{{cleanup}}'''[[Image:Apostolos Makrakis.JPG|right|thumb|230px| Apostolos Makrakis''' (1831-1905): Greek lay theologian, preacher, ethicist, (or philosopher and writer.]]Dr. '''Makrakes;Apostolos Makrakis''' ''family from Mystras region, 1778''(1831-1905), was a charismatic and controversial Greek Orthodox [[laity|lay]] [[theology|theologian]], preacher, ethicist and philosopher. He who was born a leader of the "awakening movement" in 1831 on Siphnos Island in the village of Katavati and died on [[December 25w:Greek War of Independence|post-revolutionary Greece]], 1905 in Athens. His bust is in the square bearing his name at and arguably one of the entrance most important religious personalities of the village19th century. He is buried in was an extremely prolific writer whose works were translated widely outside of Greece, however his family chapel dedicated to vigorous religious movement eventually turned the Virgin Mary's [[AnnunciationHoly Synod]]against him, resulting in his being condemned and jailed several times.<ref>Tolika, Olympia N. ''Epitomo Enkyklopaidiko Lexiko Tes Byzantines Musikes.'' Athena, 1993.</ref>.

Apostolos Makrakis was a charismatic lay theologian with broad talents and a leader born in 1831 in the village of the ''awakening movement'' in post-revolutionary Katavati on [[w:Sifnos|Sifnos island]], Greece. He finished his secondary school training in his birthplace , and later studied in [[Constantinople]], where he worked for a short time as a teacher and published his first treatises (''Ekpaideutike Enkyklopaedeia''). Being a person of with a strong character and with who was inclined towards a disposition towards vigorous detailed inspection of things, he came to a collision course eventually collided with the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] and with the parents of his students, on the grounds being of his teaching of frequent [[Eucharist|communion. In 1862 he went to Paris, where he worked as a private tutor, remaining there for two years and learning about modern European philosophy up to Hegel. His defensive disposition was expressed quickly with the writing in French of four treatises against Western (and especially Cartesian) philosophy, and in favour of Christianity. After a brief trip to Athens, he returned in 1865 to Constantinople, where he continued his work for a year, and in 1866 he settled permanently in Athens, where he also reposed]].

Makrakis was manifested upon the Greek nation during In 1862 he went to Paris, where he worked as a multifarious private tutor, remaining there for two years and therefore very difficult epochlearning about modern European philosophy from Descartes to Hegel in the French language. The re-emerging civilizationHe wrote four treatises in French against Western philosophy, particularly the foreign military presence''[[w:Cartesianism|Cartesian]]'', and founded his philosophy by contrast on the irregular political situation, principles of the activity doctrine of foreign influences [[Christ]] (especially religious propagandai.e in favour of Christianity), the attachment to . This work was entitled ''"Enlightened Europe", The Tree of Life and the uninterrupted adulteration Tree of traditional criteria were problems that would not leave a restless spirit as his indifferent or in peace Knowledge of Good and Evil, (''Ekpaideutike Enkyklopaedeiai.e. Christian Philosophy and Modern Philosophy"'').

And so MakrakisAfter a brief trip to Athens, wanting he returned in 1865 to contribute to the [[One Holy Catholic Constantinople, where he continued his work for a year, and Apostolic Church|Catholic]] rebirth of the nation, regarded as the most basic element in this the rebirth of the Church1866 he settled permanently in Athens, as the ark and instrument of the new national lifewhere he also reposed.

According to Traintaphyllu, ===Preaching===Apostolos Makrakis made ten Gospel tours across the country in Patrastotal during his lifetime, Makrakis had as his becoming the most fervent followers, Theodoros Kapetanon, Ioannis Arnellon, and Nikolaos Christogiannopoulos (1885). He preached to large crowds there, who came out in awe to listen to his "nation-saving" teachings influential figure on the development of the [[June 18]], [[June 24Church of Greece|24Greek Church]], [[June 27|27]], and [[July 16]], 1876. (''Triantaphyllu''). After this a number of publications (''Achaia''; ''Phoenix''; ''Aratos'') strongly attacked his teachings; others (''Peloponnesus'') supported him. Defenders of Makrakis included a theologian of Patras named Ieronymos, as well as the spiritual father of Patras, Fr. Athanasios Georgiou, recommending he be exiled for two years lest he be judged by the Synod (''Triantaphyllu''). For a period of thirty years Makrakis visited Patras, in 1876 remaining there for forty-days teaching the people19th and early 20th centuries.

