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True Byzantine art, popularized by The reign of [[w:Grigory GagarinNicholas II of Russia|Grigory GagarinNicholas II]] and was notable for the architects's turn from this standard back to [[w:David GrimmHagia Sophia (Constantinople)|David GrimmHagia Sophia]]legacy, was adopted by [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II of Russia]] as peaking in the de-facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland, [[w:CrimeaNaval Cathedral in Kronstadt|CrimeaNaval Cathedral in Kronstadt]], the and [[w:CaucasusPoti|CaucasusPoti]])cathedral. However, few buildings were completed in Alexander II reign due These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to financial troubles. contemporary [[w:Alexander II of RussiaArt Nouveau|Alexander III]] changed state preference in favor of [[Russian RevivalArt Nouveau]] trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained the exteriors were a common choice, especially for large cathedralsclear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in tradition was terminated by the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and [[w:Central AsiaRussian revolution of 1917|Central Asiarevolution of 1917]], the Cossack hosts and the industrial region but was continued by emigrant architects in [[w:Urals|Urals]] around the city of Perm. Architects [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]] Yugoslavia and [[w:Vasily Kosyakov|Vasily Kosyakov]] developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical [[w:pendetiveHarbin|pendetiveHarbin]] apses that became de-facto standard in 1880s-1890s.
The reign of <center><gallery>Image:Novoafonsky monastyr.jpg|[[w:New Athos|New Athos]] Monastery in [[Nicholas II of Russiaw:Abkhazia|Nicholas IIAbkhazia]] was notable for the architects. Image:St Volodymyr Cathedral Interior 2.jpg|Interior of [[w:St. Vladimir's turn from this standard back to [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)Cathedral|Hagia SophiaSt. Vladimir's Cathedral]] legacy, peaking in the Kiev. Image:Saint Petersburg Kronstadt.jpg|[[w:Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt]] and . Image:Kazan church in Voskresensky Novodevichy monastery from cemetery.jpg|[[w:PotiNovodevichy Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)|PotiNovodevichy Cemetery]] cathedralchurch (1908-15) in St. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary Petersburg. Image:Храм святого Владимира 5.jpg|The [[w:Chersonesus Cathedral|Saint Vladimir Cathedral]] in [[w:Art NouveauChersonesus Taurica|Art NouveauChersonesus]] yet , 19th century, commemorating the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinoplepresumed place of [[Vladimir of Kiev|St. Russian NeoVladimir]]'s baptism, (1850 -Byzantine tradition was terminated ). Image:St Petersburg Dmitry Solunsky church.jpg|Church of Dmitry Solunsky in Saint Petersburg (1861–1866) by Roman Kuzmin. Image:Astrakhan Temple of St Vladimira.jpg|In 1888 Vasily Kosyakov found the ultimate proportion of a single-dome design. Blueprints of his [[w:Russian revolution of 1917Astrakhan|revolution of 1917Astrakhan]] but church were copied in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine, before the original was continued by emigrant architects completed (1895–1904). Image:Novocherkassk.jpg|[[w:Novocherkassk|Novocherkassk]], Russia, 1891–1905. Image:Blagoveschensky church in Yugoslavia and Kharkov.jpg|[[w:Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkov]], Ukraine, 1888–1901. Image:Christ the Saviour Cathedral (Borki, Ukraine).jpg|Christ the Savior Cathedral in Borki (Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine), ca. 1900; this was the inspiration for the St. Sophia Cathedral in Harbin. Image:Belogorsky Monastery, near Kungir, in the Perm District of Russia.jpg|[[Belogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral (Perm Krai, Russia)|HarbinBelogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral]], Russia. Begun 1902; Consecration, 7 June 1917. Also known as the “Urals Athos.”</gallery></center>
* [[Byzantine architecture]]* [[Russian architecture]]* [[Russian Revival]]'''Wikipedia'''* [[w:Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire]]at Wikipedia.
Image:Novoafonsky monastyr.jpg|[[w:New Athos|New Athos]] Monastery in [[w:Abkhazia|Abkhazia]].
Image:St Volodymyr Cathedral Interior 2.jpg|Interior of [[w:St. Vladimir's Cathedral|St. Vladimir's Cathedral]] in Kiev.
Image:Saint Petersburg Kronstadt.jpg|[[w:Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt]].
Image:Kazan church in Voskresensky Novodevichy monastery from cemetery.jpg|[[w:Novodevichy Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)|Novodevichy Cemetery]] church (1908-15) in St. Petersburg.
