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{{cleanup|Standardize headers, summarize chronology into prose, standardize formatting. Recommend possible replacement with [[Wikipedia:Fourth Crusade]].}}

The '''Fourth Crusade''' lasted from 1201-1204. Though the Crusades were for the most part an entirely Western phenomenon, this one affected Eastern Church history because the invading Crusaders took Constantinople on [[April 1312]], 1204. After defeating the Byzantine Emperor Alexius V (who had usurped the throne from his predecessor Alexius IV, put in power by the Crusaders), they conquered the city and famously looted and desecrated numerous churches, [[iconography|icons]], and [[relics]].{{<ref|1}} >[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/choniates1.html Nicetas Choniates: The Sack of Constantinople (1204)] - from the ''Medieval Sourcebook.''</ref> They then set up the [[w:Latin Empire|Latin Empire]], based in Constantinople; it lasted , lasting over 57 years until the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus recaptured Constantinople in 1261. This Crusade is widely regarded as having finalized the [[Great Schism]], as much bitterness towards the West remained even after the restoration of [[Byzantium]].{{stub}}

==Background History==''Factors Contributing to After the Diversion failure of the Fourth [[w:Third Crusade''|Third Crusade]] (1189–1192), there was little interest in Europe for another crusade against the [[Islam|Muslims]]. Jerusalem was now controlled by the [[w:Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid dynasty]], which ruled all of Syria and Egypt, except for the few cities along the coast still controlled by the crusader [[w:Kingdom of Jerusalem|Kingdom of Jerusalem]], now centered on [[w:Acre, Israel|Acre]]. The Third Crusade had also established a [[w:Kingdom of Cyprus|Kingdom on Cyprus]].

1[[w:Pope Innocent III|Pope Innocent III]] succeeded to the papacy in 1198, and the preaching of a new crusade became the goal of his pontificate. His call was largely ignored by the European monarchs, as the Germans were struggling against Papal power, and England and France were still engaged in warfare against each other. However, due to the preaching of [[w:Fulk of Neuilly|Fulk of Neuilly]], a crusading army was finally organized at a [[w:tournament (medieval)|tournament]] held at [[w:Écry-sur-Seine|Écry]] by [[w:Thibaut III of Champagne|Count Thibaut]] of [[w:Champagne, France|Champagne]] in 1199. Thibaut was elected leader, but he died in 1200 and was replaced by an Italian count, [[w:Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat|Boniface of Montferrat]]. Boniface and the other leaders sent envoys to Venice, Genoa, and other city-states to negotiate a contract for transport to Egypt, the object of their crusade; one of the envoys was the future historian [[w:Geoffrey of Villehardouin|Geoffrey of Villehardouin]]. Genoa was uninterested, but in March 1201 negotiations were opened with Venice, which agreed to transport 33,500 crusaders, a very ambitious number. This agreement required a full year of preparation on the part of the Venetians to build numerous ships and train the sailors who would man them, all the while curtailing the city's commercial activities. The crusading army was expected to comprise 4,500 knights (as well as 4,500 horses), 9,000 squires, and 20,000 foot-soldiers. The majority of the crusading army that set out from Venice in October 1202 originated from areas within France. It included men from Blois, Champagne, Amiens, Saint-Pol, the Ile-de-France and Burgundy. Several other regions of Europe sent substantial contingents as well, such as Flanders and Montferrat. Other notable groups came from the [[w:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]], including the men under Bishops Martin of Pairisand and Conrad of Halberstadt, together in alliance with the Venetian soldiers and sailors led by the Doge of Venice [[w:Enrico Dandolo|Enrico Dandolo]]. The crusade was to make directly for the centre of the Muslim world, Cairo, ready to sail on June 24, 1202. This agreement was ratified by Pope Innocent, with a solemn ban on attacks on Christian states.<ref>Philips Hughes. [http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/HUGHHIST.TXT "History of the Church"], ''Innocent III & the Latin East''. Sheed & Ward, 1948. pp.370. </ref>  ===Papal [[Primacy and Unity in Orthodox Ecclesiology|primacy]] as developed during the Cluniac Reformation (10th-11th c.) and the Gregorian Reform of Pope Gregory VII.===

