishop]] of Constantinople.  
−
*404 Martyrdom of [[w:Saint Telemachus|St Telemachus]], which directly resulted in Christian Emperor Honorius’ edict banning gladiator fights.
+
*ca. 398 Martyrdom of 10,000 Fathers of the Scetis by Patriarch [[Theophilus of Alexandria]]. 
−
*405 Translation of the [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by St. [[Jerome]].
+
*399 [[Anastasius I of Rome]] and other bishops condemn doctrine of [[Origen]].  
−
*406 A combined barbarian force of Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and Britain.
+
*401 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''Confessions''; Pope [[Innocent I of Rome]] supports [[John Chrysostom]] and condemns [[pelagianism]].
−
*407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile.
+
*402 [[Porphyry of Gaza]] obtains imperial decree ordering closing of pagan temples in Gaza. 
−
*410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of St. [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor [[w:Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] of Rome tells Britain to attend to its own affairs; [[w:Zosimus|Zosmius]] reports Roman officials were expelled from Britain and the native government established independence;
+
*403 Abduction of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Irelande; visit of [[Victricius of Rouen]] to Britain; [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]]. 
−
*410 Council of Seleucia where the Christian communities of Mesopotamia of the [[w:Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian Church]] (''Nestorian Church'') declare themselves independent of Antioch and the "Western" bishops, thus forming the independent archdiocese of [[w:Al-Mada'in|Seleucia-Ctesephon]] whose Bishop assumed the rank of [[w:Catholicos|Catholicos]].
+
*404 Martyrdom of [[Telemachus]], resulting in Emperor Honorius' edict banning gladiator fights.  
−
*411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at a council in Carthage; [[w:Rabbula|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa (411-435), noteworthy for his opposition to the views of Theodore of Mopsuestia, as well as those of [[Nestorius]]; however, his successor Ibas, who was in charge of the Academy of Edessa, which had Nestorian tendencies, reversed the official stance of that bishopric (see 489).
+
*405 Translation of [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by [[Jerome]].
−
*412 St. [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria; an edict of Western Emperor [[w:Honorius (emperor)|Honorius]] outlaws [[Donatism]]; Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, are expelled from their sees on a charge of [[w:Manichaeism|Manichaeism]].
+
*407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile.  
−
*413 Martyrdom of [[w:Marcellinus of Carthage|Marcellinus of Carthage]].
+
*410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths under Alaric I; escape of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] back to Britain; Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence.  
−
*415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at a [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); St. [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles.
+
*410 [[Council of Seleucia]] declares Mesopotamian [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] bishops independent of Orthodox bishops. 
−
*416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him.
+
*411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at council in Carthage; [[Rabbula of Edessa|Rabbula]] becomes bishop of Edessa.  
−
*418 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] anthropology; foundation of the (Arian) [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewarded his Visigothic federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle.
+
*412 [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope of Alexandria; Honorius outlaws [[Donatism]]; Bishops Lazarus of Aix-en-Provence and Herod of Arles expelled from sees on a charge of [[Manichaeism]]; ''[[Byzantine Creation Era#Alexandrian Era|Alexandrian Creation Era]]'' date finalized at 25 March, 5493 BC. 
−
*425 The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin#Dissolution Sanhedrin is disbanded] by the Roman Empire.
+
*414 Resolution of Antiochian division. 
−
*426 St. [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''.
+
*415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles.   
−
*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople; translation of the relics of Righteous [[Nicodemus the Righteous|Nicodemus]], [[w:Gamaliel|Gamaliel]] and his son Abibus, which were transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinople.
+
*416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him.  
−
*429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre|Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; while in Britain, [[Germanus of Auxerre|Germanus]], a former military man, having baptised his troops, led them to the "Alleluia" victory on the Welsh border against a Pictish and Saxon army; death of  Venerable Sisoes the Great.
+
*418 Foundation of the Arian [[w:Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic Kingdom]], as Emperor Honorius rewards Visigoth federates by giving them land in Gallia Aquitania on which to settle.  
−
*430 [[w:Peter the Iberian|Peter the Iberian]] founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.
+
*418-24 Council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] [[anthropology]].  
−
*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary; the council also grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends St. [[w:Palladius|Palladius]] to Ireland.
+
*426 [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''.  
−
*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of St Ninian, Apostle to the Picts.
+
*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.  
−
*433 The [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].
+
*429 Pope [[Celestine of Rome|Celestine I]] dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops [[Germanus of Auxerre]] and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the [[Pelagianism|Pelagian]] heresy; death of [[Sisoes the Great]].     
−
*435 Death of Venerable St. [[John Cassian]]; death of St. [[Acacius of Melitene|Acacius]], Bishop of Melitene; [[Nestorius]] is exiled by Imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis.
+
*430 [[Peter the Iberian]] founds Georgian monastery near Bethlehem. 
−
*438 The [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]], a collection of edicts of Roman law under the Christian emperors since 312 is published.
+
*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]]; Pope Celestine sends [[Palladius]] to Ireland. 
−
*444 Death of St. [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; St. [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]] 'the Great', Pope of Rome, extinguishes the Gallican vicariate, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I#Roman_Authority_in_Gaul asserting his authority over Gaul].
+
*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work; death of [[Ninian]], Apostle to the Picts.  
−
*445 Founding of the monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; responding to an appeal for support from Pope [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]], Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III issues a decree on June 6, 445, which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome.
+
*433 [[Formulary of Peace]] completes work of [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]]. 
−
*447 Commemoration on [[September 25]] of the earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the "[[Trisagion]]."
+
*435 Death of [[John Cassian]] and [[Acacius of Melitene]]; [[Nestorius]] exiled by imperial edict to a monastery in a Sahara oasis.  
−
*449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]].
+
*438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published. 
−
*450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian, the ''[http://www.britannia.com/history/ebk/articles/adventus1.html Adventus Saxonum]''; death of [[w:Peter Chrysologus|Peter Chrysologus]], Archbishop of Ravenna (433-450), famed for his eloquence in preaching.
+
*439 Carthage falls to Vandals.   
 +
*444 Death of [[Cyril of Alexandria]]; Pope [[Leo the Great]] abolishes Gallican vicariate.  
 +
*445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland; Emperor Valentinian III issues decree recognizing primacy of the bishop of Rome.  
 +
*447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]].  
 +
*449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]].  
 +
*450 First monasteries established in Wales; death of [[Peter Chrysologus]].
  
 
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
 
==Byzantine era (451-843)==
−
*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and invisible but separate natures of Christ (see miracle of St Evphemia of Chalcedon, Nov 11); this eventually led to a [[schism]], with the [[Church of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in the [[Church of Antioch]] along with it; [[Church of Jerusalem|Church of Jerusalem]] is recognized as a patriarchate by the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]].
+
: ''Main article:  [[Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))]]''
−
*451 [[w:Battle of Chalons|Battle of Chalons]], the last major military operation of the Western Roman Empire, where the Christian allied forces under Roman general Aetius (“''the last Roman''”) defeated  Attila (“''the Scourge of God''”) and his Hunnic host, ending Attila's campaign in Gaul and allowing western civilization and Christianity to continue to flourish.
 
−
*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] (replacement of [[Dioscorus of Alexandria|Dioscorus]]), convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groups; second finding of the Head of St. [[John the Forerunner]].
 
−
*452 Attila, king of the Huns, invades northern Italy, but is convinced to withdraw from Ravenna by Pope [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]]; according to a popular account Saints [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] appeared to the King of the Huns in a vision and convinced him to turn away; [[Venice|Venice]] is founded by fugitives from Attila's army.
 
−
*455 [[w:Vandals|Vandals]] under Gaiseric Sack Rome; Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms, including Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, and Kent.
 
−
*457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new tables for celebrating Easter.
 
−
*459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]].
 
−
*461 Death of St. [[w:Pope Leo I|Leo I]], 'the Great', Pope of Rome; his teaching on Christ was acclaimed by all the Orthodox at the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]]; death of [[Patrick of Ireland|St Patrick]].
 
−
*462 The beginning of the the first day of the new year (of the [[Indiction]]) on the [[w:Byzantine calendar|Byzantine Calendar]] is changed to [[September 1|1 September]], which to the present day is the beginning of the Church year.
 
−
*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of Catholicos of Kartli, thus rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].
 
−
*473 Death of St. [[Euthymius the Great]].
 
−
*475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, supporting the [[Monophysitism|Monophysiste]] [[w:Christology|christological]] position.
 
−
*476 Fall of the Western Roman Empire when [[w:Romulus Augustus|Romulus Augustus]], the last Emperor of the West was deposed by Germanic chieftain Odoacer; in an unstable political environment, the [[Church of Rome]] slowly developed a centralized structure, concentrating religious as well as secular authority in the office of the [[Pope]], the bishop of  Rome.
 
−
*477 [[Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria, exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt; Holy 362 Martyrs of Africa, martyred by the Arians.
 
−
*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno|Zeno I]] issues the ''[[w:Henotikon|Henotikon]]'' edict (''Act of Union''), in an attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of [[Orthodoxy]] and [[Monophysitism]].
 
−
*484 Acacian Schism: [[w:Pope Felix III|Pope Felix III]] excommunicates [[w:Pope Peter III of Alexandria|Peter Mongus]], patriarch of Alexandria, and [[w:Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople|Acacius]], patriarch of Constantinople, causing a schism between eastern and western Christianity that lasted 35 years (to 519).
 
−
*484 Founding of the [[w:Mar Saba|Monastery of St. Sabbas]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified|St Sabbas of Cappadocia]] in the Judean wilderness near Bethlehem; [[w:Synod of Beth Lapat|Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declared the [[Nestorianism|Nestorian doctrine]] as the official theology of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], centered in Edessa, effectively separating the Assyrian Church from the Byzantine church, which had already condemned Nestorianism at the [[Third Ecumenical Council|Council of Ephesus]] in 431.
 
−
*488 Death of Peter the Fuller, the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch.
 
−
*489 Emperor [[Zeno|Zeno I]] closed the Nestorian academy in Edessa, which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis.
 
−
*490 St. [[Brigid of Kildaire|Brigid]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland.
 
−
*494 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius I]] delineated the relationship between church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]]; during the Acacian schism he asserted the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, setting the model for subsequent popes’ claims of papal supremacy.
 
−
*496 [[w:Pope Gelasius I|Pope Gelasius I]] dedicated [[February 14|February 14]] as [[w:Valentine's Day|Saint Valentine's Day]], banning the pre-Christian Roman festival of Lupercalia ([[July 30|July 30]] in the Orthodox Church).
 
−
*ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.
 
−
*502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]] lasting until 562.
 
−
*512 Death of St [[Genevieve of Paris]].
 
−
*518 [[w:Severus of Antioch|Severus Patriarch of Antioch]] (512-518) appointed by Emperor [[Anastasius I|Anastasius]], is deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for his Monophysitism.
 
−
*519 The Eastern and Western churches are reconciled with the end of the Acacian schism.
 
−
*521 St. [[Columba of Iona]] is born.
 
−
*527 Dionysius Exiguus working on the [[Gregorian Calendar]] calculated the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly.
 
−
*ca.528 Death of [[w:Procopius of Gaza|Procopius of Gaza]], a Christian sophist and rhetorician, one of the most important representatives of the famous school of rhetoric at Gaza.
 
−
*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; St. [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]] is burnt down in the Samaritan revolt of 529; death of St Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, who founded cenobitic (communal) [[monasticism]].
 
−
*529 [[Justinian|Justinian's]] ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] (Body of Civil Law)'' is issued from 529 to 534, a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence in four parts: ''the Codex Justinianus, Digesta (Pandects), Institutiones, and Novellae'', serving to revive Roman law; ultimately this became the foundation of all civil law, influencing ecclesiastical law as well.
 
−
*530 St. Brendan the Navigator lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks.
 
−
*532 [[Justinian]] orders the building of a new cathedral, beginning of the construction of the [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] (532-537); death of Saint [[Sabbas the Sanctified]].
 
−
*533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.
 
−
*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian.
 
−
*534 Final edition of the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis#Codex_Justinianus Codex Justinianus] (Code of Justinian)'' is published, including numerous provisions securing the status of Orthodox Christianity as the state religion of the empire.
 
−
*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals; Malta becomes a Byzantine province (534-870).
 
−
*536 Patriarch [[Mennas of Constantinople]] (536-552) summoned a synod in May-June 536 where [[w:Severus of Antioch|Severus]] was anathematized; the sentence was ratified by [[Justinian]].
 
−
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople is completed by Emperor St. [[Justinian|Justinian the Great]].
 
−
*539 [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] becomes an exarchate of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (539-751).
 
−
*541 [[Jacob Baradeus]], bishop of Edessa, organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt.
 
−
*543 The doctrine of [[apocatastasis]] is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople.
 
−
*544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrated Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syrian Orthodox Church]] and [[Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Church]]; Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by St. [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]].
 
−
*545 The [[w:Synod of Brefi|Synod of Brefi]] is held at Llandewi Brefi in Wales to condemn the Pelagian heresy.
 
−
*546 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland.
 
−
*ca.550 St [[David of Wales|David]] takes Christianity to Wales.
 
−
*553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians&mdash;the ''Three Chapters'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their pro-[[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] nature, and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned.
 
−
*553 The bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refused to condemn the Three Chapters causing a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_of_the_Three_Chapters#The_schism_in_the_West schism in the West]in those areas; the Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]] and the Italian peninsula was, for a short time, reintegrated into the empire.
 
−
*556 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist|Saint Romanus the Melodist]] (“Sweet Singer”).
 
−
*557 St Brendan the Navigator founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland.
 
−
*563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt; St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes his [[monastery]] there, founding his mission to the Picts.
 
−
*564 Death of [[w:Saint Petroc|St. Petroc]].
 
−
*569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; St. [[David of Wales|David]] holds the Synod of Victoria to re-assert the anti-pelagian decrees agreed at Brefi.
 
−
*570 Death of St. [[w:Gildas|Gildas]]; Birth of Muhammad, founder of [[Islam]].
 
−
*579 400 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily.
 
−
*580 Monte Cassino sacked by the Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; the Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.
 
−
*587 The Visigothic King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounced [[Arianism]] in favour of [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]].
 
−
*589 At [[Council of Toledo]] in Spain, the [[Filioque]] is added to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]];
 
−
*590 Irish missionary St. [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France (Luxeuil in Burgundy).
 
