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In the pre-Tartar period of its history, the Kievan Church ([[Church of Russia|Russian]], and [[Church of Ukraine|Ukrainian]], the country at the time was known as ''Kievan Rus' '', which later became the countries of Russia and Ukraine) was one of the Metropolitanates of the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. The [[Metropolitan]] was based in the city of Kiev, and he a Greek appointed by the Patriarchate of Constantinople:
* St. [[Michael of Kiev|Mikhail I ]] (988-991)
* Leontii I (992-1007)
* Ivan I (1008-1035)
* Kirill I (1050 )
In 1051, the first native of Kievan Rus', [[Metropolitan Ilarion ]] Hilarion (who was noted as one of the more educated men of his time) was installed to the primatial see. (Also in 1051, St. Anthony of the Caves brought the traditions of [[Mount Athos|Athonite]] monasticism to Russia.)
* Ilarion [[Hilarion of Kiev|Hilarion]] (1051-1054)
* Efrem I (1055 )
* ?
* vacant
* Kliment Smolyatich (1147-1154)
* St. [[Constantine I of Kiev|Konstantin I ]] (1155-1158)
* vacant
* Feodor (1161-1163)
* Kirill III (1243-1281)
* vacant (1281-1283)
* Maksim [[Maximus of Kiev and all Rus|Maximus]] (1283-1305)
==1304 - 1448 - Metropolitans of Moscow and Vladimir==
* St. Cyprian (restored) (1390-1407)
* St. [[Photius of Kiev|Photius]] (1408-1431 )
* [[Isidore the Apostate ]] (1437-1441)
* vacant
* St. [[Jonas of Moscow|Jonas]] (1448-1461)
* [[Theodosius of Moscow|Theodosius]] (1461-1464) * [[Philip I of Moscow|Philip I ]] (1464-1473)
* Gerontius (1473-1489)
* [[Zosimus of Moscow|Zosimus]] (1490-1494)
* Symeon (1495-1511
* Varlaam [[Barlaam of Moscow|Barlaam]] (1511-1521) * [[Daniel of Moscow (metropolitan)|Daniel]] (1522-1539)
* Joasaphus (1539-1542)
* [[Macarius of Moscow|Macarius]] (1542-1563)
* Athanasius (1564-1566)
* Gherman St. [[Herman (Sadyrev-Polevoy) of Kazan|Herman (Sadyrev-Polevoy)]] (1566 )
* St. [[Philip II of Moscow|Philip II]] (1566-1568)
* Cyril (1568-1572 )
* St. [[Job of Moscow|Job]] (1589-1605)
* Ignatius (1605-1606)
* St. Hermogenus [[Hermogenes of Moscow|Hermogenes]] (1606-1612) (also known as, Germogen)
The beginning of the 17th century proved to be a hard time for Russia. The Poles and Swedes invaded Russia from the West. The patriarch, an ardent patriot of Russia who was to be tortured to death by the invaders, was the spiritual leader of the mass levy led by Minin and Pozharsky. The heroic defense of [[Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra|St. Sergius' Monastery]] of the Trinity from the Swedes and Poles between 1608-1610 is of note to both the Russian state and the Russian Church.
* [[Philaret (Romanov) of Moscow|Philaret]] (Fyodor N. Romanov - father of Tsar Michael I, the first Romanov Tsar)(1619-1633) * [[Joasaphus I of Moscow|Joasaphus I]] (1634-16421640) * [[Joseph of Moscow| Joseph ]] (1642-1652)
* [[Nikon of Moscow|Nikon]] (1652-1658)
At this time, the Russian Church was engaged in introducing corrections into its service books and rites. A great contribution to this was made by Patriarch Nikon, a bright personality and outstanding church reformer. Some clergymen and lay people did not understand and did not accept the liturgical reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon and refused to obey the church authority. This was how the [[Old Believers]]' schism emerged.