He arrived on As a preacher, he was a new phenomenon in newly reborn Greece. Preaching during that period mostly was an activity of the island marginal competitors of Zakynthos in July 1892the Church, so that preaching, especially outside the [[Parish|temples]] by non-authorized figures, and again was violently repressed. This was in August 1893, teaching out line with the tradition of the [[Timeline of exile Church History (Nicene Era (''L. Zoes''325-451)). A critic |Church of Late Antiquity]], in that once Christian Churches were solidly established, clerics' activities were regulated and disciplined in order to avoid ecstatic innovations, which is what Makrakis from Zakynthos was the primary school teacher Ioannis Siderokastritisin fact criticized for.<ref>Anastassiadis, who wrote Anastassios. [http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/publica/question/qdr11.pdf Religion and Politics in Greece: The Greek Church's '"O Anamorphotis Makrakes" (The Uneducated Makrakis)Conservative Modernization'in the 1990' Es].130-(TharrosResearch in Question, 98-MNo.308)11, January 2004.</ref>

In his article on [http://www.aegeantimes.gr/pigizois/agglika/inegl_27.htm The Orthodox Church and Proselytism], the Very Rev. Archimandrite Isaias Simonopetritis writes that "while Makrakis was condemned by the official Church and the monasteries of Mount AthosMay 1866, he was not excommunicatedcame to Athens, where for fear that his numerous followers among six months he delivered twenty speeches in Concord Square on the subject of ''The Work of the middle classes Fathers of Athens would turn him into 1821 and How it Can Best and Quickest Be Brought to a Martyr figure. His ideas and the particular pietistic ethos which he promotedConclusion'', survived in the [[Brotherhoods|Brotherhood]] Movements which were published in the 20th century played a significant role newspaper ''Justice'', and republished in education and catechetical schools, but unguardedly allied themselves with right-wing dictatorships, pure Greek patriotism being a key element book form in their ideology1886."

===Christology and Philosophy===He criticized contemporary prelates Continuing his quest of simony and upheld preaching to the theory of nation, he arrived on the "'''Trisynthetou'''" (triple constitution island of humanity, i.e, ''Psyche'' (soul), ''Pneuma'' (spirit), ''Soma'' (body);(''Tolika''). He is arguably one [[Metropolis of the most important religious personalities of the 19th centuryZakynthos and Strofades|Zakynthos]] in July 1892, and one whose innovations turned the Holy Synod against him. He was condemned and jailed several times (''Tolika''). He was a very prolific writer whose works were widely translated outside again in August 1893, teaching out of Greeceexile.He founded the '''<ref group="School of the Logosnote"''' in Athens in 1876 and titled himself ''"professor >A critic of philosphy and Makrakis from Zakynthos was the philosophical sciences in the Greek nation"primary school teacher Ioannis Siderokastritis, who wrote '' O Anamorphotis Makrakes (theological discipline of "Christology"The Uneducated Makrakis). As ''Scharlemann</ref><ref>Zoes, Leonidas Ch. ''Lexikon Historikon Kai Laographikon Zakynthu.'' writes:Athenai, 1963. Tom.1.</ref>.