2. ===Resentment the West had long felt against Eastern Christendom===

The average European, especially those who lived in the northern territories and had no communication or knowledge of the [[Byzantine Empire]], were taught to believe that the Greeks were ungodly, a nation not worthy to bear the name of Christians. Two examples are: #One example is found in the ''[[w:Chronicle of the Morea|Chronicle of the Morea]]'' (a 14th Century text naarating the establishment of western-style feudalism in Frankish Greece), there is a speech recorded which clearly shows the division between the Latins and the Greeks; the papal legate at Zara (1202) stated: "''It is better to brings Christians into agreement and like-mindedness, the Franks and the Greeks, than go to Syria with no hope of success''."(Chronicle of Morea p.82). #In Also, in the acccount of the Second Crusade (1147-49), ''De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem (On Louis VII's journey to the East)'', written by Odo of Deuil, a chaplain to the French King Louis VII and later abbott of Saint-Denis, Odo explains the failure of the Second Crusade in terms of human action rather than as the will of God. He blamed the Byzantine Empire under Manuel Comnenus for the downfall of the Crusade. Odo's prejudice against Byzantium led historian Steven Runciman to describe Odo as "hysterically anti-Greek."

3. Byzantium was regarded by the average Crusader as a traitor to Christendom ===Anti-Byzantine Sentiment in that it had consistently been hindering the connection with Previous Crusades, which were viewed by Crusaders as the liberation of the Holy Places from the infidel.# Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I Comnenus]] helped the First Crusade but was very cautious, signing an uneasy treaty and alliance with the Crusaders.# Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I Comnenus]] promised to help the Second Crusade and signed the same treaty with the Crusaders. However, he could not help because he was engaged in war against the Norman Prince Roger of Sicily, who had invaded Corfu. Manuel had also signed a treaty with the Turks of Iconium; the Crusaders, particularly the Franks, bitterly blamed him for their failure.# Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos|Isaac II Angelus]] foolishly imprisoned the ambassadors of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (Hohenstauffen), head of the Third Crusade, who were sent to negotiate passage through imperial territory. Issac also had concluded a treaty Byzantine Relations with the Sultan of Iconium, as he was fearful of Frederick's ambitions. Muslim Empires===

The fact is that Constantinople Emperor [[w:Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I Comnenus]] helped the First Crusade but was always suspicious of these Western hordes, sometimes quite unrulyvery cautious, which were passing through its territory full of bigotry signing an uneasy treaty and fanaticism against alliance with the Islamic nations neighboring the EmpireCrusaders. Emperor [[w:Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I Comnenus]] Besidespromised to help the Second Crusade and signed the same treaty with the Crusaders, however he could not help because he was engaged in war against the policy Norman Prince Roger of Sicily, who had invaded Corfu. Manuel had also signed a treaty with the Byzantine Empire in handling the Moslems and keeping them away was quite opposite to Turks of Iconium; the Crusaders' ideals and blind religious fanaticism. Historian Queller, quoting Runcimanparticularly the Franks, says that "bitterly blamed him for their failure. Emperor [[w:Isaac II Angelos|Isaac II Angelus]] foolishly imprisoned the concept ambassadors of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (Hohenstauffen), head of Christian War appears to be alien the Third Crusade, who were sent to negotiate passage through imperial territory. Issac also had concluded a treaty with the thought and personality Sultan of Jesus, and in factIconium, it as he was not looked upon favorably by the Greek Churchfearful of Frederick's ambitions."

4. Commercial Rivalries: Venice had Constantinople was always suspicious of the goal "Western hordes", sometimes quite unruly, which were passing through its territory full of controlling bigotry and fanaticism against the Islamic nations neighboring the Empire. Besides, the very important parts policy of the Byzantine Empire for in handling the Moslems and keeping them away was quite opposite to the Crusaders' ideals and blind religious fanaticism. Historian Queller, quoting Runciman, says that "the concept of Christian War appears to be alien to the benefit thought and personality of her tradeJesus, and in fact, it was not looked upon favorably by the Greek Church."

Envy for the apparent wealth of the Greeks and perhaps the desire to share in some of the precious holy relics and treasure in the churches of the imperial capital was another motivation. The primary sources of the First Crusade speak of the awe the Crusaders felt when they first glanced at the Imperial City and the domes of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]]; the feeling of inferiority is openly discerned as being at work in the Crusaders as a result. In both of the primary source accounts of Villehardouin and that of the Crusader knight Robert of Clari (4th Crusade), the impression of the Crusaders is recorded, that they were stunned by the unbelievable wealth and the treasure of the holy relics of Constantinople.

