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In 1066, the Normans invaded England. There were some abortive attempts at changing entirely to the related uses of northern France. However, monasteries particularly in the western parts of the island (especially Sherbourne Abbey and Glastonbury Abbey) proved intransigent. The Norman bishop of Sarum, [[w:Saint Osmund|Osmund]], arranged the services for his new [[cathedral]] according to the practices that he saw around him—both Norman and Saxon/Celtic.
The Sarum rite as known was probably arranged by [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Poore Richard Le Poore], who moved the See from [[w:Old Sarum |Old Sarum]] to [[w:Salisbury|New Sarum ]] (Salisbury) in the 13th c. From this period, the Sarum enjoyed the sterling reputation as being the best liturgy anywhere in the West, and thus had influence on the liturgy of other local churches in the Isles and the Continent (notable among them being Rouen, Braga in Portugal and Nidaros/Trondheim in Norway). Other related local uses continued as well, such as York, Bangor, Hereford, and Durham.
===Reformation Era===
The Sarum Use was one of the first to be published on the new printing presses in the early days of the Reformation. The complete service books for the whole rite survive. The rite was legislated as the sole use of the English Church by the Convocation of [[w:Province of Canterbury|Canterbury]] in 1544 and after the reversion to the papacy, it was commanded for the whole realm of England during the reign of [[w:Mary I of England|Queen Mary]]. It was also the primary source text for the first edition of [[w:Book of Common Prayer|''The Book of Common Prayer'']] (1549) of the [[Anglican Communion|Church of England]] . After [[w:Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] took the throne, the Recusant Roman Catholics continued using Sarum in their chapels until the restoration of the Roman hierarchy in the nineteenth century.
===19th Century Non-Orthodox Revival===
The rite was revived particularly by the orthodox party of the Anglo-Catholic or [[w:Oxford Movement|Tractarian movement]] in the 19th c. Church of England. In the mid-19th c., the services were translated into English by such as G. H. Palmer, and became either the preferred liturgy or preferred liturgical model for the non-Romanizing part of the Anglo-Catholic movement (also called Orthodox Anglo-Catholic or Prayer Book Catholic). The ceremonial and customs of the rite were the major influence in the development of the English Use, partly through the efforts of Percy Dearmer, author of ''The Parson's Handbook''. The old English Catholic Clergy Brotherhood also maintained a tradition of Sarum Use through the period of Catholic persecution in England.
Attempts to revive the Sarum rite amongst the non-Orthodox groups have resulted in Roman Catholics included Catholic proponents such as [[w:Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin|A. W. N. Pugin ]] and Bishop [[w:Robert William Willson|Willson of Hobart]]. The Sarum rite was suggested, but rejected, for use in the new [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]] in 1903. It is used by the "Milan Synod" in some parishes and has been used on several occasions in RCC churches and cathedrals in England and Scotland in recent years.
===Modern Orthodox Usage===
The St Petroc Monastery [[Western Rite]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] has published the ''Saint Colman Prayer Book'' which includes ''"The Divine Liturgy (Sarum) Usus Cascadae"'' - —the full Sarum Rite in English used in monasteries and missions in Australia, the Americas, and Europe. This Sarum use liturgy has also been translated into Spanish and French.
Among [[Old Calendarists]], the Sarum rite has been used in approximately a dozen American parishes of the [[Holy Synod of Milan]], which has published a Sarum translations into in English and Serbian since 1993. Two versions of the complete Sarum text were published. The first, and still surviving, translation, is the Sarum series published by St Gregory's Press under the auspices of the [[The Abbey of the Holy Name (West Milford, New Jersey)]], comprising approximately 30 volumes, including the ''Medieval Monastic Psalter''. The second is the ''Orthodox Prayers of Old England'' series, which comprises about eight volumes, including the ''Old Sarum Rite Missal'', and was originally published by St Hilarion Press, now St John Cassian press. The usage was also the official use for the Western American diocese (the first series being the usage of the Eastern) for a number of years.
The Sarum was was also the basis of an "Old English Liturgy" prepared by Dom [[Dom Augustine (Whitfield)]] of Mount Royal monastery. ==Differences between the Texts== While there is considerable debate over which is the best text, the actual Sarum translations are substantially in agreement, whether from ROCOR or either of the Old Calendarist editions. Certain other liturgies, which are not actual Sarum usages, but hybrid rites do have substantial differences, leading to confusion. In 2004, one writer, thinking the "English Liturgy" of ROCOR to be native Sarum, pointed out over two dozen differences between the texts of the Old Sarum Rite Missal, leading the translator to point out that the "English Liturgy" was not a Sarum text, but a compilation of different texts, a fact the translator of the different texts has pointed out-- and that the two versions of the Sarum were substantially the same text.
==Sources==
