Difference between revisions of "Macarius (Glukharyov)"

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:"Their intellectual faculties were so poorly developed, that it seems as though they cannot feel the soul in themselves; and the range of their thoughts and desires, their hopes and fears, their joys and sorrows, is limited to bodily needs. What is the missionary to do with them? Is he to be satisfied with spreading the faith alone? But not many from among them are in agreement with it; and fewer still who can understand it. Should one begin to speak to them about heaven? They think only about bread, and after sermons they engage in conversation only about how they have nothing from which to make bread for themselves. How should one approach a sick man? Should one speak to him about the soul, about eternal torment, about paradise? In response to this he points to the wounds on his body and, looking at the preacher with a languishing gaze, asks "''Em'-bar-ba?''" Do you have no medicine? And so, what is one to do with him?"<ref> AMG:FAM p. 110. </ref>
 
:"Their intellectual faculties were so poorly developed, that it seems as though they cannot feel the soul in themselves; and the range of their thoughts and desires, their hopes and fears, their joys and sorrows, is limited to bodily needs. What is the missionary to do with them? Is he to be satisfied with spreading the faith alone? But not many from among them are in agreement with it; and fewer still who can understand it. Should one begin to speak to them about heaven? They think only about bread, and after sermons they engage in conversation only about how they have nothing from which to make bread for themselves. How should one approach a sick man? Should one speak to him about the soul, about eternal torment, about paradise? In response to this he points to the wounds on his body and, looking at the preacher with a languishing gaze, asks "''Em'-bar-ba?''" Do you have no medicine? And so, what is one to do with him?"<ref> AMG:FAM p. 110. </ref>
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On translation:
 +
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:"The collection of Tatar words and sayings we have accumulated is like a beggar's sack in which there are all kinds of bread scraps, soft and hard, wheat and rye, fresh and stale--and when put together make a heavy load. These were our achievements through becoming acquainted with the different dialects used in the different native tribes. Here there was information from different sources we came across in our travel. Here there were Kumandin, Chern' Tatar, Teleut, and Altai words. It was so much of a mishmash heaped together that it was not easy to bring this chaotic mixture into any kind of harmonious order. I thought, what could one possibly get out of all this except remarkable nonsense? Among all these dialects--which were all related, but different from one another--it was necessary to adopt the most widely-used; to compile a dictionary of the dialect in the usual order; to note down, as far as possible, especially, the peculiarities of other districts; and, in such a manner, learn one and become acquainted little by little with another. We were already able to present to the natives the essential teachings of the faith and welcome them into the church of Christ in the Chern' Tatar and Altai dialects; but in transposing the Holy Scriptures to that or another dialact, it was not possible to take even a single step without an interpreter."<ref> AMG:FAM pp. 120-121. </ref>
  
 
On the importance of consistent long-term policies in the mission field:
 
On the importance of consistent long-term policies in the mission field:

Revision as of 07:45, June 28, 2009

Blessed Archimandrite Makarii Glukharev (1792-1847) was Russian hieromonk who founded the Altai mission in 1830. In the year 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church glorified him as a saint (prepodobnyi).

Early life

Fr. Makarii--née Mikhail--was born October 30, 1792 in Viaz'ma (Smolensk Province), to parents Iakov and Agafiia. He also had a younger brother, Aleksei.[1]

His father being a priest, Mikhail studied at ecclesiastical schools in Smolensk, then enrolled in the St. Petersburg Academy, where he studied from 1813 to 1817. [2] At this time he met his future spiritual father, Filaret, later Metropolitan of Moscow. [3] He also developed an interest in the Philokalia;[4] the writings of Protestant mystics such as Jung-Stilling and Johann Arndt;[5] Quakerism;[6] and the Russian Bible Society.[7]

In 1818 Makarii (as he was now called) was tonsured as a monk, ordained as a priest, and enrolled at the Lavra of the Caves in Kiev. [8] In 1821, he transferred to Kostroma Seminary, where he received the rank of archimandrite. [9] At this time his confessor, Fr. Liverii, introduced him to the practice of hesychasm. He also met St. Seraphim of Sarov, who had just emerged from forty years of seclusion. [10]

