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This situation applies of course paradigmatically to France, where the controversies were particularly acute, but also characterized Catholicism in the Dutch Republic, which unlike France had been under Protestant rule since the late sixteenth century.
The coalescence of these two controversies in the northern Netherlands in the early eighteenth century led to the foundation of a schismatic Catholic church, variously known as the ''' ''[[w:Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands|Church of Holland]]'' ''', ''' ''Church of Utrecht,'' ''' and later as the ''' ''Old Catholic Church'' ''', which broke with Rome in 1723 under its own archbishop and hierarchy.<ref>ibid.</ref>
==Second Council of Utrecht (1763)==
