1,484
edits
Changes
m
'''Aurelius Augustinus''', [[Image:St Augustine of Hippo.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Blessed Augustine of Hippo.]]'''Augustine of Hippo''' ([[354]]–[[430]]) is a one of the great [[saintChurch Fathers]] and the pre-eminent [[Doctor of the Church]] according to [[Roman Catholicism]]; he fourth century. He was the eldest son of [[Monica of Hippo|Saint Monica]]. In the [[Eastern Orthodox]] Church, which does not accept all of his teachings, he is usually called "Blessed Augustine." Many Protestants also consider him to be a spiritual ancestor of [[Protestantism]], in the sense that Protestantism's founder [[Martin Luther (religious leader)|Martin Luther]] was deeply influenced by him (Luther was trained as an Augustinian monk), and in Protestantism's general focus, following Augustine, on original sin which leads to a more realistic (though critics would say pessimistic) assessment of human reason and action apart from divine grace.
Saint Augustine Aurelius Augustinus was born in [[354]] in [[Tagaste]] (modern-day Souk Ahras, Algeria) to a [[Christianity|Christian]] mother and a [[Pagan]] pagan father, raised in Roman north Africa, educated in [[Carthage]], and employed as a professor of rhetoric in Milan by 383. He followed the [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] religion in his student days, and was converted to Christianity by the preaching and example of [[Ambroseof Milan]] of Milan. He was [[baptism|baptized ]] at Easter [[Pascha]] in 387, and returned to north Africa and created a monastic foundation at Tagaste for himself and a group of friends. In 391 he was [[ordination|ordained ]] a [[priest ]] in [[Hippo Regius]], (now [[Annaba (city)|Annaba]], in Algeria). He became a famous preacher (more than 350 preserved sermons are believed to be authentic), and was noted for combating combatting the Manichaean heresy.
==The Reception :''We further declare that we hold fast to the decrees of Augustine the four Councils, and in every way follow the holy Fathers, [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]], [[Hilary of Poitiers|Hilary]], [[Basil the Orthodox Church==A long story. He wasn't well known in Great|Basil]], [[Gregory the East until. Some say he should be called "blessed" while others insist on calling him saint Theologian]], [[Gregory of Nyssa]], [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]], Theophilus, [[John Chrysostom|John (is there a difference?Chrysostom). Some blame him for many of Constantinople]], [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]], '''Augustine''', Proclus, [[Leo the theological errors of Great|Leo]] and their writings on the West, others view him as a strong theological authoritytrue faith.''[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/Npnf2-14-111.htm] (emphasis added)
{{stub}}In the acts of the [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] (not yet translated into English), he is called the "most excellent and blessed Augustine" and is referred to as "the most wise teacher." In the Comnenian Council of Constantinople in 1166 he is referred to as "Ό Αγίος Αυγουστίνος - "Saint Augustine."
St. Augustine evidently originated the phrase "love the sinner, hate the sin", which he tied in with a private notion of evil:::"For this reason, the man who lives by God===From 's standards and not be man's, must needs be a lover of the good, and it follows that he must hate what is evil. Further, since no one is evil by nature, but anyone who is evil is evil because of a perversion of nature, the man who lives by GodConfessions's standards has a duty of 'perfect hatred' [Ps. 139===:22] towards those who are evil; that is to sayOur hearts shall ever restless be, he should not hate the person because of the fault, nor should he love the fault because of the person. He should hate the fault, but love the man. And when the fault has been cured there will remain only what he ought to love, nothing that he should hate"until they find their rest in Thee. (141:6, Penguin ed., transl. Bettenson1)
→External links: Removing dead link (Come and See Icons)
==Life==
In 396 he was made coadjutor [[bishop ]] of Hippo (assistant with the right of succession on the death of the current bishop), and remained as bishop in Hippo until his death in 430. He left his [[monastery]], but continued to lead a monastic life in the episcopal residence. He left a Rule ([[Latin]], ''Regula''in Latin) for his monastery that has led him to be designated the "patron saint of [[Regular Clergy]]," that is, [[parish ]] [[clergy ]] who live by a monastic rule.
Augustine died on [[August 28]], 430, during the siege of Hippo by the [[Vandals]]. He is said to have encouraged its citizens to resist the attacks, primarily on the grounds that the Vandals adhered to heretical [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity, which Augustine regarded as heretical.