More ===Chronology of Aggressive Actions Between the West and Byzantium===:* There were bitter memories of recent Byzantine attacks on Westerners (in Sicily; in West Greece in 1098; and in Antioch during the First Crusade). :* 1149 The King of France Louis VII supported the suggestion that a European League should launch a new crusade against the emperor who was "Christian Only in Name." The capture of Constantinople should be the crusaders first objective. The Norman Roger of Sicily was in support of the idea, but his ally Pope Eugenius III was hesitant only because he feared the possible increase of Roger's power.:* 1171 Emperor Manuel, having concluded alliances with Pisa and Genoa, decided to strike at Venice by arresting all Venetians in the pointEmpire and confiscating all their ships and goods, symbolizing the degeneration of the Empire's relationship with the West and between Latins and Greeks in both Constantinople.:* 1183-85 During the reign of Emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, there was a great massacre of Italians in Constantinople, and all commerical concessions were withdrawn. Andronicus made many enemies and was eventually overthrown by riots in Constantinople.:* 1185 Normans took Thessaloniki and subjected inhabitants to merciless treatment, partly for revenge of the accounts massacre of Villehardouin Latins in 1183.:* 1188 Emperor Isaac II agreed in 1188 to Sultan Saladin's request to build a new mosque (and that not just use an existing one) in Constantinople. Its construction is mentioned by Pope Innocent III in a letter of 1210 to the Crusader knight Robert Latin Patriarch of Clari Constantinople, Tommaso Morosini. (4th ''Patrologia Latina'', CCXVI, col. 354.):* 1189: The Third Crusade)headed by German King Frederick Barbarossa, an enemy of Byzantium, the impression was almost turned against Constantinople. The folly of Isaac I in imprisoning Frederick's ambassadors enraged the Crusaders is recorded. They occupied Philippopolis in Thrace, and Frederick wrote to his son Henry to send a fleet and attack the capital. He also wrote to the pope for his blessing, stating that it was necessary to eliminate the Empire if they were stunned going to have any success in their enterprise against the Moslems. Negotiations by Isaac and a treaty averted the unbelievable wealth danger at that time. :* 1191 Cyprus taken from Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart," who sold it in 1198 to Frankish Crusaders from previous Crusades that had been ousted from Jerusalem in 1187 when the Arabs retook it after 88 years.:* 1197 Henry VI, son of Frederick Barbarossa, made no secret of his hatred of Byzantium and his ambitions to build a Mediterranean dominion. In 1197 a German expedition landed at Acre in Palestine; it was to be the treasure forerunner of a greater army led by Henry himself. Pope Celestine III made no attempt to dissuade him, but he advised him not to attack Constantinople because he was negotiating with the holy relics emperor the ''Union of Constantinoplethe Churches''. Henry's sudden death at 32 put an end to this German expedition.

6. Bitter Memories# There were bitter memories of recent Byzantine attacks on Westerners (in Sicily, West Greece(1098), and in Antioch during the First Crusade). # 1149: The King of France Louis VII supported the suggestion that a European League should launch a new crusade against the emperor who was "Christian Only in Name." The capture of Constantinople should be the crusaders first objective. The Norman Roger of Sicily was in support of the idea, but his ally Pope Eugenius III was hesitant only because he feared the possible increase of Roger's power.# 1171: Emperor Manuel, having concluded alliances with Pisa and Genoa, decided ==Diversion to strike at Venice by arresting all Venetians in the Empire and confiscating all their ships and goods, symbolizing the degeneration of the Empire's relationship with the West and between Latins and Greeks in Constantinople.# 1183==<!--85: during the reign of Emperor Andronicus I Comnenus, there was a great massacre [[Sack of Italians in Constantinople, and all commerical concessions were withdrawn. Andronicus made many enemies and was eventually overthrown by riots in Constantinople.]] redirects here --># 1185[[Image: Normans took Thessaloniki and subjected inhabitants to merciless treatment, partly for revenge of the massacre of Latins in 1183Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 012.# 1188: Emperor Isaac II agreed in 1188 to Sultan Saladinjpg|thumb|300px|''s request to build a new mosque (and not just use an existing one) in Constantinople. Its construction is mentioned by Pope Innocent III in a letter The Entry of 1210 to the Latin Patriarch of Crusaders into Constantinople, Tommaso Morosini. '' (Patrologia Latina[[Eugène Delacroix]], CCXVI, col. 354.)# 1189: The Third Crusade (11891840), headed by German King Frederick Barbarossa, an enemy of Byzantium, was almost turned against Constantinople. The folly most infamous action of Isaac I in imprisoning Frederick's ambassadors enraged the Crusaders. They occupied Philippopolis in Thrace, and Frederick wrote to his son Henry to send a fleet and attack the capital. He also wrote to the pope for his blessing, stating that it Fourth Crusade was necessary to eliminate the Empire if they were going to have any success in their enterprise against the Moslems. Negotiations by Isaac and a treaty averted the danger at that time. # 1191: Cyprus taken from Byzantines by English King Richard I "Lion Heart," who sold it in 1198 to Frankish Crusaders from previous Crusades ousted from Jerusalem in 1187 when the Arabs retook Jerusalem after 88 years.# 1197: Henry VI, son sack of Frederick Barbarossa, made no secret of his hatred of Byzantium and his ambitions to build a Mediterranean dominion. In 1197 a German expedition landed at Acre in Palestine; it was to be the forerunner Orthodox Christian capital city of a greater army led by Henry himself. Pope Celestine III made no attempt to dissuade him, but he advised him not to attack [[Constantinople because he was negotiating with the emperor the ''Union of the Churches''. Henry's sudden death at 32 put an end to this German expedition.]]]]