"Makrakis intended to be a teacher of In the people summer of Greece1894 he made his tenth and last Gospel tour,visiting Thebes, St...''"this child of the revolution of 1821"''. The Kierkegaard who speaks here has a Hellenistic Soul; PhilosophyTheodore, ''"the love and science of the God-equal WORDLevadeia, or LOGOSAtalante,"'' has as its purpose '''"the acquisition of God's omniscience...and the deification of the philosophical investigator."''' Its object is the same as that of religion and government. The system traces the journey of the soul in its ascent from the '''"primary cognition [noein]"''' through the philosophical sciences to its deiification. The means of ascent are provided by the '''"right reason"''' that is the object of logic and is incarnate in Jesus Christ.....right reason being the nexus between temporal fact and eternal being. In this systemChalkis, the primary cognitionKyme, or what phenomenology might call the basic intellectual intuitionAliverion, is that I existKariston, Gaurion on the world existsislands of Andros, Syros, and God existshis birthplace Siphnos.<ref>Andronis, Constantine (Ed.).The soul is conscious ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of its own existence, perceives the world, and knows GodHalf a Century.''s existenceChicago: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, but it does not know the nature of each of them. The aim of science is to make the unknown known1966 pp. Philosophy as Christology and Christology as Philosophy, it is at least a theme that makes one think20."</ref>

==List =Christology===He founded the '' '''School of the Logos''' '' in Athens in September 1876 and titled himself ''Professor of philosophy and the philosophical sciences in the Greek nation'', teaching philosophical subjects. He taught "Philosophy" from the perspective of the "Love of the [[w:Christ the Logos|Logos]]", so that philosophy in this sense became interchangeable with the theological discipline of [[Christology]]. In a peer-reviewed book review of Works=Makrakis' philosophical system<ref group="note">''The [[w:Christ the Logos|Logos]] and the Holy Spirit in the Unity of Christian Thought: According to the Teachings of the Orthodox Church''. 5 Vols. Chicago : Orthodox Christian Educational Society, c.1977.:: Vol 1. ''The Orthodox Approach to Philosophy''.:: Vol 2. ''Psychology: An Orthodox Christian Perspective''. ISBN 9780938366058:: Vol 3. ''Logic: an Orthodox Christian approach''.:: Vol 4. ''Theology: An Orthodox Standpoint''. ISBN 9780938366034:: Vol 5. ''Philosophy: An Orthodox Christian Understanding''.</ref> R.P. Scharlemann states that:

*'':"Makrakis intended to be a teacher of the people of Greece,...this child of the [[w:Greek War of Independence|revolution of 1821]]. The Rudder[[w:Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]] of the Orthodox Catholic Church: The Compilation of the Holy Canons<ref group="note">'''Kierkegaard, Soren,''' '' (editor) *b. Copenhagen, Denmark, 1813; d. 1855''Divine . Philosopher and sacred Catechism: as taught by religious writer. He was a precursor of the Holy Spirit existentialists and its official instruments from a major influence on Protestant theology. He argued that advancing through the day three stages of the Pentecost until aesthetic, the last ecumenical synod; expounded in comparison ethical and contrast with the contradictions and misinter-pretation religious by means of an "existential dialectic" brings the individual closer to God. A leap of faith is required; reason is not a help. But awareness of the devilrelationship to God leads to despair as the individual contrasts temporality with eternal truth. His major works include '' *Either/Or''The Holy Orthodox Church: Her nature, salvationary doctrines, (1843) and fountain of faith''*Fear and Trembling''Orthodox Christian Meditations(1843). (''*The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge''Kyriakodromion. 1st Ed.. St. Martin'' (Sunday Sermonarys Press, NY, Oct. 2004. pp.1020.) : </ref> who speaks here has a collection Hellenistic soul. Philosophy, "the love and science of sermons on the [[Gospelsw:Christ the Logos|God-equal WORD]], or [[w:Christ the Acts Logos|Logos]]", has as its purpose "the acquisition of God's omniscience...and the deification of the philosophical investigator". Its object is the Apostles, same as that of religion and government. The system traces the journey of the soul in its ascent from the "primary cognition [[Apostolos|epistlesnoein]] appointed " through the philosophical sciences to be read its deification. The means of ascent are provided by the "right reason" that is the object of logic and is incarnate in Orthodox Christian churches every Sunday from [[Pascha|EasterJesus Christ]] to .....right reason being the nexus between temporal fact and eternal being. In this system, the primary cognition, or what [[Palm Sundayw:Phenomenology|phenomenology]].*''Three Great Friday sermonsmight call the basic intellectual intuition, is that I exist, the world exists, and other theological discourses'' *''God exists... The paramount doctrines of Orthodoxy'' *''Commentary On The Psalms of David''*''Interpretation soul is conscious of its own existence, perceives the Entire New Testament''*''Interpretation Of The Book Of Revelation''*''Theology: An Orthodox Standpoint''*''The Bible world, and the world; or knows God's great Book studied in existence, but it does not know the light nature of each of His small onethem. Triluminal The aim of science, surveying is to make the universe and explaining everything, etcunknown known. Proofs of the authenticity of the Philosophy as [[Septuagintw:Christology|Christology]]and Christology as Philosophy, it is at least a theme that makes one think."<ref>Scharlemann, R.P.. Peer Reviewed Book Review of Makrakis''*: ''The Logos and the Holy Spirit in the unity Unity of Christian thoughtThought, 5 Vols: Vol 1: According The Orthodox Approach to the teachings of the Orthodox Church''*''Political Philosophy Of The Orthodox Church''*'', Vol 2:Psychology: An Orthodox Christian Perspective''*''The Foundation Of Philosophy''*''Philosophical discussions, comprising articles concerning the New philosophy & philosophical sciences of Apostolos Makrakis; And, the philosophy of Spinoza and its pernicious errors''*''Vol 3: Logic: An Orthodox Christian Approach''*'', Vol 4: Theology An Orthodox-Protestant Dialogue''*''Memoir On The Nature of the Church of Christ'' Trans: D. Cummings. New YorkStandpoint, Vol 5: Philosophy An Orthodox Christian Brotherhoods Zealots of Orthodoxy and John the Baptist, 1947Understanding.*''A Scriptural Refutation of the Pope's Primacy and Miscellaneous Studies and Speeches'' Transl. out of Translated from the original Greek by D. Denver Cummings - Chicago (III): Orthodox Christian Educational Education Society, 19521977. - VIII, 175 p.*''The innovations 'Journal of the Roman ChurchReligion''*''Concerning Our Duties to God''*''The Truth in Christianity: The One True Doctrine and The Many False Ones'' (article)*''The city of Zion59 no 4 O 1979, or the church built upon the rock:i.e., The human society in Christ''*''A revelation of treasure hid: Together with three important lectures: I. Concerning freedom p 488- II490. Concerning the motherland. - III. Concerning justice and apostolical canons respecting baptism'' *''The human nature of Christ; Growth and perfection according to the teaching of the Orthodox Catholic Church''*''The two contrariant schools: Contrasted with a view to the comprehension of both. Concerning the establishment of a Christian university in Athens : to supersede the existing satanic perversity'' *''Homily on the eight beatitudes, or the sermon on the mountain: A summary teaching delivered by Apostolos Makrakis in the island of Leukas, Greece, on August 29, 1886, during his second gospel-tour''*''Hellenism and the unfinished revolution: Twenty addresses delivered in Concord Square, Athens, Greece in 1866''</ref>