==Influence as a theologian and thinker==
Augustine remains a central figure, both within Christianity and in the history of Western thought. Himself much influenced by Platonism and neo-Platonism, particularly by [[Plotinus]], Augustine was important to the "[[baptism]]" of Greek thought and its entrance into the Western Christian (and subsequently the European) intellectual tradition. Also important was his early and influential writing on the human will, a central topic in [[ethics]], and one which became a focus for later philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, but also to the Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Augustine remains a central figure, both within Christianity and in 's writings developed St Ambrose of Milan's theory of [[just war]]. He also advocated the history use of Western thought. Himself much influenced by Platonism and neo-Platonism, particularly by force against the [[PlotinusDonatism|Donatists]], Augustine was important asking "Why . . . should not the Church use force in compelling her lost sons to return, if the lost sons compelled others to their destruction?"baptism" (''The Correction of Greek thought and its entrance into the ChristianDonatists'', and subsequently the European intellectual tradition22-24). Also important was his early and influential writing on the human will, a central topic in ethicsHowever, he objected to capital punishment and one which became a focus for later philosophers such as [[Wikipedia:Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]] and [[Wikipedia:Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]said that it would be preferable to set his opponents free than to execute them.
The addition of Augustine's writings helped formulate to the theory of [[just warMenologion]]is uncertain. He also advocated the use of force against the Some regard him as [[DonatismGlorification|Donatistsglorified]]by popular recognition in the distant past, asking "Why . . . should yet he was not added to the Church use force [[Horologion]] in Greece until 1983 (and then only in compelling her lost sons to returnthe index, if but with no mention of his name on the lost sons compelled others page for June 15). He appears to their destruction?have been added to the calendar in Russia during the "Western Captivity" (''The Correction when the influence of Latin scholasticism was at a high point. His [[feast day]] in the Orthodox Church is [[June 15]]. In the Donatists''West, 22–24)he is remembered on [[August 28]]. which was the day of his death in A.D. 430.
==Reception of Augustine was in the Orthodox Church==[[canonizationImage:Augustine-Rose.jpg|right|thumb|220px|canonized]] Book by popular recognition and recognized as a Fr. [[Doctor of the ChurchSeraphim Rose]]]] in 1303 (?) by The [[Wikipedia:Pope Boniface VIIIFifth Ecumenical Council]](?), held in Constantinople in A.D. His 553, listed Augustine among other [[feast dayChurch Fathers|Fathers of the Church]] , though there is no unqualified endorsement of his [[August 28theology]], mentioned (just as there is none for most saints of the day on which he died. Church):
Despite these acclamations, most of his works were not translated into Greek until ''circa'' 1360 by Demetrios Cydones and some Orthodox Christians identify errors in his theology—especially those in his [[Triadology]] which gave rise to the ''[[Filioque]]'' addition to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]]—and regard him as being one of the major factors in the [[Great Schism]] between the Church in the East and in the West. Thus, there are those among the Orthodox who regard Augustine as a [[heresy|heretic]], although there has never been any conciliar condemnation of either him or his writings.
More moderate views regard Augustine as (1) a theological writer who made too many mistakes to be included among the [[Church Fathers]] but still a [[saint]], (2) a theological writer among many in the early Church (but not a [[saint]]), and (3) a theological writer with, perhaps, the title "Blessed" before his name. It should be noted, however, that the Orthodox Church has not traditionally ranked saints in terms of "blessed" or "saint" (i.e., suggesting that the latter has a greater degree of holiness than the former). Saint "rankings" are usually only differences in kind (e.g., monastics, married, bishops, martyrs, etc.), not in degree.
There are at least two books explicitly dealing with the issue of Augustine's place in Orthodoxy: ''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church'' by Fr. [[Seraphim Rose]] (ISBN 0938635123), which is generally favorable toward Augustine, citing his importance as a saint in terms of his confessional and devotional writings rather than in his theology, and ''The Influence of Augustine of Hippo on the Orthodox Church'' by Dr. Fr. Michael Azkoul (ISBN 0889467331), which tends to see Augustine as the root of all Western Christendom's errors. (There is also a condensation of this book into a booklet titled ''Augustine of Hippo: An Orthodox Christian Perspective''.) The former's cover (shown on right) includes a traditional Greek [[icon]] of Augustine, where he is labelled as "Ό Αγίος Αυγουστίνος"—"Saint Augustine."