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[[Image:AlexanderNevskiCathedral.jpg|right|thumb|230px|[[w:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]], by [[w:Alexander Pomerantsev|Alexander Pomerantsev]].]]
The '''Byzantine Revival''' or '''Neo-Byzantine architecture''' is movement was an [[w:Revivalism (architecture)|architectural revival style]], movement most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings. It emerged in the 1840s in Western Europe and peaked in the last quarter of 19th century in the Russian Empire. An ; an isolated Neo-Byzantine school was active in Yugoslavia between World War I and World War II.
Neo-Byzantine architecture incorporates elements of the [[Byzantine style]] associated with [[w:Eastern Christian|Eastern]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] architecture dating from the 5th through 11th centuries, notably that of Constantinople and the Exarchate of [[Ravenna]]. The style is characterized by round arches, vaults and domes, brick and stucco surfaces, symbolic ornamentation, and the use of decorative mosaics.
==German countries==
[[Image:Christuskirche Matzleinsdorf Wien.jpg|thumb|right|210px140px|Christuskirche in Matzleindorf, 1858—1860]]
Earliest example of emerging Byzantine-[[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] architecture was the [[w:St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich|Abbey of Saint Boniface]], laid down by Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1835 and completed in 1840. The basilica followed the rules of 6th century [[Ravenna]] architecture, although its [[w:corinthian order|corinthian order]] was a clear deviation from the historical Byzantine art. In 1876 Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned Neo-Byzantine interiors of the Neuschwanstein Castle, complete with mosaic images of [[Justinian I]] and Greek saints.
Danish architect [[w:Theophil Hansen|Theophil Hansen]] became a supporter of the style in the 1850s. His major works belonged to [[w:Neo-Grec|Neo-Grec]] style, however, Hansen as a professor of Byzantine art in University of Vienna shaped a generation of architects that popularized Neo-Byzantine architecture in Austro-Hungary, Serbia and post-war Yugoslavia. Hansen's own Neo-Byzantine work include the Greek Church of Trinity (1856—1858) in Vienna and Chistuskirche in Matzleindorf (1858—1860).
==RussiaRussian Empire==The [[w:Sophia Cathedral|Sophia Cathedral]] in Pushkin (1782—1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwise [[w:neoclassicism|neoclassical]] structures. In 1830s [[w:Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I of Russia]] promoted the so-called ''Russo-Byzantine'' style of churches designed by [[w:Konstantin Thon|Konstantin Thon]]. Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with a keel-shaped gable, and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with an onion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standard.
True Byzantine art, popularized by [[w:Sophia CathedralGrigory Gagarin|Sophia CathedralGrigory Gagarin]] in Pushkin (1782—1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwise [[w:neoclassicismDavid Grimm|neoclassicalDavid Grimm]] structures. In 1830s , was adopted by [[w:Nicholas I Alexander II of Russia|Nicholas I Alexander II of Russia]] promoted as the so-called ''Russode-facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine'' style architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of churches designed by Empire (Congress Poland, [[w:Crimea|Crimea]], the [[w:Konstantin ThonCaucasus|Konstantin ThonCaucasus]]). Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style However, few buildings were completed in fact had little common with itAlexander II reign due to financial troubles. Notably[[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander III]] changed state preference in favor of Russian Revival trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, Thon routinely replaced the circular yet Byzantine arch with architecture remained a keelcommon choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-shaped gableByzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], the Cossack hosts and the hemispherical industrial region in [[w:Urals|Urals]] around the city of Perm. Architects [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]] and [[w:Vasily Kosyakov|Vasily Kosyakov]] developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine dome cathedral with an onion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical four symmetrical [[w:pendetive|pendetive]] apses that became de-facto standardin 1880s-1890s.
==United States==
In the United States and elsewhere, the Neo-Byzantine style is often seen in [[w:Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] amalgamations with other Medieval revivalist styles such as [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[w:Gothic revival|Gothic]], or even with the [[w:Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]] or [[w:Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]] styles.
Notable American examples include many buildings on the campus of Rice University in Texas, [[w:St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Church]] in Philadelphia, [[w:Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis|Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]] and the [[w:Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception|Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] built between 1920 and 1959 in Washington, D.C. In the early 1980s, famed American architect [[w:Philip Johnson|Philip Johnson]] designed a [[w:Post-Modernist|Post-Modernist]] addition to the Cleveland Play House that reflects Byzantine influences, and could thus be termed Neo-Byzantine.
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File:StSophiaLosAngeles.JPG|[[St. Sophia Cathedral (Los Angeles, California)]], 1952.