−
*593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] is restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
 
−
*596 St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends St. [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert the pagans.
 
−
*597 Death of St. [[Columba of Iona]], Enlightener of Scotland.
 
−
*ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by St. [[John Climacus]]; St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspired the development of [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms.
 
−
*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King St. [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes the see of Canterbury.
 
−
*602 Final series of climactic wars between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Sassanid Empire, 602-627; St. [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with the Welsh Bishops, stating that they have been acting contrary to Church teachings, failing to keep Easter at the prescribed Roman time and not administering baptism according to the Roman rite; he also insists that they help in the conversion of the Saxons, and look to Canterbury as their spiritual centre.
 
−
*604 [[w:Mellitus|Mellitus]] becomes the first Bishop of London and founds the first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist|St Gregory the Great]], Pope of Rome.
 
−
*605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]], the first Archbishop of Canterbury, buried in St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury. 
 
−
*609 The [[w:Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon in Rome]] is made a church, consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints (Santa Maria dei Martiri).
 
−
*610 [[Heraclius]] changes the official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the lingua franca of the vast majority of the population.
 
−
*612 The [[w:Holy Sponge|Holy Sponge]] and the [[w:Holy Lance|Holy Lance]] are brought to Constantinople from Palestine.
 
−
*614 Persian [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/antiochus_strategos_capture.htm sack of Jerusalem] under Chosroes II of Persia; the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is damaged by fire, the [[True Cross]] is captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem are massacred.
 
−
*615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy.
 
−
*617 Persian Army conquered Chalcedon after a long siege.
 
−
*618 Death of St [[Kevin of Glendalough|Kevin]], Abbot of Glendalough, Ireland.
 
−
*620 The Slavs attack Thessaloniki.
 
−
*622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the hejira occurs, Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina.
 
−
*626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written, after Constantinople was liberated from a siege of  80,000 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|Avars, Slavs]] and the Persian fleet.
 
−
*627 Pope St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends Paulinus to found the see of York and convert King [[Edwin of Northumbria]].
 
−
*627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats the Sassanid Persians At The [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], surrounding their capital Ctesiphon, recovering the [[True Cross]], and breaking the power of the Sassanid dynasty.
 
−
*630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]]: Emperor [[Heraclius]] entered Jerusalem on [[March 21|21 March]] amidst great rejoicing, transferring the [[True Cross|Cross of Christ]] with great solemnity into the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|temple of the Resurrection]] together with Patriarch Zacharios (609-633).
 
−
*633 Death of [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=103579 Saint Modestus, Archbishop of Jerusalem], who set about restoring the devastated Christian shrines, among which was the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Sepulchre]] of the Lord, and reverently buried the murdered monks from the monastery of St [[Sabbas the Sanctified]].
 
−
*635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by St. [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.
 
−
*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by the Muslim Arabs after the pivotal [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].
 
−
*638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.
 
−
*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; in Egypt the [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opened the door for the Muslim conquest of the Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]].
 
−
*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
 
−
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt; Arabs invade [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Christian Nubia] for the first time.
 
−
*646 Alexandria is recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] Civilization in Egypt.
 
−
*648 Pope [[w:Pope Theodore I|Theodore I]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]].
 
−
*649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus.
 
−
*650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox Christianity.
 
−
*651 End of the Persian Empire, as the last shah of Persia Yezdegherd III of the Sassanid dynasty is killed at Merv.
 
−
*653 Pope [[w:Pope Martin I|Martin I]] is arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]].
 
−
*654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs.
 
−
*655 Martyrdom of St [[Martin the Confessor]], Pope of Rome.
 
−
*657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England.
 
−
*662 Death of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]].
 
−
*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declared the Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over the Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.
 
−
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic and Roman liturgical practices in England; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York; death of [[w:Cedd|Saint Cedd]], evangelist of the Middle Angles and East Saxons in England.
 
−
*668 St. [[Theodore of Tarsus]] is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury.
 
−
*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at the [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] in 677 the Arab fleet was destroyed by the Byzantines through the use of Greek Fire, ending the immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.
 
−
*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. [[Caedmon]] of Whitby.
 
−
*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming the [[Christology]] of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will; Patriarch [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of the Monothelite [[heresy]].
 
−
*680 [[w:First Bulgarian Empire|First Bulgarian Empire]] established (680-1018 AD) after a successful war with Byzantium, and the subsequent treaty signed with the Byzantine Emperor [[w:Constantine IV|Constantine IV Pogonatus]].
 
−
*682 Foundation of monastery at [[w:Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey|Jarrow]], England.
 
−
*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of Venerable [[Anastasius of Sinai|Anastasius]], abbot of Mt. Sinai;
 
−
*685 [[John Maron]], (who named himself for the Syrian hermit St. [[Maron of Syria]]), is elected the first Maronite Patriarch, becoming the founder of what is known today as the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]].
 
−
*687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raiders; death of St [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]].
 
−
*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign a treaty neutralizing Cyprus.
 
−
*691 The building of the [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] is completed in Jerusalem on the [[w:Temple Mount|Temple Mount]].
 
−
*692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]].
 
−
*694 The Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] is defeated by the [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], which became fully independent afterwards.
 
−
*697 Council of Birr, where the northern part of Ireland accepts the Roman calculations for celebrating Easter; at this synod, [[w:Adomnán|Adamnan]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomáin]] ("Law of the Innocents").
 
−
*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage from the Byzantine Empire; at the Synod of Aquileia, the bishops of the diocese of Aquileia decided to end the Schism of the [[w:Three-Chapter Controversy|Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome (see 553) - this extended period of independence contributed to the evolution of the independent [[w:Patriarch of Venice|Patriarch of Venice]] from the [[w:List of Bishops and Patriarchs of Aquileia|Patriarch of Aquileia]].
 
−
*ca.700 Death of Saint [[Isaac of Syria|Isaac the Syrian]], Bishop of Nineveh, ascetic writer.
 
−
*705 A long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.
 
−
*706 Use of Greek as the ''administrative language'' was abolished in Egypt, as government edicts were redacted in Arabic starting in 706; the primary ''spoken language'' remained Coptic until the tenth century, ''(when Arabic had replaced it, and Coptic became relegated to a [[Divine Liturgy|liturgical]] language).''
 
−
*707 The Byzantines lose the Balearic Islands to the Moors; death of John Maron, first [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Maronite]] Patriarch.
 
−
*710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967; also the last pope to visit Greece before 2001.
 
−
*711 Umayyad Islamic invasion of Spain.
 
−
*712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete|St. Andrew, Archbishop of Crete]] (712-726).
 
−
*ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England).
 
−
*715 The [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]], is built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; the Al-Aqsa Mosque is constructed over the site of the [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites the Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.
 
−
*716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; St. [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia.
 
−
*717 The Pictish king Nechtan expels the monks from the island of [[Iona]]. 
 
−
*717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]].
 
−
*719 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia#Christian_Nubia Nubian Christians] transferred their allegiance from the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox Church]] to the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Church]], according to an entry in the chronicle of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Eutychius (932-940).
 
−
*723 Saint [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar, marking the decisive event in the Christianization of the northern Germanic tribes.
 
−
*726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against the [[iconography|icons]] (Iconoclastic controversy from 726-787 and 813-843).
 
−
*730 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian|Leo III]] orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period.
 
−
*731 Venerable [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''.
 
−
*732 Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]].
 
−
*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to [[w:Pope Gregory III|Gregory III's]] support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.
 
−
*734 [[w:Ecgbert, Archbishop of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning.
 
−
*735 Death of the Venerable [[Bede]]; the See of York achieves archepiscopal status.
 
−
*739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_law#Ecloga ''Ecloga''] Law Code, designed to introduce Christian principle into law; [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]] where Byzantine forces defeat an [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor; death of [[Willibrord‎|Willibrord]] (658-739), Archbishop of Utrecht and Enlightener of the Netherlands.
 
−
*740 The [[w:Khazars|Khazars]], a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.
 
−
*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] (742-748) becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. 
 
−
*746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.
 
−
*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]].
 
−
*750 [[Donation of Constantine]] accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims.
 
−
*751 The Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna (Italy)|Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
 
−
*752 Death of [[w:Pope Zachary|St Zacharias]], Pope of Rome, a Greek and the last Orthodox saint in this See, he opposed [[iconoclasm]], adorned churches with frescos, and did much for missionary work and peace all over western Europe.
 
−
*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins the dissolution of the monasteries.
 
−
*754 Death of St. [[Boniface]], Apostle of Germany.
 
−
*756 The [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] is a cession of lands including Ravenna that became the basis of the [[w:Papal States|Papal States]].
 
−
*768 The Church of Wales adopts the Orthodox calculation of [[Pascha]], at the teaching of Elbodugus.
 
−
*769 [[w:Pope Stephen III|Pope Stephen III]] holds a council at which papal election procedure is changed and the devotion to icons is confirmed.
 
−
*772 Charlemagne starts fighting the Saxons and the Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity.
 
−
*781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons the monk and scholar [[Alcuin]] of York to head the palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire the revival of education in Europe.
 
−
*786 [[w:Beatus of Liébana|Beatus of Liébana]], Spanish monk, publishes his ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''.
 
−
*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] is held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming the [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]], declaring that worship is due to God alone, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototype; two Church Councils are held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the Faith of the first Six Oecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric ''(after Canterbury and York)'' at Lichfield.
 
−
*793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England.
 
−
*794 Charlemagne convenes a council in Frankfurt-in-Main, attended by clergy from Britain and envoys of Pope Hadrian; this council marks the beginning of the alienation of Frankish Christianity from the Apostolic and Patristic Tradition of Orthodox Christianity, by rejecting the decrees of the Seventh Oecumenical Council (largely based on a faulty Latin translation) and inserting the Filioque into the Symbol of Faith.
 
−
*796 The Yorkist Scholar, [[Alcuin]], is made Abbot of Saint-Martin in Tours by King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks.
 
−
*800 [[Charlemagne]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilisation away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.
 
−
*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to the Frankish king Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem.
 
−
*803 The Council of Clovesho abolishes the archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787.
 
−
*814 The Bulgarians lay siege before Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patriarch [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
 
−
*824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.
 
−
*826 St. [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity.
 
−
*828 Death of St. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], patriarch of Constantinople.
 
−
*ca. 829-842 Icon of  the [[Panagia Portaitissa|Virgin Mary-Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery]].
 
−
*836 Death of St. [[Theodore the Studite]].
 
−
*838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.
 
−
*ca.839 First [[w:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus|Rus'-Byzantine War]], where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
 
−
*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.
 