Fr. Makarii left Kostroma in 1824, apparently out of a desire for the cenobitic life, coupled with frustration over his administrative role. He eventually settled in the Glinsk Hermitage in Putivl village, near Kursk. [11] There he conceived of the idea of becoming a missionary to Siberia.[12]

Altai mission

In 1829 Fr. Makarii's application to become a missionary priest to Siberia was accepted, and he left for Tobolsk. The following year he moved to Biisk as superior of a new Altai mission.[13] His work there fell under the authority of Tobolsk Archbishop Evgenii Kazantsev (who served in that capacity from 1825 to 1831),[14] and then Archbishop Afanasia Protopov. [15]

At first Fr. Makarii and his several companions made Biisk their central mission station. In 1831 they relocated to Maima, a village to the south whose location offered various advantages. In 1835 the central station was moved to nearby Ulala (present-day Ngorno-Altaisk).[16]

Fr. Makarii's first convert was one Elesk, an Ulala native who received the baptismal name of Ioann. [17] According to his records, Fr. Makarii made a total of 675 converts, and baptized 1,047 children (of which 764 were native Altaian and 283 Russian). [18]

Fr. Makarii established a rule for the missionaries under which they were to share goods in common. This rule was maintained until after his death. [19] The result was a relatively communitarian social structure in the villages which he supervised--similar, perhaps, to the cenobitic system which he admired.

Fr. Makarii established five Christian villages, in which Russian missionary families guided Altaian natives to adopt a sedentary agricultural lifestyle as well as the Orthodox Christian faith. He also founded two schools, a "poor house," and a hospital. By the onset of World War I, the number of villages had swelled to more than 180, and the number of baptized Altaians to perhaps 40,000, representing 55 percent of the native population. The mission hierarchy grew with corresponding complexity. [20]

Opposition emerged not only from local shamans and other pagan leaders, but also from the "priestless" Old Believers (bespopovtsy) in the area, as well as certain civil authorities and members of the "white" clergy who had grown accustomed to benefitting financially from their clerical status. [21]

Fr. Makarii was unusual in his support for women missionaries. A longtime supporter of the restoration of the female diaconate,[22] he recruited several umarried women to join his work in Altai as nurses and teachers. [23]

Altogether, Fr. Makarii lived in the Altai fourteen years (1829-1839, 1840-1844).

Last years

Between 1839 and 1840, Fr. Makarii departed the Altai for a fund-raising tour of several Russian cities. Funds thus raised were sufficient to finance boys' and girls' schools in Ulala and Maima.[24]

In 1842 he asked to be relieved of his post in Siberia, citing ill health. Rather than the hoped-for permission to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, however, Fr. Makarii instead received appointment as abbot of Bolkov Monastery (Orlov diocese).[25]

In 1844, Fr. Makarii finally departed the Altai, leaving newly-ordained Fr. Stefan Vasil'evich Landyshev as his successor. [26] He died in Bolkhov on May 18, 1847.[27]

Quotes

On women teachers:

"Is it not true that the first teachers of humans from birth have been essentially women? Were they not the first to teach us to think and speak? Were they not the first to sow the seeds of good and evil in the hearts of children in family activities? What has the Russian Church done for the Christian education of women among ordinary people? For the benefit of boys Russians were the last in the world to plan schools in villages: but you poor girls, you future mothers of generations, are you not human, are you not Russians? Have you not been atoned for and received jewels from the crown of Jesus Christ? Do you not need to know and love that One in whom you believe?" .[28]

On the construction of church buildings in remote villages:

"Their architecture...[should] be simple so that the parishoners themselves could build them: the belfry should have a large bell, a fancy cupola; also, a multitude of high windows and large decorated doors. All this should be done in accord with the humble station of the people; however, it should be a correct building....The holy vessels in their churches should all be tin, but correct and of pleasant design; the clergy's vestments proper for the church and for the village--clean, but not rich; the iconostasis not large, consisting of a few, but proper, even fine, holy icons...the Gospel on the altar should be covered in a modest silk cloth with icons of the evangelists and of the Resurrection of Christ."[29]