=='''Chronology [[w:Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat|Boniface of Montferrat]] had left the Fourth Crusade (Diversion fleet before it sailed from Venice, to visit his cousin [[w:Philip of Swabia|Philip of Swabia]]. The reasons for his visit are a matter of debate. He may have realized the Fourth Crusade)Venetians'plans and left to avoid [[excommunication]], or he may have wanted to meet with the Byzantine prince [[w:Alexius IV Angelos|Alexius IV Angelus]], Philip's brother-in-law and the son of the recently deposed Byzantine emperor [[w:Isaac II Angelos|Isaac II Angelus]]. Young Alexius had fled to Philip when his father was overthrown in 1195, but it is unknown whether or not Boniface knew he was at Philip'==s court.

NovThere, Alexius IV offered 200,000 silver marks, 10,000 men to help the Crusaders, the maintenance of 500 knights in the Holy Land, the service of the Byzantine navy to transport the Crusader Army to Egypt and the placement of the [[w:Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church]] under the [[Roman Catholic Church]] if they would sail to Byzantium and topple the reigning emperor Alexius III Angelus. 1198 It was a tempting offer for an enterprise that was short on funds. Greco- The popular preacher Fulk Latin relationships had been complicated ever since the [[Great Schism]] of Neuilly is commissioned by Pope Innocent III to preach the crusade1054.

28 NovThe Latins of the [[w:First Crusade|First]], [[w:Second Crusade|Second]], and [[w:Third Crusade|Third Crusades]] had been hostile to Constantinople on their way to the Holy Land, whereas the Greeks had been accused of betraying the Crusaders to the Turks. 1199 A large number of Venetian merchants were also attacked and deported during anti- At the tournament Latin riots in Constantinople in Ecry1182. However, many young counts the Byzantine prince's proposal involved his restoration to the throne, not the sack of his capital city, which Count Boniface agreed to. Alexius IV returned with the Marquess to rejoin the fleet at Corfu after it had sailed from Zara. The rest of the Crusade'take s leaders eventually accepted the cross'': Thibald plan as well. There were many leaders, however, of the rank and file who wanted nothing to do with the proposal, and many deserted. The fleet of Champagne 60 war galleys, 100 horse transports, and 50 large transports (leaderthe entire fleet was manned by 10,000 Venetian oarsmen and marines)arrived at Constantinople in late June 1203.<ref name="Phillips269">J. Phillips, Louis ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of BloisConstantinople'', 269</ref> In addition, Simon de Montfort300 siege engines were brought along on board the fleet.<ref name="siege">J. Phillips, Reynald ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of MontmirailConstantinople'', etc.113</ref>

23 Feb. 1200 - Baldwin of Flanders takes When the cross.- shortly thereafter - Fourth Crusade arrived at Constantinople, the city had a meeting in Soissonspopulation of 150,000 people, a garrison of 30,000 men, including 5,000 [[w:Varangians|Varangians]], and a fleet of 20 galleys.<ref name="byzantines">J. Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople'', it 159</ref> The Crusaders' initial motive was decided to delay restore Isaac II to the Byzantine throne so that they could receive the Crusade due to lack of support (manpower)that they were promised.- 2 months later - at Compiegne - it was decided [[w:Conon de Béthune|Conon of Bethune]] delivered this message to take the sea route to Lombard envoy who was sent by the Eastreigning emperor [[w:Alexios III Angelos|Alexius III Angelus]], who had deposed his brother Isaac. A group The citizens of 6 envoys Constantinople were not concerned with the deposed emperor and his exiled son. Usurpations were sent to Venice to negotiate frequent in Byzantine affairs, and this. Geoffroy de Villehardouin (author of "''Chronicles of time the throne had even remained in the Crusades''") was one of thesesame family.