  
−
==Late Byzantine era (843-1453)==
+
*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate.
−
*845 The The 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra (in Iraq) and executed there.
+
*452 [[Proterios of Alexandria]] convenes synod in Alexandria to reconcile Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians; second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]].   
−
*846 Muslim raid of Rome.
+
*457 Victorius of Aquitania computes new [[Paschalion]]; first coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople.  
−
*850 [[Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding of the Honourable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John]].
+
*459 Death of [[Symeon the Stylite]].  
−
*852 St. [[Ansgar]] founds the churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark.
+
*461 Death of [[Leo the Great]] and [[Patrick of Ireland]].  
−
*858 St. [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.
+
*462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded.  
−
*860 [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (860)|Second Rus-Byzantine War]], a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus.
+
*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates bishop of Mtskheta to rank of [[Catholicos]] of Kartli, rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]]; death of [[Shenouda the Archimandrite|Shenouda the Great]], abbott of White Monastery in Egypt, considered the founder of [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Christianity]].
−
*ca.860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]] was supposed to have happened around this time, but it seems to have been forgotten by the time of Vladimir's Baptism of Kiev in the 980s.
+
*ca. 471 Patr. [[Acacius of Constantinople]] first called ''Oikoumenikos'' ("Ecumenical").  
−
*861 Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; council presided over by papal legates held in Constantinople which confirms St. [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch.
+
*473 Death of [[Euthymius the Great]]. 
−
*862 [[Rastislav of Moravia|Ratislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity.
+
*475 Emperor [[w:Basiliscus|Basiliscus]] issues letter to bishops of empire, supporting [[Monophysitism]].    
−
*863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]].
+
*477 [[Timothy II Aelurus of Alexandria|Timothy Aelurus]] of Alexandria exiles Chalcedonian bishops from Egypt.  
−
*863 The Venetians steal relics of St Mark from Alexandria.
+
*482 Byzantine emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] issues ''[[Henoticon]]''. 
−
*864 Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]] is [[baptism|baptized]] an Orthodox Christian; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos|Most Holy Birth-Giver of God]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her Icon.
+
*484 [[Acacian Schism]]. 
−
*865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]].  
+
*484 Founding of [[Holy Lavra of St. Savas (Jerusalem)|Mar Sabbas Monastery]] by [[Sabbas the Sanctified]]; [[Synod of Beth Lapat]] in Persia declares [[Nestorianism]] as official theology of [[Assyrian Church of the East]], effectively separating the Assyrian church from the Byzantine church.    
−
*866 Vikings raid and capture York in England.
+
*489 Emperor [[Zeno (emperor)|Zeno I]] closes [[w:School of Nisibis|Nestorian academy in Edessa]], which was then transferred under Sassanian Persian auspices to Nisibis, becoming the spiritual center of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]]. 
−
*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries of the heretical [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing the news of his excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople.
+
*490 [[Brigid of Kildaire]] founds monastery of Kildare in Ireland. 
−
*867 Death of [[w:Kassia|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''Hymn of Kassiani'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Great and Holy Wednesday.
+
*494 Pope [[Gelasius I of Rome]] delineates relationship between Church and state in his letter ''Duo sunt'', written to Emperor [[Anastasius I]]. 
−
*869-870 The [[Robber Council of 869-870]] is held, deposing St. [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."
+
*496 [[Remigius of Rheims]] baptizes Franks into Orthodox Christianity.  
−
*870 Conversion of Serbia; death of saint and confessor [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; Malta is conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs; Martyrdom of St [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia.
+
*ca. 500 [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]] writes ''The Mystical Theology''.   
−
*874 Translation of the relics of [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], interred in the [[Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)|Church of the Holy Apostles]], Constantinople.  
+
*506 [[Church of Armenia]] separates from Chalcedonian Orthodoxy.  
−
*877 Death of St. [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints St. [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.
+
*507 Clovis I defeats the Arian Visigoths at [[w:Battle of Vouillé|Battle of Vouillé]] near Poitiers, ending their power in Gaul.    
−
*877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.
+
*518 [[Severus of Antioch]] deposed by Emperor [[Justin I]] for Monophysitism; Patr. [[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''Oikoumenikos Patriarches'' ("Ecumenical Patriarch"). 
−
*878 King [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex defeats the Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]).
+
*519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].  
−
*879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, confirming [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizing additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declaring that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]].
+
*521 Birth of [[Columba of Iona]].  
−
*883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino.
+
*527 [[Dionysius Exiguus]] calculates the date of birth of Jesus incorrectly; foundation of [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]] on the Sinai peninsula by [[Justinian the Great]].     
−
*885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy.
+
*529 Pagan University of Athens closed and replaced by Christian university in Constantinople; [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds monastery of [[Monte Cassino]] and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]]; death of [[Theodosius the Great]].   
−
*885 Death of St. Methodius, apostle to the Slavs.
+
*529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued. 
−
*886 The [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]), devised by missionaries Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]] in 862-63, is adopted in the Bulgarian Empire, subsequently spreading to Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and the Russian principalities; its use in [[w:Great Moravia|Great Moravia]] had been prohibited by the Pope in 885 in favour of Latin; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes.
+
*530 [[Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks.  
−
*902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid Arabs.
+
*532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; death of [[Sabbas the Sanctified]].  
−
*904 Thessalonika is sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under [[w:Leo of Tripoli|Leo of Tripoli]], a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests.
+
*533 Mercurius elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], first pope to change name upon election.   
−
*907 Third [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (907)|Rus-Byzantine War]], a naval raid of Constantinople (''or [[w:Tsargrad|Tsargrad]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince [[w:Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg of Novgorod]], which was relieved by peace negotiations.
+
*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of Vandals. 
−
*899 Death of King and Saint [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex & All England
+
*536 [[Mennas of Constantinople]] summons a synod anathematizing [[Severus of Antioch]].  
−
*911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin-Mary]]: Vision of the [[Theotokos]] to St. [[Andrew the Fool-for-Christ]] protecting Constantinople from an invasion of Slavs.
+
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed.
−
*911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'.
+
*538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] offcially into communion.
−
*912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople (901-907, 912-925).
+
*539 [[Ravenna]] becomes exarchate of [[Byzantine Empire]].  
−
*927 The [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]] is recognised as [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]] by the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]].
+
*541 [[Jacob Baradeus]] organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt.  
−
*931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny Abbey]] reformed the monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor; at its height (c. 950–c.1130) it was one of the largest religious forces in western Europe.
+
*543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople.  
−
*933 Death of St. [[Tryphon of Constantinople|Tryphon]], patriarch of Constantinople.
+
*544 [[Jacob Baradeus]] consecrates Sergius of Tella as bishop of Antioch, opening the lasting schism between the [[Church of Antioch (Syriac)|Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Chalcedonian [[Church of Antioch]]; founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]].  
−
*935 Martyrdom of Blessed [[w:Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Wenceslaus]], prince of the Czechs.
+
*545 [[David of Wales]] moves primatial see of Britain from Caerleon to Menevia (St. Davids's). 
−
*941 Fourth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Rus-Byzanatine War]], a campaign that was instigated by the Khazars, who wished revenge on the Byzantines after the persecutions of the Jews undertaken by Emperor [[w:Romanos I|Romanus I Lecapenus]]; ended in a Byzantine victory over the Rus.
+
*546 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Derry in Ireland. 
−
*944 City of Edessa recovered by the Byzantine army, including [[Icon Not Made By Hands]].
+
*547 [[David of Wales]] does obeisance to the Patriarch of Jerusalem.  
−
*945 St. [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]].
+
*553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians&mdash; ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned.  
−
*948 Holy Roman Emperor Otto I the Great founds the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelburg, Ribe, Aarhus, and Schleswig. 
+
*553 Bishops of Aquileia, Milan, Venetia and the Istrian peninsula in Italy all refuse to condemn the ''Three Chapters'', causing [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] in those areas, leading to independence of [[Patriarch of Venice]] from [[Patriarch of Aquileia]]; Ostrogoth kingdom conquered by the Byzantines after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]]. 
−
*ca. 950 [[Monastery of Hosios Loukas]] founded near Stiris in Greece.
+
*554 [[Church of Armenia]] officially [[schism|breaks]] with West in 554, during the second Council of Dvin where the dyophysite formula of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] was rejected.  
−
*957 St. [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]] baptized in Constantinople.  
+
*556 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds monastery of Durrow in Ireland; death of [[Roman the Melodist]]. 
−
*960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II]] Phocas re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for the Byzantines; St. [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming the monasteries and enforcing the rule of St [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]]: Poverty, Chastity and Obedience for [[Monk|monks]].  
+
*557 [[Brendan the Navigator]] founds monastery at Clonfert, Ireland.  
−
*962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); the [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] is formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor;  the ''Diploma Ottonianum'' is co-signed between Pope John XII and Otto, confirming the earlier [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]], granting control of the [[w:Papal States|Papal States]] to the Popes, regularizing Papal elections, and clarifying the relationship between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors.
+
*563 [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes [[monastery]] there, founding mission to the Picts.    
−
*963 St. [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes the first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]].
+
*569 Final schism between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt; [[David of Wales]] holds [[Synod of Victoria]] to re-assert anti-Pelagian decrees of Brefi.
−
*965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II]] Phocas gained Cyprus completely for the Byzantines; [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav of Kiev]] destroyed [[w:Khazars|Khazar]] imperial power, as the Khazar fortresses of Sarkel and Tamatarkha fell to the Rus, then the capital city of Atil circa 967.
+
*576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].
−
*968 [[Rila Monastery]] founded; Sviatoslav of Kiev defeats the Bulgarians at the [[w:Battle of Silistra|Battle of Silistra]], precipitating the collapse of the First Bulgarian Empire, which along with Khazaria, had been the two great powers of Eastern Europe.
+
*577 Patr. [[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the ''[[Nomocanon]]'', of the [[Orthodox Church]].
−
*968-71 Fifth [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27-Byzantine_War_%28968-971%29#Campaigns_in_the_Balkans Rus-Byzantine War], resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the [[w:Battle of Arcadiopolis|Battle of Arcadiopolis]], and the defeat of [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav of Kiev]] by [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]].
+
*579 400 Martyrs slain by Lombards in Sicily. 
−
*969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev|St Olga the Princess of Russia]], Equal-to-the-Apostles, who is considered with her grandson St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]], as having brought Orthodoxy to Russia; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from the Arabs.
+
*580 [[Monte Cassino]] sacked by Lombards, sending its monks fleeing to Rome; Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece. 
−
*972 Emperor [[John I Tzimiskes]] (969-976) granted [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]).
+
*587 Visigoth King [[w:Reccared I|Reccared]] renounces [[Arianism]] in favor of [[Orthodoxy]]. 
−
*973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church.
+
*589 [[Council of Toledo]] adds [[Filioque]] to [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]].    
−
*975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign took Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but failed to take Jerusalem.
+
*590 [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France. 
−
*978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]].
+
*593 [[Anastasius I of Antioch|Anastasius the Sinaite]] restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.  
−
*980 Revelation of the [[w:Axion Estin|"Axion Estin"]] (the hymn “''It Is Truly Meet''”), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on Mt. Athos, celebrated on [[June 11]]; the icon itself, before which this hymn was first chanted, is called the [[Panagia Axion Esti|"icon of the Axion Estin"]] ("''It is truly meet''"), kept in the sanctuary of the Church of the Protaton on the [[Mount Athos|Holy Mountain]].
+
*596 [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert pagans. 
−
*983 Martyrdom of Theodore the [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian]] and his son John of Kiev.
+
*597 Death of [[Columba of Iona]].  
−
*987 Sixth [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27-Byzantine_War_%28987%29#Baptism_of_Vladimir Rus-Byzantine War], where [[w:Vladimir I of Kiev|Vladimir I of Kiev]] the Great dispatched troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internol revolt; he agreed to accept [[w:Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith.
+
*598 [[Glastonbury Abbey]] founded. 
−
*988 [[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.
+
*ca. 600 ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' written by [[John Climacus]]; [[Gregory the Dialogist]] inspires development of [[Gregorian Chant]] through his liturgical reforms.  
−
*992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|St. Michael]], the first Metropolitan of Kiev.
+
*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes see of Canterbury.  
−
*995 St. [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom; the relics of St [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne|Cuthbert]] are transferred with his community to Durham.
+
*602 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] meets with Welsh bishops to bring them under Canterbury.  
−
*1000 Christianization of Greenland and Iceland.
+
*604 [[Mellitus]] becomes first bishop of London and founds first [[w:St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]]; death of [[Gregory the Dialogist]]. 
−
*1008 Conversion of Sweden.
+
*605 Death of [[Augustine of Canterbury]].      
−
*1009 Patriarch [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes the name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from the [[diptychs]] of the [[Church of Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]].  
+
*610 [[Heraclius]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population.  
−
*1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]].
+
*612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine.  
−
*1012 Death of Hieromartyr [[w:Alphege|Alphege]], Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
*614 Persians sack Jerusalem under Chosroes II of Persia; [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] damaged by fire, [[True Cross]] captured, and over 65,000 Christians in Jerusalem massacred.  
−
*1013 The Jews are expelled from the caliphate of Córdoba.
+
*615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy. 
−
*1014 [[Filioque]] used for the first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.
+
*617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.          
−
*1015 Death of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]].
+
*626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the Virgin Mary written.   
−
*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.
+
*627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking Sassanid power.     
−
*1022 Death of St. [[Simeon the New Theologian]].
+
*630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]].  
−
*1024 Seventh [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (1024)|Rus-Byzantine War]], Byzantine naval victory.
+
*633 Death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem]].  
−
*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
+
*635 Founding of [[Lindisfarne]] Monastery by [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity. 
−
*1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor (Eastern Vikings/Rus) sent to protect pilgrims.
+
*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by Muslim Arabs after [[w:Battle of Yarmouk|Battle of Yarmuk]].    
−
*1045-50 The [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] is built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminicent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]].
+
*640 [[w:Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Syria]]; [[w:Battle of Heliopolis|Battle of Heliopolis]] between Arab Muslim armies and Byzantium opens door for Muslim conquest of Byzantine [[w:Exarchate of Africa|Exarchate of Africa]].  
−
*1043 Eighth and last [[Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)|Rus'-Byzantine War]], an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople; [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
+
*641 Capture of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.  
−
*1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
+
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt.
 +
*646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt. 
 +
*648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]].  
 +
*649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus.  
 +
*650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodoxy.   
 +
*653 Pope [[Martin the Confessor]] arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor [[Constans II]].   
 +
*654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs. 
 +
*655 Martyrdom of [[Martin the Confessor]]. 
 +
*657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England.  
 +
*662 Death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].  
 +
*663 Emperor [[Constans II]] is last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome; [[Constans II]] declares Pope of Rome to have no jurisdiction over Archbishop of Ravenna, since that city was the seat of the exarch, his immediate representative.  
 +
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, adopting Roman calendar and tonsures in Northumbria; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York.    
 +
*669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.  
 +
*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by [[Caedmon]] of [[Whitby Abbey|Whitby]].  
 +
*672 First Synod of Hertford called by [[Theodore of Tarsus]], adopting of ten decrees paralleling the canons of the Council of Chalcedon. 
 +
*673 Second Council of Hatfield upholds Orthodoxy against [[Monothelitism]].  
 +
*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius I of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius I of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of Monothelitism.   
 +
*682 Foundation of [[Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey]] in England. 
 +
*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; death of [[Anastasius of Sinai]]. 
 +
*685 [[John Maron]] elected first Maronite patriarch, founding the [[Maronite Catholic Church]], which embraced [[Monothelitism]], rejected the teaching of the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]], and separated from the [[Orthodox Church]]. 
 +
*687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish Vikings; death of [[Cuthbert of Lindisfarne]]. 
 +
*688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus. 
 +
*ca. 690 Witenagamot of England forbids church appeals to Rome. 
 +
*691 [[w:Dome of the Rock|Dome of the Rock]] completed in Jerusalem. 
 +
*692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or ''Council in Trullo'') held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]]. 
 +
*694 Byzantine army of [[Justinian II]] defeated by [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who became fully independent. 
 +
*697 [[Council of Birr]] accepts Roman [[Paschalion]] for northern Ireland; at this synod, [[Adomnán of Iona]] promulgates his [[w:Cáin Adomnáin|Cáin Adomnáin]]. 
 +
*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage; at [[Synod of Aquileia]], bishops of the diocese of Aquileia end the [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] and return to communion with Rome. 
 +
*ca. 700 Death of [[Isaac of Syria]].         
 +
*707 Death of [[John Maron]]. 
 +
*710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.     
 +
*712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]]. 
 +
*ca. 715 [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] produced in Northumbria (Northern England). 
 +
*715 [[w:Umayyad Mosque|Grand Mosque of Damascus]] built over the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist; Al-Aqsa Mosque constructed over site of [[Church of St. Mary of Justinian (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)|Church of St. Mary of Justinian]]; Pictish [[w:Nechtan IV of the Picts|King Nechtan]] invites Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.   
 +
*716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage; [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia. 
 +
*717 Pictish king Nechtan expels monks from [[Iona]].   
 +
*717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]]. 
 +
*719 [[w:Nubia#Christian Nubia|Nubian Christians]] transfer allegiance from [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian church]] to [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]]. 
 +
*723 [[Boniface]] fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar. 
 +
*726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]]. 
 +
*730 [[Leo the Isaurian]] orders destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period. 
 +
*731 [[Bede]] completes ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''. 
 +
*732 Muslim invasion of Europe stopped by Franks at [[w:Battle of Tours|Battle of Tours]], establishing a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the [[Byzantine Empire]]. 
 +
*733 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the Pope in response to Pope [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm.
 +
*734 [[Egbert of York|Egbert]] becomes bishop of York, founding a library and making the city a renowned centre of learning.   
 +
*735 Death of [[Bede]]; See of York achieves archepiscopal status. 
 +
*739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; death of [[Willibrord]].   
 +
*742 After a forty-year vacancy, [[Stephen IV of Antioch|Stephen IV]] becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.     
 +
*747 Witenagamot of England again forbids appeals to the Roman Pope; [[Council of Clovesho I]] adopts Roman calendar, observance of the feasts of Gregory the Great and Augustine of Canterbury, and adopts the Rogation Days.
 +
*749 Death of [[John of Damascus]]. 
 +
*750 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' accepted as a legitimate document, used by Pope [[Stephen II of Rome|Stephen II]] to prove territorial and jurisdictional claims. 
 +
*751 Lombard king Aistulf captures [[Ravenna]] and the Romagna, ending Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. 
 +
*752 Death of Pope [[Zacharias of Rome]]. 
 +
*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of monasteries. 
 +
*754 Death of [[Boniface]]. 
 +
*756 [[w:Donation of Pepin|Donation of Pepin]] cedes lands including Ravenna that became basis of [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]. 
 +
*768 Wales adopts Orthodox [[Paschalion]] and other decrees of the Synod of Whitby at teaching of Elfoddw of Gwynedd.   
 +
*769 Pope [[Stephen III of Rome]] holds a council changing papal election procedure and confirming veneration of icons. 
 +
*772 Charlemagne starts fighting Saxons and Frisians; Saxony is subdued and converted to Christianity. 
 +
*781 King [[Charlemagne]] of the Franks summons [[Alcuin]] of York to head palace school at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to inspire revival of education in Europe. 
 +
*785 Synod of Cealchythe erects the Archbishopric of Lichfield.   
 +
*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]]; two councils held in England, one in the north at Pincanhale, and the other in the south at Chelsea, reaffirming the faith of the first Six Ecumenical Councils (the decrees of the Seventh having not yet been received), and establishing a third archbishopric at Lichfield. 
 +
*792 Synod of Regensburg condemned Adoptionism. 
 +
*793 Sack of [[Lindisfarne|Lindisfarne Priory]], beginning Viking attacks on England. 
 +
*794 Charlemagne convenes council in Frankfurt-in-Main, rejecting decrees of Seventh Ecumenical Council and inserting [[Filioque]] into [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].     
 +
*800 [[Charlemagne]] crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day, marking the break of Frankish civilization away from the Orthodox Christian Roman Empire; [[Book of Kells]] produced in Ireland.
 +
*800 Ambassadors of Caliph Harunu al-Rashid give keys to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]] to Charlemagne, acknowledging some Frankish control over the interests of Christians in Jerusalem ; establishment of the [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Saint Mary in Jerusalem. 
 +
*801 Controversy in Jerusalem over Frankish pilgrims using [[Filioque]]. 
 +
*803 [[Council of Clovesho II]] abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the [[Western Rite]] amongst the English speaking peoples. 
 +
*810 Pope Leo III bans use of [[Filioque]]. 
 +
*814 Conflict between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] over iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.   
 +
*826 [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity. 
 +
*828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]]. 
 +
*ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].   
 +
*836 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]].
 +
 