On missionary work among the Altaians:

"Their intellectual faculties were so poorly developed, that it seems as though they cannot feel the soul in themselves; and the range of their thoughts and desires, their hopes and fears, their joys and sorrows, is limited to bodily needs. What is the missionary to do with them? Is he to be satisfied with spreading the faith alone? But not many from among them are in agreement with it; and fewer still who can understand it. Should one begin to speak to them about heaven? They think only about bread, and after sermons they engage in conversation only about how they have nothing from which to make bread for themselves. How should one approach a sick man? Should one speak to him about the soul, about eternal torment, about paradise? In response to this he points to the wounds on his body and, looking at the preacher with a languishing gaze, asks "Em'-bar-ba?" Do you have no medicine? And so, what is one to do with him?"[30]

On translation:

"The collection of Tatar words and sayings we have accumulated is like a beggar's sack in which there are all kinds of bread scraps, soft and hard, wheat and rye, fresh and stale--and when put together make a heavy load. These were our achievements through becoming acquainted with the different dialects used in the different native tribes. Here there was information from different sources we came across in our travel. Here there were Kumandin, Chern' Tatar, Teleut, and Altai words. It was so much of a mishmash heaped together that it was not easy to bring this chaotic mixture into any kind of harmonious order. I thought, what could one possibly get out of all this except remarkable nonsense? Among all these dialects--which were all related, but different from one another--it was necessary to adopt the most widely-used; to compile a dictionary of the dialect in the usual order; to note down, as far as possible, especially, the peculiarities of other districts; and, in such a manner, learn one and become acquainted little by little with another. We were already able to present to the natives the essential teachings of the faith and welcome them into the church of Christ in the Chern' Tatar and Altai dialects; but in transposing the Holy Scriptures to that or another dialact, it was not possible to take even a single step without an interpreter."[31]

On the importance of consistent long-term policies in the mission field:

"Work done without conservation is vanity and fuss."[32]

On being offered some squirrels by natives as a present:

"Altai people! Altai people! Your squirrels have their burrows, but Christ has no place to lay his head."[33]

On music (from a letter to Princess Trubetskaia):

"I would like you to be more diligent in noble music; it is an art that elevates the soul."[34]

Writings

  • (Ghost-written for Dimitrii Mizko.) Some Aspects of the Life of the late Right Reverend Iov, Archbishop of Ekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tavria, collected and set forth by a Principal of Ekaterinoslav District Schools, Dimitrii Mizko. [Nekotorye cherty zhizni presov. Iova, arkhiepiskopa ekaterinoslavskogo...sobrannye i ezlozhennye...Dimitriem Mizko.] St. Petersburg, 1826.[35]
  • (as "N. Samoilov.") A Historical Description of the Glinsk Hermitage of the Virgin Mary. [Istoricheskoe opisanie Glinskoi bogorodskoi pustyni, sostaoiashchei Kurskoi eparkhii i gubernii v Putivlskom uezde.] Sostevlennoe Nikolaem Samoilovym. St. Petersburg, 1835.[36]
  • Thoughts on the Means for the More Successful Extension of the Christian Faith among Jews, Mohammedans, and Pagans in the Russian Empire. [Mysli o sposobakh k uspeshnomu rasprostraneniiu khristianskoi very mezhdu evreiami, magometanami i iasychnikami v Rossiiskoi derzhave.] 1839. Letter to Tsar Nicholas I and the Holy Synod suggesting various reforms. The reaction was unfavorable.[37]
  • Bible translations from Hebrew to Russian. Fr. Makarii began his translation of the Old Testament in 1837, and worked on it all his life. He was disciplined for preferring the Masoretic text to the Septuagint, and colloquial Russian to Church Slavonic. His incomplete translation was finally published in the 1860's, more than a decade after his death.[38]
  • The Alphabet Bible. Theological teaching aid in four parts, intended for native Altaian converts. In Russian, c. 1842. Only the forward is extant. Fr. Makarrii received criticism for this work, which was said to reflect his "lack of humility" in interpreting scripture.[39]
  • Elementary Doctrine for People Studying the Books of the Holy Bible. Unpublished, composed c. 1842. In two parts: Part One introduced the Cyrillic alphabet, Part Two introduced key prayers and scriptural verses. The work was rejected for publication on similar grounds as the above.[40]
  • Miscellaneous translations into the Altaian language, including most of the New Testament, various prayers, a catechism, etc. These were revised by native collaborators. Fr. Makarii also compiled a comparative dictionary of Altaian dialects.[41]
  • Sermons, 11 of which were published in Supplements to the Works of the Holy Fathers (1848), and with the addition of six more sermons, as the book Some Sermons of the Late Archimandrite Makarii, Superior of Altai Mission Church (1854).[43]
  • A book of poetry, Lepta, for the benefit of the Altai mission. [Lepta v pol'zu Tserkovnoi altaiskoi misii.] Moscow, 1846. [44]
  • Various letters. The most complete collection is said to be that of Konstantin Vasil'evich Kharlampovich, who edited a volume containing 305 letters, arranged by recipient: Letters of Archimandrite Makarii Glukharev, Founder of the Altai Mission, with a Biographical Sketch, Portraits, Views, and Two Facimiles. [Pis'ma Arkhimandrita Makariia Glukhareva, osnovatelia altaiskoi missii, s biograficheskim ocherkom, portretami, vidom, i dvumia faksimile.] Kazan, 1905.[45]