==Further reading==The sources show that while he was condemned by the [[Council of Athens (1878)|Council of Athens]] (1878), he was not formally [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] by them. The Very Rev. Archimandrite Isaias Simonopetritis explains in ''The Orthodox Church and Proselytism'' that ''"while Makrakis was condemned by the official Church and the monasteries of [[Mount Athos]], he was not excommunicated, for fear that his numerous followers among the middle classes of Athens would turn him into a [[martyr]] figure"''.<ref>Simonopetritis, Very Rev. Archiman. Isaias. "[http://www.aegeantimes.gr/pigizois/agglika/inegl_27.htm The Orthodox Church and Proselytism]." ''Orthodox Herald'', Official Publication of the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain, September–October 2001, No. 120-121.</ref> Dr. [[Christos Yannaras]] however gives a slightly different account, writing that ''"The Synod excommunicated [Makrakis] to silence him, invoking ludicrous theological arguments, such as his views on the tripartite composition of man"'' and that ''"when he died, however, the Synod agreed to give him a church funeral".''<ref>Yannaras, Christos. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age''. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline, Mass., 2006. p.224.</ref>  Nevertheless Makrakis' biography by Constantine Andronis clarifies that the excommunications were published by one particular Bishop, and not by the entire Synod: :"...so long as Makrakis combated only [[w:Freemasonry|Freemasonry]] and neither said nor wrote anything against the high priests, he was recommended by the latter as the Saviour of Orthodoxy, but when he proved certain high priests to be guilty of the crime of [[w:Simony|Simony]] and demanded their dismissal in accordance with the sacred regulations of the Church, war began to be waged upon him as a heretic teaching that man consists of body, soul, and spirit. Makarios, Bishop of Karystia, published excommunications and anathemas in opposition to this belief.<ref>Andronis, Constantine (Ed.). ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a Century.'' Chicago: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1966 pp.16.</ref>  As for the [[Holy Synod]], on December 18th, 1878, the [[Council of Athens (1878)|Council of Athens]] was convened and presided over by Metropolitan Bishop [[Procopius I (Georgiadis) of Athens|Procopius I of Athens]] (1874-1889), resulting in the formal condemnation of the Makrakists. The Synod succeeded in obtaining from the governement of [[w:Alexandros Koumoundouros|Koumoundouros]] a decree dissolving Makakris' ''' ''"School of the Logos"'' ''' on the pretext that it taught doctrines opposed to the tenets of the Church, that is, that man is composed of body, soul, and spirit, and that Christ attained perfection in the Jordan. The Holy Synod likewise addressed an encyclical to the whole body of Christians in Greece that was read in the churches, charging Makrakis with attempting to introduce innovations. On January 8, 1879, his trial was held, and without his presence he was condemned by default to three months' imprisonment. On February 6, 1879, the Holy Synod also issued a decree condemning the clergy of the College to confinement (exile) for five to ten years in various monasteries and refrainment from all sacramental acts.  On June 13, 1879 Makrakis' term of imprisonment for resistence and insolence to the authorities expired, but he later insulted the Holy Synod again, and on November 26, 1879 he was again sentenced to imprisonment, this time for eight months. From the jail in Amphissa he wrote letters to all his brethren in Christ urging them to be of good cheers and to feel glad because he was suffering in behalf of truth and justice. In many cities of Greece the citizenry expressed indignation at the persecution of the educator, and submitted a petition to the Chamber of Deputies bearing 4530 signatures. Makrakis himself submitted a memoir to the Minister of Justice Athanasios [[w:Petimezas|Potmezas]] from jail with the hope of obtaining his release. In 1880 he was absolved by decree of the court of appeals in Athens, and beginning on October 6, 1880, he resumed instruction in the ''' ''"School of the Logos"'' ''' after a two year interruption.<ref>Andronis, Constantine (Ed.). ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a Century.'' Chicago: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1966 pp.16-17.</ref> It was around this time that Saint [[Nectarios of Pentapolis]] was studying at the University of Athens (graduated in 1885), who also became interested in Apostolos Makrakis: <blockquote>There was, at the time when [[Nectarios of Pentapolis|Nektarios]] was studying in Athens, a person named Apostolos Makrakis who zealously preached for [[catharsis]], if you will, of the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]]. He was a learned lay man, whose education was rooted in his profound knowledge of [[Holy Scripture|Scriptures]]. In his eloquent manner he spoke out against the Masonic Order and all the materialistic theories that were circulating in the university. However, he also touched upon some extreme theories regarding the essence of the soul, and he became entangled in politics as well. Although Nektarios disagreed with his extreme positions, and had, in fact, examined them in one of his studies, he nevertheless considered this man a most heroic Christian advocate. He liked following his writings and his newspapers and would have liked to have personally met him. He never had the chance though, and he even had to eventually give up following his writings because the Church Synod formally disagreed with his extreme positions. As a cleric it was, of course, his duty to obey the elders.<ref>Sotos Chondropoulos. ''Saint Nektarios: The Saint of Our Century.'' Transl. Peter and Aliki Los. Athens, 1997. p.50.</ref></blockquote>

*''The Importance of Apostolos Makrakis died on [[December 25]], 1905 in Athens. He was buried in his family chapel dedicated to Orthodoxythe Virgin Mary''. (Archimandrite) Eusebius A. Stephanou. Holy Cross Greek Orthodox Theological Schools [[Annunciation]], and today his bust is in the square bearing his name, 1958at the entrance of the village of Katavati on [[w:Sifnos|Sifnos island]].