 +
==Late Byzantine era (843-1054)==
 +
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))]]''
 +
*843 [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.     
 +
*850 [[Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] of the head of [[John the Forerunner]]. 
 +
*852 [[Ansgar]] founds churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark. 
 +
*858 [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.     
 +
*ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]]. 
 +
*861 [[Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church of Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons. 
 +
*862 [[Rastislav of Moravia]] converts to Christianity. 
 +
*863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by [[Cyril and Methodius]]. 
 +
*863 Venetians steal relics of [[Apostle Mark]] from Alexandria. 
 +
*864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon. 
 +
*865 Bulgaria under Khan [[Boris of Bulgaria|Boris I]] converts to [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]].   
 +
*866 Vikings raid and capture York in England. 
 +
*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III the Amorian|Michael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople. 
 +
*867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday. 
 +
*869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council." 
 +
*870 Conversion of Serbia; death of [[Rastislav of Moravia]]; martyrdom of [[w:Edmund the Martyr|Edmund]], King of East Anglia.   
 +
*877 Death of [[Ignatius of Constantinople]], who appoints [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.     
 +
*878 King [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]] of Wessex defeats Vikings; the Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes (the [[w:Danelaw|Danelaw]]). 
 +
*879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]].   
 +
*885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy. 
 +
*885 Death of [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]]. 
 +
*886 [[w:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic alphabet]], (now called [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]) adopted in Bulgarian Empire; St [[w:Alfred the Great|Alfred the Great]], King of Wessex, captures London from the Danes.         
 +
*910 [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine]] [[w:Cluny Abbey|Abbey of Cluny]] founded in France.
 +
*899 Death of [[Alfred the Great]]. 
 +
*911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary]]. 
 +
*912 Normans become Christian; [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.   
 +
*927 [[Church of Bulgaria]] recognized as [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]. 
 +
*931 Abbott [[w:Odo of Cluny|Odo of Cluny]] reforms monasteries in Aquitaine, northern France, and Italy, starting the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] within the [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine order]], focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art and caring for the poor.     
 +
*935 Martyrdom of [[Wenceslas]], prince of the Czechs.   
 +
*944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Image Not-made-by-hands|Icon Not Made By Hands]].
 +
*945 [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes Abbot of [[w:Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]].         
 +
*957 [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople.   
 +
*960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for Byzantines; [[Dunstan of Canterbury|Dunstan]] becomes [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], reforming monasteries and enforcing rule of [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedict]].   
 +
*962 Denmark becomes Christian nation with [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth"); [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] formed, with Pope John XII crowning Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor.
 +
*963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]. 
 +
*965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II Phocas]] gains Cyprus completely for the Byzantines.     
 +
*969 Death of [[Olga of Kiev]]; Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs. 
 +
*972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]). 
 +
*973 [[w:Great Moravia|Moravia]] assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under jurisdiction of German church. 
 +
*975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem. 
 +
*978 Death of King [[Edward the Martyr]]. 
 +
*980 Revelation of the ''[[Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a monk on [[Mount Athos]]. 
 +
*980-5 The [[Western Rite|Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion is founded on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]].     
 +
*987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith.   
 +
*988 '[[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II. 
 +
*992 Death of [[Michael of Kiev|Michael]], first Metropolitan of Kiev. 
 +
*995 [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.
 +
*1000 Conversion of Greenland and Iceland. 
 +
*1008 Conversion of Sweden. 
 +
*1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]].   
 +
*1009 [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem destroyed by the "mad" Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, founder of the [[w:Druze|Druze]]. 
 +
*1012 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah issues oppressive decrees against Jews and Christians including the destruction of all Christian and Jewish houses of worship.     
 +
*1014 [[Filioque]] used for first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. 
 +
*1015 Death of [[Vladimir of Kiev]]. 
 +
*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity. 
 +
*1022 Death of [[Simeon the New Theologian]].     
 +
*1027 Frankish protectorate over Christian interests in Jerusalem is replaced by a Byzantine protectorate, which begin reconstruction of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].
 +
*1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I Studites of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]].
 +
*1036 Byzantine [[w:Michael IV the Paphlagonian|Emperor Michael IV]] makes a truce with the Caliph of Egypt to allow rebuilding of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] by Byzantine masons; [[w:Varangian Guard|Varangian Guard]] of the Byzantine Emperor sent to protect pilgrims.
 +
*1043 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
 +
*1045-50 [[St. Sophia Cathedral (Novgorod)|Cathedral of Saint Sophia in Novgorod]] built, the oldest Orthodox church building in Russia, executed in an architectural style more austere than the Byzantine, reminiscent of the [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. 
 +
*1048 Re-consecration of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Holy Sepulchre]].  
 
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
 
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
−
*1052 [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor]] founds Westminster Abbey, near London.
+
 