FebThe Crusaders sailed alongside Constantinople with 10 galleys to display Alexius IV, but from the walls of the city the Byzantines taunted the puzzled crusaders, who had been promised that Prince Alexius would be welcomed.<ref name="taunt">J. 1201 - Ducal Council Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Doge Enrico Dandolo Constantinople'', 164</ref> First the crusaders captured and sacked the cities of VeniceChalcedon and Chrysopolis, then they defeated 500 Byzantine cavalrymen in battle with just 80 Frankish knights. It was decided that <ref name="battle">J. Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade and the fleet was to be ready by 29 June 1202.Sack of Constantinople'', 162</ref>

June 1201 - at Soissons===Siege of July 1203===To take the city by force, Boniface of Montferrat takes the crusaders first needed to cross the Bosphorus. About 200 ships, horse transports and is made leader galleys would undertake to deliver the crusading army across the narrow strait, where Alexius III had lined up the Byzantine army in battle formation along the shore, north of the suburb of Galata. The Crusader's knights charged straight out of the horse transports, and the Byzantine army fled south. [[Image:Constantinople Mural Fourth Crusade.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A mural depicting the Venetian Fleet entering the [[Golden Horn]] after breaking the chains that protected the city]]The Crusaders followed south, and attacked the Tower of Galata, which held one end of the chain that blocked access to the Golden Horn. As they laid siege to the Tower, the Greeks counterattacked with some initial success. However, when the Crusaders rallied and the Greeks retreated to the Tower, the Crusaders were able to follow the soldiers through the Gate, and the Tower surrendered. The Golden Horn now lay open to the Crusaders, and the Venetian fleet entered.

cOn July 11, the Crusaders took positions opposite the Blachernae palace on the northwest corner of the city, and began the siege in earnest on July 17, with four divisions attacking the land walls, while the Venetian fleet attacked the sea walls from the Golden Horn.Sept The Venetians took a section of the wall of about 25 towers, while the Varangian guard held off the Crusaders on the land wall. 1201 - Alexius IV (son of deposed Emperor Isaac) escapes Constantinople The Varangians shifted to meet the new threat, and reaches the West - specifically, Phillip Venetians retreated under the screen of fire. The fire destroyed about 120 acres of Swabia's Christmas court in Hagenau Germanythe City.

Late SummerAlexius III finally took offensive action, and led 17 divisions from the St. Romanus Gate, vastly outnumbering the crusaders. Alexius III's army of about 8,500 men faced the Crusader's 7 divisions (about 3,500 men), but his courage failed, and the Byzantine army returned to the city without a fight.<ref name="battle2">J. Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople'', 177</Autumn 1201 - Boniface ref> The retreat and the effects of Montferrat arrives at Hagenau:the fire greatly damaged morale, causing the citizens of Constantinople to turn against Alexius III, who then fled. The destructive fire left 20,000 people homeless.<ref name="fire">J. Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople'', 176</ref> Prince Alexius was elevated to the throne as Alexius IV along with his blind father Isaac.

''(Possibility ===Further attacks on Constantinople===Alexius IV realised that his promises were hard to keep. Alexius III had managed to flee with 1,000 pounds of Phillip gold and some priceless jewels, leaving the imperial treasury short on funds. At that point the young emperor ordered the destruction and melting of Swabiavaluable Byzantine and Roman icons in order to extract their gold and silver, Alexius IVbut even then he could only raise 100, and Boniface 000 silver marks. In the eyes of all Greeks who knew of Montferrat discussing this decision, it was a change in direction for shocking sign of desperation and weak leadership, which deserved to be punished by God. The Byzantine historian Nicetas Choniates characterized it as "''the turning point towards the Crusade = diversion decline of the Fourth Crusade).Roman state''".

''FebThus Alexius IV had to deal with the growing hatred by the citizens of Constantinople for the "Latins" and vice versa. 1202 In fear of his life, the co- emperor asked the Crusaders to renew their contract for another six months, to end by April 1204. There was, nevertheless, still fighting in the city. In August 1203 the crusaders attacked a mosque, which was defended by a combined Muslim and Greek opposition. Meanwhile, Alexius IV had led 6,000 men from the Crusader army against his rival Alexius speaks to Pope Innocent IIIV in Adrianople.''<ref name = "exp"/>

On the second attempt of the Venetians to set up a wall of fire to aid their escape, they instigated the "Great Fire", in which a large part of Constantinople was burned down. Opposition to Alexius IV grew, and one of his courtiers, Alexius Ducas (nicknamed 'Murtzuphlos'March 1202 - Boniface speaks with Pope Innocent IIIbecause of his thick eyebrows), soon overthrew him and had him strangled to death. Alexius Ducas took the throne himself as [[w:Alexios V Doukas|Alexius V]]; Isaac died soon afterward, probably of natural causes.''

15 AugThe crusaders and Venetians, incensed at the murder of their supposed patron, demanded that Murtzuphlos honor the contract which Alexius IV had promised. 1202 - Boniface joins When the Byzantine emperor refused the Crusaders assaulted the city once again. On April 8, Alexius V's army in Veniceput up a strong resistance which did much to discourage the crusaders.