Sources

Kharlampovich, Konstantin Vasil'evich, and James Lawton Haney (translator and editor). Archimandrite Makarii Glukharev--Founder of the Altai Mission. Edwin Mellon Press, 2001. (Volume 6 in the series Studies in Russian History.) Here cited as AMG:FAM.
  1. AMG:FAM pp. 72-73.
  2. AMG:FAM pp. 73-76.
  3. AMG:FAM pp. 76-77.
  4. AMG:FAM pp. 39-47; 78-79.
  5. AMG:FAM pp. 35-39; 77-79.
  6. AMG:FAM pp. 29,79.
  7. AMG:FAM pp. 12-21.
  8. AMG:FAM pp. 81-86.
  9. AMG:FAM pp. 86-90.
  10. AMG:FAM pp..
  11. AMG:FAM pp. 40-42; 90-93.
  12. AMG:FAM pp. 43-45; 96.
  13. AMG:FAM pp. 97-101.
  14. AMG:FAM p. 97 n. 59.
  15. AMG:FAM p. 107.
  16. AMG:FAM pp. 105-106.
  17. AMG:FAM pp. 106-107.
  18. AMG:FAM pp. 141-142.
  19. AMG:FAM p. 99.
  20. AMG:FAM pp. 63-66.
  21. AMG:FAM pp. 123-127.
  22. AMG:FAM pp. 59-61
  23. AMG:FAM p. 115-116.
  24. AMG:FAM pp. 135 ff.
  25. AMG:FAM p. 140.
  26. AMG:FAM pp. 140-141.
  27. AMG:FAM pp. 179-182.
  28. AMG:FAM pp. 51-52.
  29. AMG:FAM p. 53.
  30. AMG:FAM p. 110.
  31. AMG:FAM pp. 120-121.
  32. AMG:FAM p. 95.
  33. AMG:FAM p. 109.
  34. AMG:FAM p. 194.
  35. AMG:FAM pp. 167-168.
  36. AMG:FAM pp. 169.
  37. AMG:FAM 47-62; pp. 158-161.
  38. AMG:FAM pp. 145-153.
  39. AMG:FAM pp. 153-155.
  40. AMG:FAM pp. 155.
  41. AMG:FAM pp. 118-121.
  42. AMG:FAM pp. 92.
  43. AMG:FAM pp. 161-162.
  44. AMG:FAM pp. 165-166.
  45. AMG:FAM pp. 5, 72.