−
*1053 Death of Saint Lazarus the Wonder-worker of Mount Galesius near Ephesus.
+
==Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453)==
−
*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West.
+
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))|Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))]]''
−
*1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; the term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]].
+
*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida|Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]], patriarch of Constantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West; First Letter of [[Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople|Michael Cerularius]] to Peter of Antioch.  
−
*1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the reformation of the church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics.
+
*1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours condemned in Rome; term ''transubstantiation'' begins to come in to use, ascribed to [[Peter Damian]].  
−
*1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] capture Jerusalem and  defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor.
+
*1064 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] storm Anatolia taking Caesarea and Ani, conquering Armenia. 
−
*1071 Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]].
+
*1066 Normans invade England flying banner of Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at Battle of Hastings. 
−
*ca.1071-1176 Byzantine epic poem [http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites Digenes Akrites] is written, set in the ninth and tenth centuries, inspired by the almost continuous state of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minor, presenting a comprehensive picture of the intense frontier life of the [[w:Acritic songs|Akrites]], the border guards of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
+
*1066-1171 Beginning reformation of English church and society to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics.  
−
*1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:Gregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms]] (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of the papacy over the empire, right of the Pope to depose emperors).
+
*1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]].    
−
*1074 Death of St [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves|Theodosius, Abbot of the Kiev Caves Monastery]] and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia.
+
*1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Gregory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the [[w:Gregorian Reform|Gregorian reforms]] (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of papacy over empire, right of Pope to depose emperors); Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara. 
−
*1075 ''[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy.
+
*1074 Death of [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]].  
−
*1087 Translation of the relics of [[Nicholas of Myra|St Nicholas the Wonderworker]] from Myra to Bari.
+
*1075 ''[[w:Dictatus papae|Dictatus Papae]]'' document advances Papal supremacy. 
−
*1088 Founding of monastery of St. [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos.
+
*1077 The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem and kill 3,000 citizens; Seljuks capture Nicea. 
−
*1095 Launching of the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].
+
*1084 Antioch is captured by the Seljuk Turks.  
−
*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders.
+
*1088 Founding of monastery of [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos; election of Pope [[w:Pope Urban II|Urban II]], a prominent member of the [[w:Cluniac Reforms|Cluniac Reform movement]] .  
−
*1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East.  
+
*1095 Launching of the [[w:First Crusade|First Crusade]].    
−
*1098 Crusaders capture Antioch.
+
*1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes ''Cur Deus homo'', marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East.  
−
*1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as ''[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]''.
+
*1098 Crusaders capture Antioch.  
−
*1108 Death of St Nicetas of the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod.
+
*1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem founding the [[w:Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem|Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and other crusader states known collectively as "[[w:Outremer|Outremer]]." 
−
*1119 Order of Knights Templar founded.
+
*1108 Death of Nicetas of [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Caves]], Bishop of Novgorod.  
−
*ca.1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Gabriel II]] initiates the acceptance of Arabic as a liturgical language (in addition to the Coptic), with his Arabic translation of the [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]].
+
*ca. 1131-45 Coptic Pope of Alexandria [[w:Pope Gabriel II of Alexandria|Gabriel II]] initiates addition of Arabic as a liturgical language with his Arabic translation of the [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]].          
−
*1144 Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a [[w:Second Crusade|Second Crusade]] to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem; Kings Louis VII of France and Konrad III of Germany "take the cross", joining the Crusaders, but are defeated by Muslims; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa.
+
*1144 [[w:Second Crusade|Second Crusade]]; Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa.    
−
*1147 Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki, a ruler of the northeastern Rus, who  built the first fortress, or Kremlin, along the Moscow River.
+
*1149 Crusaders begin to renovate [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Romanesque style, adding a bell tower.  
−
*1149 Building on the work of Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine IX]] in 1048, the crusaders began to renovate the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in a Romanesque style, adding a bell tower.
+
*1159 [[w:John of Salisbury|John of Salisbury]] authors ''[[w:Policraticus|Policraticus]]'', a treatise on government drawing from the [[Holy Scripture|Bible]], the [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Codex Justinianus]], and arguing for [[w:Divine Right of Kings|Divine Right of Kings]].      
−
*1164 Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius (+1073), Bishop and Wonderworker of [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov|Rostov]].
+
*1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] "of the Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans.  
−
*1170 Miracle of the weeping icon of the [[Theotokos]] "of the Sign" at Novgorod; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, the city of Dublin is captured by the (Latin-rite) Normans.  
+
*1176 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Sultanate of Rum]] defeats Byzantine Empire in the [[w:Battle of Myriokephalon|Battle of Myriokephalon]], marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau; Al-Adil I, Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by Christian Copts in city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them.       
−
*1177 Latin King Baldwin of Jerusalem and his knights, with the Templars, defeated the Muslim army of Saladin at the [[w:Battle of Montgisard|Battle of Montgisard]].
+
* 1179 Pope Alexander III convened the [[w:Third Council of the Lateran|Third Lateran Council]], which was attended by a certain Nectarios of the important [[w:Basilian monks|Basilian]] Monastery of St. Nicholas of Kasoulon near [[w:Otranto|Otranto]], under Norman patronage, who made himself the champion of the Greek Church, and vigorously supported their [[Byzantine Rite|customs and doctrines]].<ref>K. Lake. ''"The Greek Monasteries in South Italy III."'' '''J Theol Studies''' (1903) os-V(17): 22-41. p. 35.</ref>
−
*1179 Death of [[w:Hildegard of Bingen|Hildegard von Bingen]] (1098-1179), [[Benedict of Nursia|Benedictine]] Abbess, medieval mystic, and [[w:polymath|polymath]].
+
*1180 Last formal acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch. 
−
*1180 Last formal, canonical acceptance of Latins to communion at an Orthodox altar in Antioch.
+
*1182 [[Maronite Catholic Church|Maronites]], who assisted the Crusaders during the Crusades, reaffirm their affiliation with Rome in 1182; dedication of [[w:Monreale#The_Cathedral|Monreale Cathedral]] in Sicily, containing the largest cycle of Byzantine mosaics extant in Italy.    
−
*1187 [[w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at the [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)|Battle of Hattin]], and returns Christian holy places to the [[Church of Jerusalem|Orthodox Church]].
+
*1186 Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of Bulgaria and Serbia.  
−
*1189 [[w:Third Crusade|Third Crusade]] led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
+
*1187 [[w:Saladin|Saladin]] retakes Jerusalem after destroying crusader army at [[w:Battle of Hattin (1187)|Battle of Hattin]], and returns Christian holy places to [[Church of Jerusalem|Orthodox Church]].  
−
*ca.1189 In response to the capture of old Jerusalem by Muslims in 1187, Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] (1189-1229) ordered the construction of a holy city hewn from rock as a New Jerusalem, thus building the twelve monolithic rock-cut churches in [[w:Lalibela|Lalibela]], one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, second only to [[w:Axum|Axum]], and a center of pilgrimage.
+
*1189 [[w:Third Crusade|Third Crusade]] led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.  
−
*1191 Cyprus taken from the Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart."
+
*ca. 1189 Ethiopian Emperor [[w:Gebre Mesqel Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]] orders construction of [[w:Lalibela|Lalibela]].    
−
*1198 Cyprus sold by England to Frankish crusaders.
+
*1204 [[Fourth Crusade]] [[Sacking of Constantinople|sacks Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and stealing many [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; [[w:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore I Lascaris]] establishes the [[w:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of Nicaea]].    
−
*1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade [[Sacking of Constantinople|sack Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and stealing many holy [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act.
+
*ca.1207 [[w:Stephen Langton|Stephen Langton]] divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in use today.      
−
*ca.1204-61 Monks of Iveron monastery on [[Mount Athos]] martyred by the Latins in the 13th century, observed on [[May 13]].
+
*ca.1220 English Bp. [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore ] is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "[[Sarum Use|Use of Sarum]]", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the West.      
−
*1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by the Ottoman Turks in 1669.
+
*1228 [[w:Sixth Crusade|Sixth Crusade]] results in 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem ceded to Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem.  
−
*1212 The [[w:Children's Crusade|Children's Crusade]], led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes, sets out for the Holy Land from France.
+
*1231 [[w:Medieval Inquisition|Papal Inquisition]] initiated by Pope Gregory IX, charged with suppressing heresy.  
−
*1213 Death of Blessed [[w:Tamar of Georgia|Tamara the Great, Queen of Georgia]].
+
*1235 Death of [[Sava of Serbia]].  
−
*1217-21 [[w:Fifth Crusade|Fifth Crusade]].
+
*1237 Golden Horde begin [[Church of Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|subjugation of Russia]]. 
−
*1228 [[w:Sixth|Sixth Crusade]] resulted in a 10-year treaty starting in 1229 between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and the Egyptian sultan; Jerusalem was ceded to the Franks, along with a narrow corridor to the coast, as well as Nazareth, Sidon, Jaffa and Bethlehem.
+
*1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva. 
−
*1235 Death of St. [[Sava of Serbia|Sava of Serbia]].
+
*1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in [[w:Battle of the Ice|Battle of Lake Peipus]], a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders. 
−
*1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin [[Church of_Russia#Mongol Tartars over Russia (1237-1448)|subjugation of Russia]].
+
*1244 Jerusalem conquered and razed by [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering Seventh Crusade.    
−
*1240 Mongols sack Kiev; Prince [[Alexander Nevsky]] defeats Swedish army at Battle of the Neva.
+
*1247 [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks.      
−
*1242 [[Alexander Nevsky]]'s Novgorodian force defeats Teutonic Knights in the [[w:Battle of the Ice|Battle of Lake Peipus]], a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders.
+
*1258 [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins. 
−
*1244 Jerusalem is conquered and completely razed by [[w:Khwarezm|Khwarezmian]] mercenaries (Oghuz Turks) serving under the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] ruler of Egypt Salih Ayyub, triggering the Seventh Crusade.
+
*1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.
−
*1247 [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] conquer Jerusalem, driving out the Khwarezmian Turks.
+
*ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].
−
*1248-54 [[w:Seventh Crusade|Seventh Crusade]].  
+
*1260 Subjugation of [[Church of Cyprus]] to the [[Roman Catholic Church]].  
−
*1258 [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of the Greek peninsula from Latins.
+
*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred. 
−
*1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.
+
*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch. 
−
*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs.
+
*1269 Orthodox patriarch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile and usurpation by Latin patriarch.
−
*1261 Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[w:Mystras|Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred.
+
*1274 Second [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.
−
*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.
+
*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[John XI Bekkos of Constantinople|John XI Bekkos]] elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed [[Councils of Lyons|Council of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the Latins. 
−
*1270 The [[w:Eighth Crusade|Eighth Crusade]] is launched by [[w:Louis IX of France|Louis IX]], King of France.
+
*ca. 1280 ''[[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]]'' ("Book of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings.  
−
*1271-72 The [[Ninth Crusade|Ninth Crusade]] led by [[w:Edward I of England|Prince Edward]] of England to Acre, is considered to be the last of the medieval Crusades to the Holy Land.
+
*1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]].     
−
*1274 [[Council of Lyons]] held, proclaiming union between the Orthodox East and the Roman Catholic West, but generally unaccepted in the East.
+
*1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land.  
−
*1275 Unionist Patriarch of Constantinople [[John XI Beccus of Constantinople|John XI Beccus]] elected to replace Patriarch [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed the [[Council of Lyons]]; 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], martyred by the Latins.
+
*1298 [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]], and [[Gregory the Dialogist|Pope Gregory I]] are named collectively as the first Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Western Church.  
−
*ca. 1280 ''[[w:Kebra Nagast|Kebra Nagast]]'' ("Book of the Glory of Kings") compiled, a repository of Ethiopian national and religious feelings.
+
*1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy. 
−
*1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.
+
*1326 Metr. [[Peter of Moscow|Peter]] moves his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow.          
−
*1291 Fall of Acre; end of crusading in Holy Land.
+
*1332 [[w:Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|Amda Syon]], Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces, allowing for the spread of Christianity to frontier areas.  
−
*1302 Papal Bull ''[[w:Unam sanctum|Unam Sanctum]]'' issued by Pope [[Boniface VIII of Rome|Boniface VIII]] proclaims Papal supremacy.
+
*1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]].  
−
*1326 Moscow became the seat of the Russian Orthodox Metropolitanate, as  [[Peter of Moscow|Metropolitan Peter]] moved his see from Kiev to Vladimir and then to Moscow.   
+
*1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]].  
−
*1309 The island of Rhodes falls to the [[w:Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. John]], who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the Knights of Rhodes (1309-1522).  
+
*1340 [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra]] founded by [[Sergius of Radonezh]]. 
−
*1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece is established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]].
+
*1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]].  
−
*1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] (1296-1359) writes ''Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]].
+
*1342 Patriarchate of Antioch transferred to Damascus under [[Ignatius II of Antioch|Ignatius II]].  
−
*1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91).
+
*1349 Prince [[Stephen Dushan]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar); principality of [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] (Halitsh) comes under Polish control.    
−
*1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of St. [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]].
+
*1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli.  
−
*1344 Death of Amda Syon, Emperor of Ethiopia.
+
*1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]].   
−
*1349 Prince [[Stephen Dushan]] of Serbia assumes the title of ''Tsar'' (Caesar).
+
*1360 Death of [[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer.     
−
*1353 Death of Saints Sergius and Herman, Abbots and Wonder-workers of [[Valaam Monastery|Valaam]].
+
*1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome. 
−
*1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, at Gallipoli.
+
*ca. 1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, "among the Greeks."  
−
*1359 Death of St. [[Gregory Palamas]].  
+
*1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif.  
−
*1360 Death of St John Koukouzelis, the Hymnographer of the Great [[Lavra|Lavra]] on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]], maistor (master of music), theorist and composer, who codified the second major form of [[Byzantine Chant]] known as ''kalophonic'', being highly melismatic, protracted, embellished and grandiose.
+
*1383 [[Stephen of Perm]], missionary to Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of [[Theotokos of Tikhvin]] icon.  
−
*1365 Crusaders under Latin King [[w:Peter I of Cyprus|Peter I of Cyprus]] sacked Alexandria, Egypt.
+
*1385 [[w:Union of Krewo|Kreva Agreement]] provides for conversion of Lithuanian nobles and all pagan Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, joining Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the Kingdom of Poland through a dynastic union.  
−
*1378 Death of [[Alexis of Moscow|St. Alexis]], Metropolitan of Kiev and Wonderworker.
+
*1387 [[w:Christianization of Lithuania|Lithuania converts to Roman Catholicism]], while most [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] lands (Belarus and Ukraine) remain Orthodox.  
−
*1379 Western Great Schism ensues, including simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome.
+
*1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar]], prince of Serbia. 
−
*ca.1380 English Church reformer John Wyclif writes that the true faith is preserved only in the East, ''"among the Greeks."''
+
*1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia.  
−
*1382-95 [[w:Wyclif's Bible|First English Bible]] translated by John Wyclif.
+
*1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time. 
−
*1383 St. [[Stephen of Perm]], missionary to the Zyrians, consecrated bishop; appearance of the [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]].
+
*1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]].   
−
*1389 Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje; death of [[Saint titles|Great-martyr]] Lazarus (Lazar), prince of Serbia.
+
*1414-18 Council of Constance in Roman Catholic Church represents high point for [[w:Conciliarism|Conciliar Movement]] over authority of pope. 
−
*1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.
+
*1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]]. 
−
*1410 Iconographer [[Andrei Rublev]] paints his most famous icon depicting the three angels who appeared to Abraham and Sarah, the angels being considered a type of the [[Holy Trinity|Holy Trinity]].  
+
*1418 Latin monk [[w:Thomas à Kempis|Thomas à Kempis]] authors ''[[w:The Imitation of Christ (book)|The Imitation of Christ]]''. 
−
*1417 End of Western Great Schism at the [[Council of Constance]].
+
*1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople. 
−
*1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople.
+
*1423-24 [[w:Council of Siena|Council of Siena]] in the Roman Catholic Church was the high point of [[w:Conciliarism|conciliarism]], emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council, but the conciliarism expressed there was later branded as a heresy. 
−
*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West attempted at the [[Council of Florence]], where only St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome.
+
*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with West attempted at [[Council of Florence]], where only [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to demands of delegates from Rome. 
−
*1444 [[Donation of Constantine]] proved forgery.
+
*1440-41 Encyclical Letter of [[Mark of Ephesus]]. 
 +
*1444 ''[[Donation of Constantine]]'' proved forgery.  
 
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
 
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] unilaterally declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
−
*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allowed the union to be proclaimed.
+
*1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed.  
−
*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending the Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]], martyred by the Ottoman Turks.
+
*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]].
 +
[[Media:Example.ogg]]
  
 
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
 
==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
−
*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]].
+
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))]]''
−
*1461 Death of St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow; commemoration of the Apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskhet in Georgia, [[October 1]].
+
*1455 Gutenberg makes first printed [[Bible]].  
−
*1462 Wonderworking icon of the [[Mantamados|Archangel Michael of Mantamados]] is created after the Byzantine monastery of the Taxiarchis (''Archangel'') [[Archangel Michael|Michael]] is destroyed by invading Ottoman Turks and all the monks are slaughtered; the sole surviving [[novice]]-monk credited his salvation to a miracle of the Archangel and made the icon, in relief, using clay earth mixed with in with the blood of his slain brothers.
+
*1455-56 ''Confession of Faith'' by Patr. Gennadius of Constantinople.  
−
*1480 Spanish Inquisition; meeting of the [[Theotokos of Vladimir|Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]] in memory of saving Moscow from the invasion of Khan Ahmed, observed on [[June 23]].
+
*1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].        
−
*1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar.
+
*1492 Millennialist movements in Moscow, due to end of church calendar (year 7,000, according to the [[Byzantine Creation Era|Byzantine Date of Creation]]).  
−
*1497 Hieromartyr Macarius, Metropolitan of Kyiv, martyred by invading Tatars.
+
*1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]].    
−
*1503 [[Church of Russia#Non-Possessors|Possessor and Non-Possessor controversy]].  
+
*1516 Desiderius Erasmus publishes "[[w:Textus Receptus|Textus Receptus]]" of New Testament on the basis of six late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type. 
−
*1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.
+
*1517 [[Maximus the Greek]] invited to Russia to translate Greek service books and correct Russian ones; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria.    
−
*1522 Martin Luther's translates [[New Testament]] in German and principle of ''[[w:Sola scriptura|Sola Scriptura]]'' becomes formal principle of Protestant Reformation.
+
*1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily III for divorcing his wife and are driven underground.  
−
*1526 [[Non-Possessors]] attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground.  
+
*1529 First Ottoman [[w:Siege of Vienna|Siege of Vienna]], marking Ottoman Empire's apex and end of Ottoman expansion in central Europe.                
−
*1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.
 
−
*1536 Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''. 
 
−
*1536-41 [[w:Dissolution of the Monasteries|Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in England, Wales and Ireland, with [[w:List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England|over 800 religious houses dissolved]] during the [[English Reformation]].
 
−
*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia; formal founding of the [[w:Society of Jesus|Jesuits]].
 
−
*1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.
 
−
*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, neutralizing Adal threat to Ethiopia.
 
−
*1545-63 [[w:Council of Trent|Council of Trent]] held to answer the Protestant Reformation.
 
 
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
 
*1551 [[Council of the Hundred Chapters]] in Russia.
−
*1552 Death of St. [[Basil the Blessed]], [[Fool for Christ]].  
+
*1555 Abp. Gurian begins mission to Kazan.     
−
*1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564).
+
*1557 Death of [[Basil the Blessed]].
−
*1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland.
+
*1568 Pope Pius V recognizes four Great [[w:Doctor of the Church|Doctors]] of the Eastern Church, [[John Chrysostom]], [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus]], and [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]].    
−
*1569 Martyrdom of St. [[Philip of Moscow|Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow]], at the hands of Ivan IV Grozny.  
+
*1569 [[w:Union of Lublin|Union of Lublin]] unites Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the [[w:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], placing the [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] Orthodox lands of Belarus, and modern Ukraine under direct Roman Catholic rule.  
−
*1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].
+
*1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule.    
−
*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.
+
*1573-81 Correspondence of Patr. [[Jeremias II (Tranos) of Constantinople|Jeremias II of Constantinople]] with Lutherans.  
 +
*1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].      
 
*1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII.
 