Another view is expressed by [[Christos Yannaras]], who descibed Augustine as "the fount of every distortion and alteration in the Church's truth in the West" (''The Freedom of Morality'', p. 151n.).
==Quotes==
[[Image:Augustine of Hippo.jpeg|right|thumb|220px|Augustine of Hippo]]
===From ''The City of God''===
St. Augustine evidently originated the phrase "love the sinner, hate the sin", which he tied in with a privative notion of evil:
:For this reason, the man who lives by God's standards and not by man's, must needs be a lover of the good, and it follows that he must hate what is evil. Further, since no one is evil by nature, but anyone who is evil is evil because of a perversion of nature, the man who lives by God's standards has a duty of "perfect hatred" ([[Psalms|Psalm]] 139:22) towards those who are evil; that is to say, he should not hate the person because of the fault, nor should he love the fault because of the person. He should hate the fault, but love the man. And when the fault has been cured there will remain only what he ought to love, nothing that he should hate. (14:6, Penguin ed., transl. Bettenson)
*[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo More quotes at Wikiquote...]
==Writings==
At the end of his life (426-428?) Augustine revisited his previous works in chronological order and suggested what he would have said differently in a work titled the ''[[Retractions (book)|Retractions]]Retractations'', which gives us a remarkable picture of the development of a writer and his final thoughts.
===Books===
*''On Christian Doctrine,'' , 397-426*''[[Confessions (book)|Confessions]],'' , 397-398*''[[City of God]],'' , begun c. 413, finished 426.*''On the Trinity,'' , 400-416.*''[[Enchiridion of Augustine|Enchiridion]]''
===Letters===
*On the Catechising of the Uninstructed
*On Faith and the Creed
==Bibliography==
* Fr. Michael Azkoul, ''The Influence of Augustine of Hippo on the Orthodox Church'' (ISBN 0889467331)*Fr. [[Peter Brown Seraphim Rose]], ''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church'', 1997 (historianISBN 0938635123) | * Peter Brown]], ''Augustine of Hippo'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967) (ISBN 0-520-00186-9)* George E. Demacopoulos and Aristotle Papanikolaou, eds., ''Orthodox Readings of Augustine'' (ISBN 978-0881413274)* James J. O'Donnell, ''Augustine: A New Biography'', 2006 (ISBN 978-0060535384) *[[Adolphe Tanquerey]], ''The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on [[Ascetical theology|Ascetical]] and Mystical Theology'', 1930, reprint edition 2000, (ISBN 0895556596, ) p. 37.* Gary Wills, ''Augustine: A Life'', 2005 (ISBN 978-0143035985)* Dr. [http://www.sju.ca/people2.php?id=186 Myroslaw I. Tataryn]. ''[http://www.amazon.ca/Augustine-Russian-Orthodoxy-Theologians-Twentieth/dp/1573093904/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1342192905&sr=1-1 Augustine and Russian Orthodoxy: Russian Orthodox Theologians and Augustine of Hippo: a Twentieth Century Dialogue].'' Lanham, MD: International Scholars Press, 2000. 183pp. ISBN 9781573093903
==External links==
*[http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8153 St. Augustine in the Greek Orthodox Tradition], by Fr. [[George C. Papademetriou]]
*[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx Compilation of comments by various Orthodox writers on St. Augustine.]
*[http://www.geocities.com/trvalentine/orthodox/augustine8.html Theological Discussion on Eight Teachings of Augustine of Hippo]
*''On Christian Doctrine,'' ''Confessions,'' and ''City of God'' are available freely at http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/
*Other writings are available freely at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/
*[http://personal2.stthomas.edu/gwschlabach/docs/jhy-aug.htm Augustine and 'other catholics']
*[http://www.philosophyarchive.com/text.php?era=400-499&author=Augustine&text=Confessions%20and%20Enchiridion%20Introduction The Enchiridion] by Augustine
*[http://www.gutenberg.net/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=1156 eTexts] of Augustine's works, at [[http://www.gutenberg.net/ Project Gutenberg]]
[[Category:Bishops]]
[[Category:Church FathersBishops of Hippo]][[Category:4th-5th-century bishops]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Pre-Schism Western Saints]]
[[Category:5th-century saints]]
[[es:Agustín de Hipona]]
[[ro:Augustin de Hipona]]
