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[[File:Pope John XVI.JPG|right|thumb]]
Pope '''John XVI of Rome''' ({{el icon}}: ''' ''Ιωάννης ο Φιλάγαθος'' ''', ''' ''Ioannis Philagathos'' ''';<ref>Silvana Rocca. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?ei=cpMdUfj0EYK00QG434CoBQ&id=wmkXAQAAIAAJ&dq=Latina+didaxis+19&q=Ioannis+Philagathos#search_anchor Latina Didaxis XIX: Multa per æquora: atti del congresso, [Genova e Bogliasco], 16-18 aprile 2004].'' Genova: Compagnia dei librai, 2004. p.234.</ref> {{it icon}}: ''' ''Giovanni Filagato'' '''); {{la icon}}: ''' ''Johannes Philagathus'' '''), born ca. 945 - [[August 26]], 1001, was Pope of the [[Church of Rome]] from 997 to 998.<ref name=BRIT>''"John (XVI)."'' Encyclopædia Britannica. '''Encyclopædia Britannica 2009 Ultimate Reference Suite'''. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009.</ref> Though regarded historically as an [[w:Antipope|antipope]] to Pope Gregory V (reigned 996-999), he was the last truly Roman-and-Orthodox Pope.<ref group="note">"From 1009, the Franks controlled the succession to the papal throne and Latin orthodoxy dropped its resistance to the innovations devised at the court of of Charlemagne, making it official doctrine."<br>
:*<small>[[Christos Yannaras]]. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p.18.</small></ref> After being blinded and imprisoned by the Frankish Pope Gregory V, he reposed in the Lord in the year 1001.<ref name=BRIT/><ref>Stavros L. K. Markou. ''[http://prophecyhistory.com/?q=printpdf/307 An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline].'' Retrieved 2013-02-14.</ref>
Due to the Frankish control of the papacy, the rulings of the [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] of 879 (of which Pope [[John VIII of Rome|John VIII]] had participated) were uncanonically rejected in the eleventh century.<ref group="note">Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) recognized the council of 869 as a general council. In May 1077 in a letter to Hugh of Die, he specified using Canon 22 from the council of 869, by way of forbidding Lay Investitures.<br>
:* <small>Patrick Healy. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=y2Tc4PsRvQkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Chronicle of Hugh of Flavigny: Reform and the Investiture Contest in the Late Eleventh Century].'' Church, Faith And Culture in the Medieval West. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006. pp.177-179.</small></ref> The [[Filioque]] was formally introduced into the [[Church of Rome]],<ref group="note">"The attitudes of the West and East Franks toward the Papacy and the Filioque were different, the first being mild, and the second fanatically hard. One of the important reasons for this is that, after 920, the new reform movements gained enough momentum to shape the policies of the East German Franks who took over the Papacy. When the Romans lost the Papacy, the [[Filioque]] was introduced into Rome for the first time in either 1009, or at latest by 1014."<br>:* <small>[[John S. Romanides]]. ''Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine: An Interplay Between Theology and Society.'' Holy Cross Press, 1981. 98 pp. ISBN 9780916586546</small></ref><ref group="note">In 1014, at the coronation of Emperor Henry II at Rome the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed|Creed]] was sung with the [[filioque]].</ref> as well as the papal claims of world domination (heretical views condemned by the Eighth Ecumenical Council). The new Frankish papacy also began to reject the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch" for the Archbishop of Constantinople (New Rome), an historic title bestowed upon the latter as early as 6th century.<ref>Stavros L. K. Markou. ''[http://prophecyhistory.com/?q=printpdf/307 An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline].'' Retrieved 2013-02-14.</ref><ref group="note">In 518 Patriarch [[John II Cappadocia of Constantinople|John II of Constantinople]] was addressed as ''"Oikoumenikos Patriarches"'' (Ecumenical Patriarch).</ref>
==See also==