*1582 Institution of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Pope Gregory XIII.
−
*1583 The [[Sigillion of 1583]] was issued against the Calendar of Pope Gregory XIII of Rome by a council convened in Constantinople.
+
*1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople.  
−
*1589 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Russia]] recognized; [[primate]] of the [[Church of Russia]] styled as ''[[patriarch]]''.
+
*1587-Present. The relatively modest [[w:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. 
−
*1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church.
+
*1589 [[Autocephaly]] and [[canonical territory]] of [[Church of Russia]] recognized, as Patr. Jeremias II of Constantinople raises Metr. Job of Moscow to the rank of [[Patriarch]] of Moscow and of All Russia.  
−
*1604 Death of the Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo.
+
*1596 [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Constantinople]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church.  
−
*1607 Death of St [[Job of Moscow|Job]], First Patriarch of Moscow.
+
*ca. 1600-1700 Conversion of Albania to Islam mainly through discriminatory tax system, the ''Djize''.          
−
*1609-10 The [[w:Douay-Rheims Bible|Douay-Rheims Bible]] (D-R) is printed, the first complete English Roman Catholic Bible, translated from the Latin [[Vulgate]].
+
*1625 ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written.  
−
*1611 The [[w:Authorized King James Version|Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible (KJV-AV) is printed, including all of the [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books]] (''officially removed by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1885'').
+
*1627 Pope [[Cyril Lucaris]] of Alexandria presents [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for safe keeping.  
−
*1612 Death of Hieromartyr [[Hermogenes of Moscow|Hermogenes]], Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia; the [[Our Lady of Kazan|Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos]], commemorating the deliverance from the Poles, [[October 22]].
+
*1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia.  
−
*1627 Pope [[Cyril Lukaris]] of Alexandria presents the famous [[Codex Alexandrinus]] to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping."
+
*1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain [[Deuterocanon|deuterocanonical]] books.    
−
*1633 Ethiopian emperor [[w:Fasilides of Ethiopia|Fasilides]] expels Jesuits and other Roman Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia.
+
*1646 [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] joins 63 Ruthenian Orthodox priests from the Carpathian Mountains to Roman Catholic Church on terms similar to [[Union of Brest]].          
−
*1642 [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Mogila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology and confirms canonicity of certain deuterocanonical books.
+
*1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to mass excommunication and schism of dissenters, who become known as [[Old Believers]].          
−
*1647 Orthodox church erected in Tunisia.
+
*1672 [[w:Synod of Jerusalem|Synod of Jerusalem]] convened by Patr. [[Dositheos II of Jerusalem|Dositheos Notaras]], refuting article by article the Calvinistic confession of [[Cyril Lucaris]], defining Orthodoxy relative to Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and defining the Orthodox Biblical canon; acts of this council are later signed by all five patriarchates (including Russia).  
−
*1649 Martyrdom of Saint [[Athanasius of Brest-Litovsk|Athanasius, Abbot of Brest]], by the Latins.
+
*1682 The ''Sabaite [[Typikon]]'' was published in its final form in Russia; from 1682 to 1888 the Greek and Russian Churches shared a common [[Typikon]]. 
−
*1652 School and hospital established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikios.
+
*1685-87 The [[w:Slavic Greek Latin Academy|Slavic Greek Latin Academy]] is organized as the first higher education establishment in Moscow, under the guidance of two Greek brothers, [[Joannicus and Sophronius Likhud]], on the premises of the [[w:Zaikonospassky monastery|Zaikonospassky Monastery]] with over 70 students.
−
*1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customs, leading to excommunication of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]].
+
*1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing by [[Church of Russia]].    
−
*1654 Icon of the Most Holy [[Theotokos]] of the Kievan Brotherhood.
+
*1698 Consecration of the first Orthodox [[Church of China|Church in China]], in the name of Sophia (Divine Wisdom), when Emperor Kangxi ordered a Buddhist temple to be cleared for Russian inhabitants in Beijing.
−
*1656 The [[w:New Jerusalem Monastery|New Jerusalem Monastery]], also known as the Voskresensky Monastery is founded by Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow|Nikon]] at Istra near Moscow, intended to represent the Heavenly Jerusalem.
+
*1700 The ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' calendar in Russia, in use since AD 988 was changed to the [[Julian Calendar]] by Peter the Great; Peter the Great published an ''Ukase''  on [[June 18|June 18th]] that made a resounding appeal for the propagation of the faith in Siberia and China.
−
*1675 Icon of the [[Theotokos]] of God of Pochaiv, commemorating her Miraculous Appearance at Pochaiv, which saved the monastery from the assault of the Tartars and Turks, celebrated on [[July 23]].
+
*1700-02 Submission of the dioceses of Lemberg (Lviv) and Luzk (Lutsk) in the [[w:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galician]] area of Ukraine to Roman Catholic Church completes [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], so that two-thirds of the Orthodox in western Ukraine had become Greek Catholic.  
−
*1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing, China by the [[Church of Russia]].
+
*1715 Metr. [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.
−
*1688 Icon of the Most Holy [[Theotokos]] "[[Mother of God Joy of All Who Sorrow|The Joy of All Who Sorrow]]", [[October 24]].
+
*1715-1956 [[Russian Orthodox Mission in China|Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China]].
−
*1715 Metropolitan [[Arsenios of Thebaid]] sent to England by Pope [[Samuel of Alexandria]] to negotiate with [[Non-Jurors|Non-Juror]] Anglican bishops.
+
*1716-25 Correspondence of Ecumenical Patriarch and Russian Czar with English Non-Jurors. 
−
*1721 Czar Peter I replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]].
+
*1721 Czar [[Peter I of Russia]] replaces Russian patriarchate with a ruling [[holy synod]].  
−
*1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.
+
*1724 [[Melkite]] schism, in which many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.
−
*1731 Death of St. Innocent, first bishop of Irkutsk.
+
*1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar with the ''[[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]]'' (AD).
−
*1756 The [[Sigillion of 1756]] was issued against the New Calendar by Ecumenical Patriarch Cyril V of Constantinople.
+
*1731 Death of [[Innocent of Irkutsk]].  
−
*1760 [[Holy Trinity St. Seraphim-Diveyevo Convent]] founded in Russia.
+
*1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]]. 
−
*1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida; Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants.
+
*1755 Synod of Constantinople declares Roman Catholic baptism invalid and ordered baptism of converts from Roman Catholicism.   
−
*1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland.
+
*1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople]].    
−
*1774 Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed the [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians.
+
*1767 Ottoman Empire legally divides [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] among claimants.  
−
*1779 Death of St. [[Kosmas Aitolos]].
+
*1767-1815 [[w:Suppression of the Society of Jesus|Suppression of the Jesuits]] in Roman Catholic countries, subsequently finding refuge in Orthodox nations, particularly in Russia. 
−
*1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]].
+
*1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland.  
−
*1794 Missionaries, including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of St. [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos.
+
*ca. 1770 About 1,200 Kiev region Uniate churches return to Orthodoxy under political pressure from Russia. 
−
*1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] published the ''“Unseen Warfare”'' in Venice, revising Venetian priest [[w:Lorenzo Scupoli|Lorenzo Scupoli's]] two works the ''“Spiritual Combat” (1599 ed.)'' and ''“Path to Paradise” (1600),'' to remove Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayer.  
+
*1774 Russia and Ottoman Empire sign [[w:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca|treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji]], bringing Russia for the first time into the Mediterranean as the acknowledged protector of Orthodox Christians.  
−
*1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens.
+
*1779 Death of [[Kosmas Aitolos]].  
−
*1803 Death of St [[Xenia of St. Petersburg|Xenia of Petersburg]], [[Fool-for-Christ]].
+
*1782 First publication of ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]].  
−
*1809-10 Rotunda and edicule exterior of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] rebuilt after fire in Ottoman Baroque style.
+
*1793-95 Over 2,300 Uniate churches became Orthodox under Tsarina Catherine the Great.   
−
*1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].
+
*1794 Missionaries, including [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska; death of [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] of Moldova and Mt. Athos.  
−
*1814 New-Martyrs Euthymius, Ignatius, and ''Acacius (1816)'' of [[Mount Athos]].
+
*1796 [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice. 
 +
*1798 Patriarch [[Anthimus of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of the [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and of Western [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].
 +
*1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens.      
 +
*1805 Death of [[Macarius Notaras of Corinth|Makarius of Corinth]], a central figure in the [[Kollyvades Movement|Kollyvades]] movement.      
 +
*1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].      
 +
*1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
  
 
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
 
==Modern era (1821-1917)==
−
*1821 Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; execution of [[Saint titles|Hieromartyrs]] Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation.
+
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))]]''
−
*1823 Miracle-working icon of Panagia Evangelistria is excavated on the Greek island of Tinos, according to a vision from St. Pelagia, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)]].
+
*1821 Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]]; martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation.    
−
*1825 Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary.
+
*ca. 1830 [[Slavophile movement]] begins in Russia.  
−
*1829 Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state.
+
*1831 Return of 3,000,000 [[Uniate]]s with the [[Orthodox Church]] at Vilnius in 1831.  
−
*ca.1830 Drawing on the works of Greek patristics, Russian poets and literary critics, the [[w:Slavophile|Slavophile movement]] began in Russia attempting to reinforce Orthodox Christian values and Slavic cultural traditions, denouncing "westernizations" by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, and preferring Russian mysticism to Western rationalism.
+
*1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].  
−
*1831 The reunion of the 3,000,000 [[Uniate|Uniates]] with the [[Orthodox Church]] at Vilna in 1831, celebrated on [[May 24]].
+
*1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; death of [[Seraphim of Sarov]].  
−
*1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].
+
*1839 Synod of Polotsk abolishes [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]] in all areas under Russian rule as Greek Catholic dioceses in Lithuania and Belarus re-enter the Orthodox Church.    
−
*1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople]]; death of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]].
+
*1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]."  
−
*1847 Restoration of [[w:Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] by Pope Pius IX.
+
*1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Greece]].  
−
*1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as [[heresy]], declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]."
+
*1851 Translation into English of [[Septuagint]] by Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]].  
−
*1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Greece]].
+
*1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent.
−
*1851 Translation of [[Septuagint]] by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton; Ottoman Empire recognizes France as supreme Christian authority in Holy Land and grants it possession of the keys to the [[Church of the Nativity (Bethlehem)|Church of the Nativity]].
+
*1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, beginning over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land.  
−
*1852 Ottoman Empire makes division of [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] permanent.
+
*1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]].  
−
*1853-56 [[w:Crimean War|Crimean War]] fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire together with Britain and France, begins over which church would be recognized as the "sovereign authority" of the Christian faith in the Holy Land.
+
*1859 [[w:Constantin von Tischendorf|Constantin von Tischendorf]] discovers [[w:Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] at [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|St. Catherine's Monastery]].
−
*1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared [[dogma]] by [[Roman Catholic Church]].
+
*1860 Death of [[Alexei Stepanovich Khomiakov|Alexei Khomiakov]], co-founder of the [[Slavophile movement]]. 
−
*1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
+
*1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks; death of [[Jacob Netsvetov]].
−
*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
+
*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]].  
−
*1867 Sale of Alaska to United States; death of St. [[Ignatius Brianchaninov]], Russian bishop of the Caucasus and the Black Sea and ascetical writer.
+
*1869 Russian synod authorizes corrected text of [[Western Rite]] liturgy and Benedictine offices.  
−
*1869 Celebration of the first miracle of the [[Icon of the Theotokos at Chernigov-Gethsemane]].
+
*1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by First Vatican Council.  
−
*1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council.
+
*1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan.  
−
*1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan.
+
*1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan.    
−
*1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan.
+
*1875 Uniate diocese of [[w:Chełm|Chelm]] in Poland incorporated into Russian Orthodox Church under Alexander II, with all of the local Uniates converted to Orthodoxy. 
−
*1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Serbia]]; death of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]].
+
*1876 [[Theophan the Recluse]] begins issuing a translation of the ''[[Philokalia]]'' in Russian.   
−
*1881 Wave of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migration of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine).
+
*1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Serbia]]; death of [[Innocent of Alaska]].  
−
*1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removed all of the [[The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books|Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books]] from the [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]].
+
*1882 Synod of Constantinople gives conditional approval to use of Roman liturgy and Benedictine offices; [[Mitrophan Ji]] becomes the first Chinese ordained a priest in the [[Church of China]].
−
*ca.1890 The ''“Unseen Warfare”'' is further revised by Bishop [[Theophan the Recluse]], to remove unnecessary Latinisms and give a fuller expression to the Patristic doctrine of pure prayer.
+
*1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Romania]]; [[w:Revised Version|English Revised Version]] published; [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] officially removes all of [[Apocrypha]] from [[w:Authorized King James Version|King James Bible]].  
−
*1898 Last Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed.
+
*1888  ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia.
−
*1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]].
+
*1889 Federation of [[w:Old Catholic Church|Old Catholic Churches]], not in communion with Rome, at the [[w:Utrecht Union|Union of Utrecht]]. 
−
*1900 [[Chinese Martyrs of the Boxer Rebellion|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion.
+
*ca. 1890 ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' further revised by [[Theophan the Recluse]].   
−
*1903 Uncovering of the relics of St. [[Seraphim of Sarov]].
+
*1891 Death of [[Ambrose of Optina]].     
−
*1904 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts.
+
*1895 Reply of Synod of Constantinople to Pope Leo XIII.      
−
*1905 Seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.
+
*1898 Last ethnically Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed; [[Western Rite]] diocese organized in Czechoslovakia by [[Church of Russia]].  
−
*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]].
+
*1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]].  
−
*1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]].  
+
*1900 [[Martyrs of China|Martyrdom of Orthodox Christians]] in Chinese Boxer Rebellion (Yihetuan Movement).  
−
*1908 Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans.
+
*1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens.    
−
*1908 Death of St. [[John of Kronstadt]].
+
*1904 [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts; petition to Russian synod by Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]], Bp. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]], and Fr. [[John Kochurov]] to permit adaption of services taken from Anglican Book of Common Prayer for use by Orthodox people.  
−
*1912 Death of St. [[Nicholas of Japan]].
+
*1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]]; Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov's]] decree on freedom of religion results in about 250,000 [[w:Ruthenians|Ruthenians]] returning to [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniatism]]; seat of Russian Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.  
−
*1915-18 [[w:Armenian Genocide|Armenian Genocide]] in Turkey.
+
*1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]]; Commission on Anglican and Old Catholic Affairs of Russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from Book of Common Prayer and sets out criteria.  
 +
*1908 Fr. [[Nikodemos Sarikas]] sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by Ecumenical Patriarchate as first Orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans.  
 +
*1908 Death of [[John of Kronstadt]].    
 +
*1912 Death of [[Nicholas of Japan]].
  