* [[Pitirimof Moscow|Pitirim]], Metropolitan of Krutitsy, Coadjutor (1658-1667) * [[Joasaph II (Novotorzhets) of Moscow|Joasaphus II ]] (1667-1672)
* Pitirim of Krutitsy (restored, as Patriarch ) (1672-1673)
* [[Joachim (Savelov) of Moscow|Joachim]] (1674-1690) * [[Adrian of Moscow|Adrian ]] (1690-1700)
* Stefan Yavorskiy, Metrop. of Ryazan, Coadjutor (1700-1721)
==1721-1917 Holy Synod==
The beginning of the 18th century in Russia was marked by sweeping reforms carried out by Peter I. The reforms did not leave the Russian Church untouched. After the death of Patriarch Adrian in 1700, Peter I delayed the election of the new Primate of the Church.He established, in 1721, a collective supreme administration known as the Holy and Governing [[holy Apostolic Governing Synod|Holy and Governing Synod]]. The Synod remained the supreme church body in the Russian Church for almost two centuries. The the Tsar's cabinet member, [[Ober-Procurator]], was a lay head of this Synod.
In the Synodal period, the Church paid a special attention to the development of religious education and mission in the provinces. Old churches were restored and new churches were built.
The [[Holy Synod]], consisted of the most influential metropolitans, archbishops and bishops. Moscow itself was administered by a territorial archbishop, combined with Vladimir (1721-1745), with Sevsk (1745-1764), with Kaluga (1764-1799), then Metropolitan, combined with Kaluga, (1799-1917).
===Metropolitans of Moscow===
*(Moscow metropolitans, not known as patriarchs)
**Iosif Joseph (1742-1745)**Platon I (1745-1754)**Hilarion of Krutitsy ([[Locum Tenens]]) (1754-1757)**Timofei Timotheus (1757-1767)**Ambrosius (1767-1771)**Samouel of Krutitsy (Locum Tenens) (1771-1775)**[[Platon II of Moscow|Platon II ]] (1775-1811)**Augustin (1811-1819)**Serafim [[Seraphim (Glagolevsky) of Novgorod and St. Petersburg|Seraphim (Glagolevsky)]] (1819-1821) **[[Philaret (Drozdov) of Moscow|St. Philaret(Drozdov)]] (1821-1867)**[[Innocent of Alaska|St. Innocent]] (1868-1879)**Macarius I (1879-1882)**Joannicius (1882-1891) **Leontius (1891-1893)**Sergei Sergius (1893-1898)**St. [[Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev|Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky)]] (1898-1912) **[[Macarius II (Nevsky) of Moscow|Macarius (Nevsky)]] (1912-1917)
==1917 – Patriarchs of Moscow and all Russia ==
Early in the 20th century the Russian Church began preparations for convening an [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All-Russian Council]]. But it was to be convened only after the 1917 Revolution. Among its major actions was the restoration of the patriarchal office in the Russian Church. The Council elected Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1917-1925). Again, the primate was known as the patriarch.
* [[Tikhon of Moscow|St. Tikhon]] (1917-19261925) (St. Tikhon of Moscow exerted every effort to calm the destructive passions kindled up by the revolution. )* vacant - ([[Peter (Polyansky) of Moscow and Krutitsy|Peter]] Patriarchal [[locum tenens]] (1925-1937) )* [[Sergius I (Stragorodsky) of Moscow|Sergius]], Coadjutor Deputy locum tenens (19281925-1936), locum tenens (1936-1943), Patriarch (1943-19451944) * [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Alexius I]] (1945-1970) * [[Pimen (Izvekov) of Moscow|Pimen I ]] (1970-19911990) * [[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow|Alexius II]] (19911990-2008)* [[Kyrill I (Gundyayev) of Moscow|Kyrill I]] (2009- Present)
==See also==
*[[List of Metropolitans of Kiev]]
==Source==
*[http://www.hostkingdom.net/Russia.html#Moscow HostKingdom]
[[Category:Bishops|Russia]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Moscow|*]]
[[fr:Liste des primats de l'Église de Russie]]