File:St Francis de Sales (Philadelphia).jpg|[[w:St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church]], Philadelphia (1907).
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==United Kingdom==
From about 1850 to 1880 in the English city of Bristol a related style known as [[w:Bristol Byzantine|Bristol Byzantine]] was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the [[Byzantine style]] with [[w:Moorish architecture|Moorish architecture]].In South London there is Christ Church,North Brixton by Beresford Pite, 1897-1903. Just a few metres from the Oval Cricket Ground.
==See also==
==Source==
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Image:Westminster cathedral front.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine façade of [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]], London.
Image:St Markuskyrkan Belgrad.jpg|[[w:St. Mark's Church, Belgrade|St. Mark's Church, Belgrade]].
Image:Trieste Serb-orthodox church of San-Spiridione3.jpg|Temple of Holy Trinity and St. Spiridio, Trieste.
Image:Neuschwanstein throne room 00180uPoti Cathedral.jpg|Painting of the Neuschwanstein Castle Throne RoomThe Neo-Byzantine [[w:Poti Cathedral|cathedral at Poti]], Georgia, 1906–7.
Image:Poti Tbilisi Cathedral1900s.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine cathedral at Poti[[w:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis]], Georgia, 1906–71871-72 and 1889-97.
Image:Kauno soboras 2007-04-06.jpg|[[w:St. Michael the Archangel Church, Kaunas|St. Michael the Archangel Church in Kaunas]], Lithuania, was built in Roman-Byzantine style.
Image:St Petersburg Dmitry Solunsky churchZnamenskaya cerkov Vilnius.jpg|Church The church of Dmitry Solunsky the Theotokos [[w:Orans|Orans]] in Vilnius (1899–1903) demonstrates typical features of developed Byzantine revival: exposed two-tone, striped, masonry; four symmetrical apses tightly fused into the main dome; arcades blending into the domes; and a relatively small belltower. Image:Saint Petersburg Sophia - Harbin, China.jpg|[[St. Sophia Cathedral (1861–1866Harbin, China) by Roman Kuzmin|Church of the Holy Wisdom of God]], [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], China, 1907, 1923-32.
Image:Tbilisi Cathedral 1900sAnnunciation-harbin.jpg|[[w:Alexander Nevsky CathedralAnnunciation of the Theotokos (Blagovescekaya Church), Tiflis|Alexander Nevsky CathedralHarbin, Tiflis]]China, Georgia, 18711930-72 and 1889-9741. Destroyed in 1970.
Image:Astrakhan Temple of St VladimiraSaint Sava.jpg|In 1888 Vasily Kosyakov found the ultimate proportion of a single-dome design. Blueprints of his [[w:AstrakhanTemple of Saint Sava|AstrakhanTemple of Saint Sava]] church were copied in Kamianets, Belgrade (1935-Podilskyi41, Ukraine1985-present), before the original was completed (1895–1904)by [[w:Aleksandar Deroko|Aleksandar Deroko]].
Image:Znamenskaya cerkov VilniusMetropolitan Church of St Nicholas - Volos, Greece.jpg|The church Metropolitan Church of the Theotokos [[w:Orans|Orans]] in Vilnius St Nicholas - Volos, Greece. Designed by renowned Greek architect Aristotelis Zachos (1899–19031871-1939) demonstrates typical features of developed Byzantine revival: exposed two-tone, striped, masonry; four symmetrical apses tightly fused into the main dome; arcades blending into the domes; and a relatively small belltower.
Image:NovocherkasskCatedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa de São Paulo-Brazil (Church of Antioch).jpgJPG|[[w:Novocherkassk|Novocherkassk]], Russia, 1891–1905.Cathedral in Sao Paulo of the Orthodox Church of Antioch (1940s-)
Image:Blagoveschensky church in KharkovCathedralmajormarseille.jpg|Kharkov, Ukraine, 1888–1901Romano-Byzantine style [[w:Marseille Cathedral|Cathedral de la Major]] (1852-93) in Marseilles.
Image:Neuschwanstein throne room 00180u.jpg|Painting of the Neuschwanstein Castle Throne Room.
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==Further reading==
* Anthony Cutler. ''The Tyranny of Hagia Sophia: Notes on Greek Orthodox Church Design in the United States.'' '''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.''' Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 1972), pp. 38-50.
* Slobodan Ćurčić. ''The Role of Late Byzantine Thessalonike in Church Architecture in the Balkans.'' '''Dumbarton Oaks Papers.''' Vol. 57, Symposium on Late Byzantine Thessalonike (2003), pp. 65-84 (+photos).
[[Category:Church architecture]]