 
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
 
==Communist era (1917-1991)==
−
*1917 British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia; [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America.  
+
: ''Main article:  [[Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))]]''
−
*1918 St. [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia murdered together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children; Hieromartyr [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich|Vladimir]], Metropolitan of Kiev, the first bishop to be tortured and slain by the Communists at the time of the Russian Revolution.  
+
*1917 [[w:Bolshevik Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] throws [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon]] as patriarch; [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by political chaos in Russia.
−
*1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier.  
+
*1917-40 [[w:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union|Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia]] begins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95,000 of whom were executed by firing squad.  
−
*1920 Death of St. [[Nektarios of Aegina]].
+
*1918 Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] murdered together with his wife [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children.
−
*1921 [[Church of Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and Patriarch of Alexandria thenceforth known as the Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] is formed.
+
*1919-1922 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Pontic Greek Genocide|Pontic Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond.  
−
*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] begins; Vladimir Lenin proclaimed the establishment of the [[w:Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (USSR), a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from from Dec. 1922 to Dec. 1991.
+
*1920 Death of [[Nektarios of Aegina]]; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement.  
−
*1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by the [[Church of Constantinople]].
+
*1921 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as ''Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and All Africa]]''; [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of America]] formed ; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow; [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague|Gorazd (Pavlik)]] consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is declared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).
−
*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]]; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George McGuire.
+
*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares [[autocephaly]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]; formation of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]; [[Solovetsky Monastery]] converted by Lenin's decree to the [[w:Solovki|"Solovki Special Purpose Camp"]], one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity; the predominatly Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Christian civilization.    
−
*1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of Patriarch Saint [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon of All Russia]].
+
*1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection.
−
*1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated a bishop of the African Orthodox Church; Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established.
+
*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Poland]].  
−
*1928 The [[Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius]] is founded to pray and work for Christian Unity.
+
*1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]]; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]. 
−
*1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]]; the USSR banned the sale or importation of [[Holy Scripture|Bibles]].  
+
*1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a [[Western Rite]] diocese in Poland of [[Church of Russia]] under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; [[John Maximovitch]] tonsured by [[ROCOR]] Metr. [[Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev]]. 
−
*1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to Uganda to meet Reuben Spartas, establishing African Orthodox Church there.
+
*1927 Bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of [[American Orthodox Catholic Church]], including a [[Western Rite]] missionary outreach.    
−
*1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]].
+
*1929 Kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify [[w:Lateran Treaty|Lateran Treaty]], recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the [[w:Vatican City|Vatican City]].  
−
*1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; Clergy who opposed the Nazi regime in Germany had their homes raided by secret police.
+
*1931 Reception of [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]].  
−
*1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute).  
+
*1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to [[Uganda]] to meet [[Christopher Reuben Spartas|Reuben Spartas]], establishing African Orthodox Church there.  
−
*1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]].
+
*1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]].  
−
*1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].  
+
*1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; episcopal consecration of [[John Maximovitch]].  
 +
*1935 Critical edition of [[Septuagint]] published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act.  
 +
*1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the [[Church of Ethiopia|Ethiopian Orthodox Church]].  
 +
*1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using [[Western Rite]]. 
 +
*1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's [[w:Great Purge|Great Purge]].  
 
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
 
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Albania]].
−
*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; death of St. [[Silouan the Athonite]].
+
*1938 Death of [[Silouan the Athonite]]; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]] founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. [[Orestes (Chornock) of Agathonikeia|Orestes Chornock]], were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.  
−
*1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Genocide kill] 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]].
+
*1941 Martyrdom of [[Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague]] by Nazis.  
−
*1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as Patriarch of Moscow.
+
*1941-45 Croatian [[w:Ustaše|Ustasa]] terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]].  
−
*1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]].  
+
*1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius I]] as patriarch of Moscow.  
−
*1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda.
+
*1943-44 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - [[w:Ukrainian Insurgent Army|Ukrainian Rebel Army]], aided by [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate]] Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA. 
−
*1947 [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] are discovered near Qumran in Egypt; death of St [[Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in Transcarpathia in the early 20th century.
+
*1944 Fr. [[Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis|Evgraph (Kovalevsky)]] completes restoration of [[Divine Liturgy according to St. Germanus of Paris|Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris]]. 
−
*1948 Establishment of [[w:State of Israel|State of Israel]] and end of [[w:British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]; [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II)
+
*1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]].
−
*1948 The Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches ([[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]) which had just been formed.
+
*1945-90 Persecution of the [[Church of Albania|Orthodox Church in Albania]]. 
−
*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a dogma.
+
*1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]] and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia.  
−
*1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]].
+
*1947 Death of [[Alexis (Kabaliuk) of Carpathia|Alexei Kabalyiuk]], who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in [[w:Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] in the early 20th century.  
−
*1952 New Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimage.
+
*1948 [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); [[w:World Council of Churches|World Council of Churches]] is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Church]] from [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches. 
−
*1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]].
+
*1949 Soviet authorities revoke the [[w:Union of Uzhhorod|Union of Uzhhorod]] of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow.
−
*1958 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] with the reception of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxy.
+
*1950 [[w:Pope Pius XII|Pope Pius XII]] proclaims the [[w:Bodily Assumption|Bodily Assumption]] of the Virgin Mary as a dogma.  
−
*1959 Archbishop [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; Autocephaly granted for the [[Church of Ethiopia]] as Coptic [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria|Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria]] crowned Abune Baslios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia.
+
*1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; 1500th anniversary celebration of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]].    
−
*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo.
+
*1952-60 With the [[w:Mau Mau Uprising|Mau-Mau Movement]] in Kenya (''British East Africa Protectorate''), the [[Orthodox Church]] is banished by the Colonial Government.
−
*1961 Death of St. [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.
+
*1953 Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]] accepts three [[Western Rite]] parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America.  
−
*1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of [[Apostle Mark]]; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]].  
+
*1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of China]].  
−
*1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]].
+
*1958 Patriarch of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by [[Western Rite]] in America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. [[John Maximovitch]], who authorizes the use of the restored Gallican rite.  
−
*1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054.
+
*1959 Abp. [[Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania]] establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency ''Porefthentes'' to revive the church's mission activities; autocephaly granted to the [[Church of Ethiopia]] by Coptic Pope [[Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria]].   
−
*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized).
+
*1961 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]]; death of [[Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol and Crimea]]; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes.
−
*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.
+
*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including restriction of ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and introduction of the Novus Ordo.  
−
*1968-71 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witnessed apparitions of the [[Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St Mary at [[Zeitun|Zeitoun]], Cairo, recognized as authentic by the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox Church]] and other churches.
+
*1963 Second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]].  
−
*1970 [[Orthodox Church in America]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; glorification of [[Herman of Alaska|Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya.
+
*1964 Meeting of Pope [[Paul VI of Rome]] and Patr. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; [[Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov]] established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexis I]] and the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]].  
−
*1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] Greek Orthodox Theology Patriarchal School on Heybeliada Island near Istanbul closed by Turkish authorities.
+
*1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the [[excommunication]]s of 1054.
−
*1974 1600th anniversary of death of [[Athanasius the Great]].
+
*1966 The [[w:Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] almost totally destroyed the young [[Church of China|Chinese Orthodox Church]].
−
*1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]].
+
*1967 [[Macedonian Orthodox Church |Church of Macedonia]] unilaterally declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]] (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.
−
*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.
+
*1968 Visit to [[Patriarchate of Alexandria]] by Vatican representatives; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.  
 +
*1970 [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian-American Metropolia]] reconciles with [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of [[Church of Japan]] to Moscow, which grants it [[autonomy]]; Abp. [[Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus]] baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya.  
 +
*1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]] closed by Turkish authorities.    
 +
*1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.  
 +
*1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland.    
 
*1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate.
 
*1979 Pope [[John Paul II]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate.
−
*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]].
+
*1979 Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope [[John Paul II]] and Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]].    
−
*1980 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and Rhodes.
+
*1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the first time in Espoo, Finland.  
−
*1981 The [http://www.lutheranworld.org/What_We_Do/OEA/Bilateral_Relations/OEA-Lutheran-Orthodox.html Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission] met for the first time in Espoo, Finland.  
+
*1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes in Munich first official common document, ''"The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.
−
*1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 2nd plenary, publishes in Munich first official common document, ''The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity''; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.
+
*1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Divine Revelation."''  
−
*1984 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete.  
+
*1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.  
−
*1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, in Allentown, USA, issues the statement ''Divine Revelation''.
+
*1987 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document ''"Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"''; visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to Vatican.  
−
*1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.
+
*1987 Group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and [[Jon Braun]], are received into [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement ''"Scripture and Tradition."''  
−
*1987 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 4th plenary, issues common document ''Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church'' in Bari, Italy; Visit by Patr. [[Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople]] to the Vatican.
+
*1988 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes common document ''"The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"''; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. [[Daniel (Bambang Dwi) Byantoro|Daniel Byantoro]] begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there.  
−
*1987 A group of twenty parishes of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]], originally formed by former ''Campus Crusade for Christ'' leaders [[Peter Gillquist]] and Jon Braun, are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]], becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 4th plenary, in Crete, issues the statement ''Scripture and Tradition''. 
+
*1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''; glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946.  
−
*1988 Millennial anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia.
+
*1990 [[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kiev Patriarchate]] (UOC-KP) self-proclaims its independance from the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church|UAOC]] (both groups unrecognized).
−
*1988 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 5th plenary, meets in Valamo, Finland and publishes common document ''The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church''.  
 
−
*1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 5th plenary, in Bad Segeberg , issues statement ''"The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"''.
 
−
*1989 Glorification in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon of Moscow]].  
 
−
*1990 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 6th plenary session, meets in Freising, Germany; the first Russian Orthodox service in seventy years was held in [[St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow)|St. Basil's Cathedral]] in October.
 
  
 
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
 
==Post-Communist era (1991-Present)==
−
*1991 Soviet Union collapses, ending [[w:Cold War|Cold War]]; representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches.
+
:''Main article: [[Timeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))]]''
−
*1992 Civil war begins in former Yugoslavia; synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; [[Diodoros I (Karivalis) of Jerusalem|Patriarch Diodoros I of Jerusalem]] presented a list of [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/diodoros.aspx firm declarations] of Orthodox convictions of the [[Church of Jerusalem|Patriarchate of Jerusalem]], which was entered into the minutes of the assembly of Orthodox leaders at the [[Phanar]] on the Sunday of Orthodoxy.
+
*1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches.  
−
*1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 7th plenary session meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document on ''Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion''; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 7th plenary, in Sandbjerg, issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils"''.
+
*1992 Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.
−
*1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]] as a religion incompatible with Christianity; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous;  [[Optina Monastery|Optina Pustyn]] New Martyrs [http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&q=9588&cid=115&p=05.04.2007 Hieromonk Vasily (Roslyakov), Monk Ferapont (Pushkarev), and Monk Trophim (Tatarinov)]are martyred in a satanic ritualistic manner.
+
*1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document ''"Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion"'' (the "[[Balamand document]]"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Ecumenical Councils."''
−
*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]."
+
*1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemns [[Freemasonry]]; ''[[Orthodox Study Bible|Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms]]'' published; [[Church of Eritrea|Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church]] becomes autocephalous.
−
*1995 Ecumenical [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 8th plenary, in Limassol Cyprus, issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''.
+
*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]".
−
*1996 The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America was reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts, the new jurisdictions being the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Archdiocese of America]], the [[Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)|Metropolis of Toronto (Canada)]], the Metropolis of Mexico (Central America), and the Metropolis of Buenos Aires (South America).
+
*1995 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"''; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical ''[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html Orientale Lumen]'', encouraging reunion between East and West.  
−
*1997 Visit by Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US;  establishment of dioceses of Bukoba, Madagascar, Ghana and Nigeria; Russian [[w:Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations|Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations]] enshrined [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the country's predominant religion.
+
*1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America reorganized by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts.  
−
*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; the [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] is held in May, with delegates from the local Orthodox Churches meeting to discuss the matter of Orthodox participation in the ecumenical movement ([[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]); uncovering of the Relics of [[Ambrose of Optina|St Ambrose]] of [[Optina Monastery|Optina]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 9th plenary, in Sigtuna, issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy"''.
+
*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]]; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] held to discuss Orthodox participation in [[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."''  
 
*1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence.
 
*1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence.
−
*2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 8th plenary session meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism'', but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 10th plenary, in Damascus, issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"''; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]] announced the [[Glorification|canonization]] of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] and his immediate family, executed in 1918; in spite of very stiff opposition from the [[Church of Greece]] and the majority of the public, the government of Greece ordered the removal of religious affiliation from state identity cards.
+
*2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Baltimore, discusses text on ''"The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism,"'' but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church"''.
−
*2001 Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for the Fourth Crusade; the [[Church of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic Orthodox]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed to mutually recognize baptisms performed in each other's churches, making rebaptisms unnecessary, and to recognize the sacrament of marriage as celebrated by the other.
+
*2001 [[Church of Armenia]] celebrates 1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for Fourth Crusade; [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Non-Chalcedonian]] Patriarchates of Alexandria agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches.  
−
*2002 [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 11th plenary, in Oslo , issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation"''.
+
*2002 Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] and Pope [[John Paul II]] co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation."''  
−
*2003 [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]].  
+
*2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch]]; Coptic priest Fr. [[Zakaria Botros]] begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions.
−
*2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] consecrates church in Havana, Cuba; consecration of first Orthodox church in Antarctica by [[Church of Russia]]; Wonderworking [[Theotokos of Tikhvin|Tikhvin Icon]] returned to Tikhvin Dormition Monastery after six decades in the United States; the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] Canonized Fr [[Alexis Medvedkov]] (1867-1934), Fr [[Dimitri Klepinine]] (1904-1944), Mother [[Maria Skobtsova]] (1891-1945), [[George (Yuri) Skobtsov]] (1921-1944) and [[Elie Fondaminskii]] (1880-1942), personalities from the spiritual history of the Russian emigration in France; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 12th plenary, in Durau, issues statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church"''.
+
*2004 Pope [[John Paul II]] returns [[relics]] of [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to [[Church of Constantinople]]; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission statement ''"Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."''  
−
*2006 Publication of first Orthodox prayer book in Chinese and Russian; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] drops ''Patriarch of the West'' title; Russian Orthodox parish opened in Pyongyang, North Korea; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission, 9th plenary, meets in Belgrade, Serbia; Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission, 13th plenary, in Bratislava, issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church"''.
+
*2006 Pope [[Benedict XVI]] visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from [[Mount Athos]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement ''"The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."''  
−
*2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; 1600th anniversary celebration of the repose of [[John Chrysostom|St. John Chrysostom]]; the [[Roman Catholic Church|Vatican]] [http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Vatican_abolishes_Limbo formally abolishes doctrine of Limbo]; the number of Orthodox believers in Italy reaches almost one million as a result of intensive migratory flow from Romania and Ukraine; a synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Moscow Patriarchate]] (UOC-MP) announced in December in Kiev that the UOC-MP is ''“an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church.”''
+
*2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]]; synod of over 50 bishops of the [[Church of Ukraine]] announce that the UOC-MP is ''"an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church"''; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and Metr. [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation ([[Church of Constantinople|EP]]). 
−
* 2007 The [http://zenit.org/article-20743?l=english 10th plenary assembly] of the Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission met in Ravenna, Italy, led by co-presidents [[w:Walter Kasper|Cardinal Walter Kasper]] and [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Metropolitan Ioannis Zizioulas of Pergamon]], agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiatical road map in discussing union; the commission agreed that Rome occupied the "''first place''" in canonical order of the ancient seats of bishops, but disagreed on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as "''protos''"; the delegation from the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow ]] withdrew from the joint session over the presence of delegates from the [[Church of Estonia|Church of Estonia]] despite a compromise offered by the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
+
*2008 ''[[Orthodox Study Bible]] (with [[Septuagint]]'') published; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council''".
−
 
+
*2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of popular Elder [[Joseph of Vatopedi]], [[July 1]].
  
