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[[Image:Chrismation.jpg|right|thumb|A priest administering the sacred Chrism on a newly chrismated womanchrism]]
{{spirituality}}
'''Chrismation''' (sometimes called '''confirmation''') is the [[sacramentHoly Mysteries|holy mystery]] by which a [[baptism|baptized]] person is granted the gift of the [[Holy Spirit]] through anointing with oil. As Baptism baptism is a personal participation in the death and [[Pascha|Resurrection]] of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], so Chrismation chrismation is a personal participation in the coming of the Holy Spirit at [[Pentecost]].
==Theology and Practice practice ==Unlike in the Western churches (e.g., [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]]), where confirmation is typically reserved to those of "the age of reason," Chrismation chrismation in the Orthodox Church (as well as the [[Eastern_Catholic|Eastern Rite Catholic Churches]]) is normally administered to infants immediately after [[baptism]] and immediately (or at least shortly) before one's first reception of Holy Communion.
Chrismation is practiced by anointing the new Christian with '''[[chrism''' ]], which is holy oil (Gk. '''''myron'''''). The myron is a "mixture of forty sweet-smelling substances and pure olive oil" (Gialopsos, 35). The Christian is anointed with this oil in the sign of the Cross on his forehead, eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, breastchest, hands and feet. Each time, the priest administering the sacrament says, "The Seal and Gift of the Holy Spirit."
The Sacrament sacrament of chrismation is an extension of the Day day of [[Pentecost]], on which the Holy Spirit was poured out on the Apostles. It is by Chrismation that a person becomes a layperson – —a member of the ''laos'', the people of God. Bishop [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia]] explains:
:Through Chrismation every member of the Church becomes a prophet, and receives a share in the royal priesthood of Christ; all Christians alike, because they are chrismated, are called to act as conscious witnesses to the Truth. 'You have an anointing (''chrisma'') from the Holy One, and know all things' ([[I John]] 2:20) (Ware, 279).
Although normally administered in conjunction with Baptismbaptism, in some cases chrismation alone may be used to receive [[convert]]s to Orthodoxy through the exercise of ''[[economia]]''. Although practice in this regard varies, in general (especially in North America) if a convert comes to Orthodoxy from another Christian confession and has previously undergone a rite of baptism by immersion in the Trinitarian Formula ("in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit"), he or she may be received into the Orthodox Church through the sacrament of chrismation, after which receiving the Holy Eucharist. If, however, a convert comes from a Christian confession that baptizes in the Name of "Jesus only" (such as some Pentecostal churches) or from one that does not practice baptism at all (such as Quakers and the Salvation Army), baptism is a prerequisite for chrismation. The use of ''economia'' is at the discretion of, and subject to the guidelines imposed by, the local [[bishop]].
==Apostolic Foundationsfoundations==Although some non-Orthodox Christians level the charge that the sacraments other than [[baptism]] and [[Eucharist]] are not Biblically based, but rather human traditions, this is not so. The sacrament of chrismation can be observed in the New Testament.