Early Autumn 1202 The Greeks pushed enormous projectiles onto the enemy siege engines, shattering many of them. A serious hindrance to the crusaders was bad weather conditions. Wind blew from the shore and prevented most of the ships from drawing close enough to the walls to launch an assault. Only five of the Greek towers were actually engaged and none of these could be secured; by mid- too few Crusaders show up; great debt owed to Veniceafternoon it was evident that the attack had failed.

1 OctThe clergy discussed the situation amongst themselves and settled upon the message they wished to spread through the demoralized army. They had to convince the men that the events of [[April 9]] were not God's judgment on a sinful enterprise: the campaign, they argued, was righteous and with proper belief it would succeed. 1202 - Army sets out The concept of God testing the determination of the crusaders through temporary setbacks was a familiar means for the Dalmatian coast, city clergy to explain failure in the course of Zaraa campaign.

After 10 NovThe clergy's message was designed to reassure and encourage the crusaders. 1202 - a letter of Pope Innocent III forbids Their argument that the Crusaders to attack any Christian cityon Constantinople was spiritual revolved around two themes. First, the Greeks were traitors and murderers since they had killed their rightful lord, Alexius IV. The churchmen used inflammatory language and he names Zara by nameclaimed that "''the Greeks were worse than the Jews''", since and they invoked the king authority of that city had also taken God and the crosspope to take action.

11-24 NovAlthough Innocent III had again demanded that they not attack, the papal letter was suppressed by the clergy, and the crusaders prepared for their own attack, while the Venetians attacked from the sea. 1202 - Siege of Zara. The Alexius V's army stayed in the city is sackedto fight, along with the imperial bodyguard, the [[w:Varangians|Varangians]], but Alexius V himself fled during the night.

===Final capture of Constantinople===On [[April 12]] 1204 the weather conditions finally favoured the Crusaders. A strong northern wind aided the Venetian ships to come close to the wall. After 24 Nova short battle, approximately seventy crusaders managed to enter the city.1202 - The pope excomminicates Some Crusaders were eventually able to knock holes in the Crusaderswalls, but shortly thereafter absolves them all (except small enough for a few knights at a time to crawl through; the Venetians)were also successful at scaling the walls from the sea, though there was extremely bloody fighting with the [[w:Varangians#The Varangian Guard|Varangians]]. The crusaders captured the [[w:Blachernae|Blachernae]] section of the city in order the northwest and used it as a base to prevent attack the breakup rest of the city, but while attempting to defend themselves with a wall of fire, they ended up burning down even more of the city. This second fire left 15,000 people homeless.<ref name="exp">J. Phillips, ''The Fourth Crusade.and the Sack of Constantinople'', 209</ref>

DecThe Crusaders took the city on [[April 12]]. 1202 - Boniface arrives at ZaraThe crusaders inflicted a horrible and savage sacking on Constantinople for three days, during which many ancient and medieval Roman and Greek works were either stolen or destroyed. The magnificent [[w:Library of Constantinople|Library of Constantinople]] was destroyed. Despite their oaths and the threat of excommunication, the Crusaders ruthlessly and systematically violated the city's holy sanctuaries, destroying, defiling, or stealing all they could lay hands on; nothing was spared. It was said that the total amount looted from Constantinople was about 900,000 silver marks. The Venetians received 150,000 silver marks that was their due, while the Crusaders received 50,000 silver marks. A further 100,000 silver marks were divided evenly up between the Crusaders and Venetians. The remaining 500,000 silver marks were secretly kept back by many Crusader knights.

Speros Vryonis in '''Dec. 1202 - Envoys of Phillip of Swabia arrive in Zara Byzantium and present the proposal of Alexius IV to the Crusade leaders -- for them to restore Alexius to the throne in exchange for a list of hefty concessions.Europe''' 24 May 1203 - The Crusaders depart from Corfu after having ratified the proposal gives a vivid account of Alexius IV, in Alexius' presence, by oath. Alexius accompanies the Crusaders from here on.  24 June 1203 - Arrival before the walls sack of Constantinople. 18 June 1203 - FIRST SEIGE of Constantinople. The city falls. First fire in by the city. Alexius III flees, Frankish and then Alexius IV and Isaac are crowned co-emperors. August 1203 - Delays in payment by Alexius IV to the Venetian Crusaders detain them in Constantinople. They end up wintering in the city instead of leaving for Egypt. Dec. 1203 - Jan.1204 - Riots in the city. Second fire in the city. 28 Jan. 1204 - A coup d'etat by Murtzuphlus, who crowns himself Alexius V.Fourth Crusade:

8 April<blockquote>The Latin soldiery subjected the greatest city in Europe to an indescribable sack. For three days they murdered, 1204 raped, looted and destroyed on a scale which even the ancient Vandals and Goths would have found unbelievable. Constantinople had become a veritable museum of ancient and Byzantine art, an emporium of such incredible wealth that the Latins were astounded at the riches they found. Though the Venetians had an appreciation for the art which they discovered (they were themselves semi- SECOND SIEGE Byzantines) and saved much of it, the French and others destroyed indiscriminately, halting to refresh themselves with wine, violation of nuns, and murder of Orthodox clerics. The Crusaders vented their hatred for the Greeks most spectacularly in the desecration of the greatest Church in Christendom. They smashed the silver iconostasis, the icons and the holy books of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]], and seated upon the patriarchal throne a whore who sang coarse songs as they drank wine from the Church's holy vessels. The estrangement of East and West, which had proceeded over the centuries, culminated in the horrible massacre that accompanied the conquest of Constantinople begins. The Greeks were convinced that even the Turks, had they taken the city, would not have been as cruel as the Latin Christians. The defeat of Byzantium, already in a state of decline, accelerated political degeneration so that the Byzantines eventually became an easy prey to the Turks. The Crusading movement thus resulted, ultimately, in the victory of Islam, a result which was of course the exact opposite of its original intention.<ref>Vryonis, Speros. ''Byzantium and Europe''. Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 1967. pp.152</ref><ref>Philip Hughes. [http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/HUGHHIST.TXT "History of the Church Vol II"], ''Innocent III & the Latin East''. Sheed & Ward, 1948. pp.372.</ref> </blockquote>.

'''12 AprilAccording to Choniates, 1204 - The city fallsa prostitute was even set up on the Patriarchal throne.<ref>[http://www.fordham. A great sack followsedu/halsall/source/choniates1. Alexius V flees secretlyhtml "The Sack of Constantinople"], Nicetas Choniates, 1204. Third great fire in </ref> When Innocent III heard of the cityconduct of his pilgrims, he was filled with shame and strongly rebuked them.'''

16 MayAccording to a prearranged treaty, 1204 - the empire was apportioned between Venice and the crusade's leaders, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople was established. Boniface was not elected as the new emperor, although the citizens seemed to consider him as such. The Venetians thought he had too many connections with the former empire because of his brother, [[w:Renier of Montferrat|Renier of Montferrat]], who had been married to [[w:Maria Komnene (Porphyrogenita)|Maria Comnena (Porphyrogenita)]], empress in the 1170s and 80s. Instead they placed [[w:Baldwin I of Constantinople|Baldwin of Flanders is crowned ]] on the throne. Boniface went on to found the first Latin emperor [[w:Kingdom of Thessalonica|Kingdom of Thessalonica]], a vassal state of the new "Latin Empire . The Venetians also founded the [[w:Duchy of Constantinople (Romania)the Archipelago|Duchy of the Archipelago]] in the Aegean Sea."

''Meanwhile, Byzantine refugees founded their own successor states, the most notable of these being the [[w:Empire of Nicaea|Empire of Nicaea]] under [[w:Theodore I Laskaris|Theodore Lascaris]] ((These dates were largely taken from Jonathan Riley-Smith a relative of Alexius III), the [[w:Empire of Trebizond|Empire of Trebizond]], and Niketas Choniates))''the [[w:Despotate of Epiros|Despotate of Epirus]].

==Sir [[w:Edward Gibbon|Edward Gibbon]] stated that the spoils taken during one week in Constantinople equalled seven times the whole revenue of England at that time<ref>Treece, Henry. ''The Sack==Crusades''. London, 1962</ref>. The four magnificent bronze horses over the portals of San Marco's Basilica in Venice were snatched from the Byzantine hippodrome, standing monuments of one of the greatest acts of brigandage in history.

Speros Vryonis in ''Byzantium The treasures of the city, the books and works of art preserved from distant centuries, were all dispersed and Europe'' gives most destroyed. The Empire, the great Eastern bulwark of Christendom, was broken as a vivid account power. The conquests of the sack of Constantinople Ottomans were made possible by the Frankish and Venetian Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade:' crime<ref>Runciman, Steven. ''Byzantine Civilization''. Cleveland World Publ. Co. 1965. pp.46</ref>.