−
==Notes==
+
{{Template:Timeline of Church History}}
−
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
 
−
*The division of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.
 
−
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.
 
  
 +
==Notes== 
 +
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. 
 +
*The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. 
 +
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference. 
 +
   
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
−
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]]
+
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]]  
−
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]
+
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]  
−
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
+
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]]
 +
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]
 +
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] 
 +
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]  
 
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
 
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
 +
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia]]
 +
*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
  
−
==Published works==
+
==Published works==  
−
 
+
   
−
The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:
+
The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:  
−
 
+
   
−
'''From an Orthodox perspective'''
+
'''From an Orthodox perspective'''  
−
 
+
* Angold, Michael (Ed.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC&printsec=frontcover Eastern Christianity]''. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 722 pp. ISBN 9780521811132
−
* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''.
+
* [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] (Ecumenical Patriarch). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=citwDOTiWV8C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Encountering the Mystery: Understanding Orthodox Christianity Today].'' Random House of Canada, 2008. ISBN 9780385518130
−
* [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)
+
* [[Sergius Bulgakov|Bulgakov, Sergeĭ Nikolaevich]]. ''[http://www.svspress.com/product_info.php?products_id=203&osCsid=b1daf845e88be28003d36749c5127b7a The Orthodox Church].'' Revised Ed. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0881410518
 +
* Clark, Katherine. ''The Orthodox Church.'' '''Simple Guides: Religion (series)'''. Random House Inc, 2009. ISBN 9781857334876 (''Concise, accessible introduction'')
 +
* [[Olivier Clement|Clément, Olivier]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=MhJGJbPKpz4C&source=gbs_navlinks_s Conversations with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I].'' St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1997. ISBN 9780881411782
 +
* [[Georges Florovsky|Florovsky, Georges]]. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=UO1rAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Christianity and Culture].'' 2nd ed. Nordland Pub. Co., 1974. 245 pp. (ISBN 0913124044; ISBN 9780913124048)
 +
* Keegan, Paul, and B.J. Kidd. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Ufw_AAAACAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Churches of Eastern Christendom: From A.D. 451 to the Present Time].'' Ed. Prof. Daniel Herwitz. Publ. Paul Kegan, 2006. 541 pp. (ISBN 9780710310811)
 +
* Maloney, George A.  (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976. 
 +
* Payton, James R. (Prof. Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=khL2qJ7gLPwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Light from the Christian East: An Introduction to the Orthodox Tradition].'' InterVarsity Press, 2007. ISBN 9780830825943
 +
* [[Alexander Schmemann|Schmemann, Alexander]]. ''The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy''.  
 +
* Tsai, Kathryn (Dr.). ''A Timeline of Eastern Church History.'' [[St. John of San Francisco Monastery (Manton, California)|Divine Ascent Press]], CA, 2004. ISBN 0971413924
 +
* [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)  
 +
*  [[Meletios (Webber)|Webber, Meletios]] (Archimandrite). ''[http://www.conciliarpress.com/bread-water-wine-oil.html Bread & Water, Wine & Oil: An Orthodox Christian Experience of God].'' Conciliar Press. 2007.
 +
<br>
 +
* Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=vc0wBCU70NwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200]''. '''The Church in History Vol. I: Part I'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199
 +
* [[John Meyendorff|Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John]]. ''Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD''. '''The Church in History Vol. II'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563
 +
* Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205
 +
* Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
  
−
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective'''
+
   
−
 
+
'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective'''  
−
* Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399)
+
   
−
* Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122)
+
* Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399)  
−
* Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994)
+
* Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122)  
−
* Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057)
+
* Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994)  
−
* Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717)
+
* Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057)  
−
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822)
+
* Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717)  
−
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830)
+
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822)  
−
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849)
+
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830)  
−
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158)
+
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849)  
−
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166)
+
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158)  
−
* Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295)
+
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166)  
−
* Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753)
+
* Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295)  
−
* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0198264569)
+
* Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753)
−
* Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105)
+
* Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=_MH-_ZQuZrgC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity].'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675)
−
* Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X)
+
* Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins].'' Cambridge 2006.
−
* [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714)
+
* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church.'' (ISBN 0198264569)  
−
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730)
+
* Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105)  
−
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749)
+
* Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X)  
−
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773)
+
* [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714)  
−
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803)
+
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730)  
−
* Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X)
+
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749)  
−
* Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
+
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773)  
 +
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803)  
 +
* Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X)  
 +
* Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)  
 
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
 
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)
  
−
==External links==
+
==External links==  
−
*[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church]
+
*[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church]  
−
 
+
   
−
*History of Orthodox Christianity (QuickTime movies)
+
*History of Orthodox Christianity ''(QuickTime movies)'' 
−
** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments
+
** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings]  
−
** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture
+
** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium]  
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** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver of their national identity during 400 years of Turkish rule. By the end of the 19th century, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concerns
+
** [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure]  
−
 
+
   
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[[Category:Church History]]
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*[http://www.archons.org/patriarchate/ Timeline of Patriarchal History]. Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. ''(Pop-up Video Presentation, in Sections)'' 
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[[Category:Featured Articles]]
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*[[w:Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church|Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church]]
  
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[[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]]
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[[Category:Church History]] 
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[[Category:Featured Articles]] 
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[[Category:Timelines|Church History]] 
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[[ar:ملخص تاريخ الكنيسة]] 
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[[bg:Времева линия на църковната история]]  
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[[el:Ιστορικό χρονολόγιο της Εκκλησίας]] 
 
[[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]
 
[[ro:Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe (cronologie)]]

Revision as of 23:24, September 20, 2013

Timeline of Church History
Eras Timeline of Church History (Abridged article)
Eras New Testament Era | Apostolic Era (33-100) | Ante-Nicene Era (100-325) | Nicene Era (325-451) | Byzantine Era (451-843) | Late Byzantine Era (843-1054) | Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453) | Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821) | Modern Era (1821-1917) | Communist Era (1917-1991) | Post-Communist Era (1991-Present) |
(Main articles)


This article forms part of the series
Introduction to
Orthodox Christianity
Holy Tradition
Holy Scripture
The Symbol of Faith
Ecumenical Councils
Church Fathers
Liturgy
Canons
Icons
The Holy Trinity
God the Father
Jesus Christ
The Holy Spirit
The Church
Ecclesiology
History
Holy Mysteries
Church Life
Edit this box

The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.

New Testament era

Main article: Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era)

Apostolic era (33-100)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Apostolic Era (33-100))

Ante-Nicene era (100-325)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Ante-Nicene Era (100-325))

Nicene era (325-451)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Nicene Era (325-451))

Byzantine era (451-843)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Byzantine Era (451-843))

Late Byzantine era (843-1054)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Late Byzantine Era (843-1054))

Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453))

Media:Example.ogg

Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821))

Modern era (1821-1917)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Modern Era (1821-1917))

Communist era (1917-1991)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))

Post-Communist era (1991-Present)

Main article: Timeline of Church History (Post-Communist Era (1991-Present))
  • 1991 Representatives of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches meet in Chambesy, Switzerland, discussing relations with World Council of Churches.
  • 1992 Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople.
  • 1993 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Balamand, Lebanon, issuing common document "Uniatism: Method of Union of the Past, and Present. Search for Full Communion" (the "Balamand document"); Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "The Ecumenical Councils."
  • 1993 Church of Cyprus condemns Freemasonry; Orthodox Study Bible: New Testament and Psalms published; Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church becomes autocephalous.
  • 1994 Ligonier Meeting in Western Pennsylvania at Antiochian Village held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "diaspora".
  • 1995 Patr. Bartholomew I visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Understanding of Salvation in the Light of the Ecumenical Councils"; Pope John Paul II issues encyclical Orientale Lumen, encouraging reunion between East and West.
  • 1996 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America reorganized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, dividing the administration of the two continents into four parts.
  • 1998 Church of Constantinople, not recognizing Russia's right to issue a tomos of autocephaly in 1951, issues its own tomos for the Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia; Thessaloniki Summit held to discuss Orthodox participation in WCC; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Salvation: Grace, Justification and Synergy."
  • 1999 Numerous Serbian Orthodox sites in Kosovo and Metohia destroyed and desecrated during NATO peacekeeping presence.
  • 2000 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Baltimore, discusses text on "The Ecclesiological and Canonical Implications of Uniatism," but is suspended; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Word and Sacraments (Mysteria) in the Life of the Church".
  • 2001 Church of Armenia celebrates 1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia (in 301 AD, King Tiridates III declared Christianity as Armenia’s state religion); Pope John Paul II of Rome apologizes to Orthodox Church for Fourth Crusade; Chalcedonian and Non-Chalcedonian Patriarchates of Alexandria agree to mutually recognize baptisms and marriages performed in each other's churches.
  • 2002 Patr. Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople and Pope John Paul II co-sign Venice Declaration of Environmental Ethics; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Mysteria/Sacraments as Means of Salvation."
  • 2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to autonomy) by Church of Antioch; Coptic priest Fr. Zakaria Botros begins his television and internet mission to Muslims in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and western countries, resulting in thousands of conversions.
  • 2004 Pope John Paul II returns relics of John Chrysostom and Gregory the Theologian to Church of Constantinople; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission statement "Baptism and Chrismation as Sacraments of Initiation into the Church."
  • 2006 Pope Benedict XVI visits Ecumenical Patriarchate, drawing criticism from Mount Athos; Abp. Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens visits Vatican; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "The Holy Eucharist in the Life of the Church."
  • 2007 Restoration of full communion between Moscow Patriarchate and ROCOR; synod of over 50 bishops of the Church of Ukraine announce that the UOC-MP is "an autonomous, historical part of the Russian Orthodox Church"; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission meets in Ravenna, Italy, 10th plenary, led by co-presidents Cardinal Walter Kasper and Metr. John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon, agreeing upon a joint document consisting of 46 articles providing an ecclesiastical road map in discussing union; Russian delegation walks out of Ravenna talks in protest of presence of Estonian delegation (EP).
  • 2008 Orthodox Study Bible (with Septuagint) published; Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council".
  • 2009 The 4th Pan-Orthodox pre-conciliar consultation was held in Chambésy on June 6-13; Death of popular Elder Joseph of Vatopedi, July 1.
Timeline of Church History
Eras Timeline of Church History (Abridged article)
Eras New Testament Era | Apostolic Era (33-100) | Ante-Nicene Era (100-325) | Nicene Era (325-451) | Byzantine Era (451-843) | Late Byzantine Era (843-1054) | Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453) | Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821) | Modern Era (1821-1917) | Communist Era (1917-1991) | Post-Communist Era (1991-Present) |
(Main articles)


Notes

  • Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
  • The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
  • This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.

See also

Published works

The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:

From an Orthodox perspective


  • Kesich, Rev. Dr. Veselin. Formation and Struggles: The Birth of the Church AD 33-200. The Church in History Vol. I: Part I. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413199
  • Meyendorff, Rev. Dr. John. Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church, 450-680 AD. The Church in History Vol. II. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1989. ISBN 9780881410563
  • Louth, Rev. Dr. Andrew. Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071. The Church in History Vol. III. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205
  • Papadakis, Prof. Dr. Aristeides (with John Meyendorff). The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D. The Church in History Vol. IV. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587


From a Heterodox perspective

  • Boer, Harry R. A Short History of the Early Church. (ISBN 0802813399)
  • Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 0310208122)
  • Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. (ISBN 0140231994)
  • Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith. (ISBN 0789446057)
  • Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. (ISBN 1565633717)
  • Gonzalez, Justo L. A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon. (ISBN 0687171822)
  • Gonzalez, Justo L. A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation. (ISBN 0687171830)
  • Gonzalez, Justo L. A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century. (ISBN 0687171849)
  • Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation. (ISBN 0060633158)
  • Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day. (ISBN 0060633166)
  • Hall, Stuart G. Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church. (ISBN 0802806295)
  • Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity. (ISBN 0802848753)
  • Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005. (ISBN 9780802831675)
  • Hurtado, Larry W. (Dr.). The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins. Cambridge 2006.
  • Hussey, J. M. The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 0198264569)
  • Jones, Timothy P. Christian History Made Easy. (ISBN 1890947105)
  • Noll, Mark A. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. (ISBN 080106211X)
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600). (ISBN 0226653714)
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700). (ISBN 0226653730)
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300). (ISBN 0226653749)
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700). (ISBN 0226653773)
  • Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700). (ISBN 0226653803)
  • Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 156563196X)
  • Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies. (ISBN 1565630572)
  • Walton, Robert C. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. (ISBN 0310362814)

External links

  • ↑ K. Lake. "The Greek Monasteries in South Italy III." J Theol Studies (1903) os-V(17): 22-41. p. 35.
    • Retrieved from "https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Church_History&oldid=117278"