:"The Latin soldiery subjected the greatest city in Europe to an indescribable sack. For three days they murdered, raped, looted and destroyed on a scale which even the ancient Vandals and Goths would have found unbelievable. Constantinople had become a veritable museum of ancient and Byzantine art, an emporium of such incredible wealth that the Latins were astounded at the riches they found. Though the Venetians had an appreciation for the art which they discovered (they were themselves semi-Byzantines) and saved much of it, the French and others destroyed indiscriminately, halting to refresh themselves with wine, violation of nuns, and murder of Orthodox clerics. The Crusaders vented their hatred for the Greeks most spectacularly in the desecration of the greatest Church in Christendom. They smashed the silver [[iconostasis]], the icons and the holy books of Hagia Sophia, and seated upon the patriarchal throne a whore who sang coarse songs as they drank wine from the Church's holy vessels. The estrangement of East and West, which had proceeded over the centuries, culminated in the horrible massacre that accompanied the conquest of Constantinople. The Greeks were convinced that even the Turks, had they taken the city, would not have been as cruel as the Latin Christians. The defeat of Byzantium, already in a state of decline, accelerated political degeneration so that the Byzantines eventually became an easy prey to the Turks. The Crusading movement thus resulted, ultimately, in the victory of Islam, a result which was of course the exact opposite of its original intention." (Vryonis, ''Byzantium and Europe'', p.152). Sir Edward Gibbon stated that the spoils taken during one week in Constantinople equalled seven times the whole revenue of England at that time (Treece). The four magnificent bronze horses over the portals of San Marco's Basilica in Venice were snatched from the Byzantine hippodrome, standing monuments of one of the greatest acts of brigandage in history. Its hard to exaggerate the harm done to European civilization by the sack of Constantinople. The treasures of the city, the books and works of art preserved from distant centuries, were all dispersed and most destroyed. The Empire, the great Eastern bulwark of Christendom, was broken as a power. The conquests of the Ottomans were made possible by the Crusaders' crime(Runciman, p.46). A Roman Catholic patriarch was established and attempted to introduce Roman Catholicism by force. The new Venetian Patriarch in Constantinople, Tommaso Morosini, was appointed by the Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo (the main person who engineered the diversion of the Fourth Crusade); and according to Gibbon, the Venetians employed every art to perpetuate in their own nation the honors and benefices of the Greek church. Morosini appealed to the Pope for aid, and being unable to serve so many derisive masters, he died a madman. The new papal legate, Pelagius, rode into Constantinople dressed in scarlet from head to foot, like a Greek Emperor himself, and soon asserted that the easy days were over: Thenceforth the Greek clergy must adapt themselves in all religious rites and beliefs to those of the Church of Rome. He was prepared to wade through blood, he quickly showed, should the Orthodox Greeks deny any part of his assertion (<ref>Treece, Henry. ''The Crusades''. London, 1962. pp.230-231)</ref>.

After the ''[[w:Battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros|Battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros]],'' which took place in the spring of 1205, in Messinia, Peloponnese, between the Franks and the Greeks, all the castles and cities of the Peloponnese fell to the Franks. Meanwhile, the Venetians took possession of Crete in 1211, and retained it until ousted by the Ottoman Turks in 1669, a full 458 years later.

 '''Recovery'''[[Image:Greece_in_1278.JPG|right|thumb|Greece in 1278]]In September of 1259, the Byzantines defeated the Latin Principality of Achaea at the ''Battle of Pelagonia'', marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece. In 1261 Emperor Michael Palaeologus reconquered Constantinople for the Byzantines, and control of the city at last passed from the Venetians to the Paleologus Dynasty. Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus made the city of Mystras in the Peloponnese the seat of the new Despotate of Morea, which was to last until 1460. ===Papal Apology to Orthodox Church===

Pope John Paul II stated: "''For occasions past and present when the sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by actions and omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us the forgiveness we beg of Him.''" Many Orthodox regard this as a "political" apology for the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, as well as for other issues, but it was clearly not in any way or form a religious/or doctrinal apology on the part of the Roman Catholic Church.

In April 2004, in a speech on the 800th anniversary of the city's capture, Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] formally accepted the apology. "''The spirit of reconciliation is stronger than hatred,''" he said during a liturgy attended by Roman Catholic Archbishop Philippe Barbarin of Lyon, France. "''We receive with gratitude and respect your cordial gesture for the tragic events of the Fourth Crusade. It is a fact that a crime was committed here in the city 800 years ago.''" Bartholomew said his acceptance came in the spirit of Pascha. "''The spirit of reconciliation of the resurrection... incites us toward reconciliation of our churches.''"<ref>[http://www.incommunion.org/articles/issue-33/news-issue-33''Patriarch accepts Pope’s Apology.'']'' '''In Communion: Website of Orthodox Peace Fellowship''' '', News - Issue 33.</ref>