*''===Legacy===Apostolos Makrakis, was a highly cultured layman and patriotic visionary whose vigorous religious movement became a popular phenomenon that shook the Prophet religious and Thinker national establishment of Modern his time. From believing that he had been divinely chosen as the liberator of Byzantium from the Turk, to his preaching tours throughout Greecefocusing on [[Soteriology]], advocating his unique and controversial Christological-Philosophical teachings, to his fight against Freemasonry and [[w:Simony|Simony]],<ref group="note">In combating Freemasonry he was going up against certain elements within the State; and in combating Simony he was going up against certain elements within the Church. Therefore he incurred enemies from both Church and State.'' (Archimandrite) Eusebius A</ref> he effectively became a leader of the awakening religious and national movement in modern Hellas. Stephanou, 1954In the process he also became a symbol for the freedom of religious thought and expression.

*''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a CenturyWhile his message found strong support amongst the masses on the one hand, it was not received very well by the religious establishment, as Dr.'' Editor: AndronisCavarnos, [[Philotheos (Zervakos)|Elder Philotheos]], Professor Yannaras, ConstantineProfessor Conybeare and others have explained. Chicago: His movement can be viewed as a unique example in the history of the Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1966. (A complete list Church of a type of proselytism from ''within'' the staggering amount ranks of works Orthodoxy (rather than from without by foreign religious forces). Ultimatelty all of this led to an intense conflict between Makrakis is given in English, ppand the Church authorities.337-339)

==Sources and External linksCriticisms==* British Orientalist and Professor of Theology at the University of Oxford [[w:Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare|Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare]], a contemporary of Makrakis writing in 1903, proposed that if we cut through the many mists of spiteful exaggeration often attributed to Makrakis' life story, ::we can discern that his teaching exactly agrees with that ascribed to the [[w:Ebionites|Ebionites]] and to [[w:Theodotus of Byzantium|Theodotus of Rome]] by [[Hippolytus of Rome]] in his ''[[w:Refutation of all Heresies|Philosophumena]] (Refutation of all Heresies)'', Book VII, chap. 34. A not very dissimilar form of [[Adoptionism|Adoptionist doctrine]] still survives among the dissenters of Russia and of Armenia, and I suspect that Makrakis had come into contact with them.<ref>*[[w:Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare|Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis]]. Reviewed Works: ''The Student's History of the Greek Church'' by Rev. A.H. Hore (M.A.). London and Oxford: James Parker, 1902. 514 pp.; ''Geschichte der Orientalischen Kirchen von 1453-1898'' by Prof. A. Diomedes Kyriakos. Leipzig, 1902. '''American Journal of Theology, Vol.7, No,3 (July 1903). p.562.'''</ref>.

* MaloneyDr. Constantine Cavarnos although referring to Makrakis as "perhaps the most outstanding philosopher and religious teacher of modern Greece," in reviewing Makrakis' important treatise on [[Soteriology]], George Athe ''"Divine and Sacred Catechism"'', states that Makrakis' teaching is marred by the exaggerated importance he attributes to the Devil, by his narrow conception of Orthodoxy, and his invective against other religious denominations.<ref name=Cavarnos>Cavarnos, SConstantine (Dr).JReviewed Work: ''Divine and Sacred Catechism by Apostolos Makrakis''. Transl. from the Greek by the Hellenic Christian Society, Chicago, Illinois. New York: Cosmos Greek-American Printing Co., 1946. ''A History 'Journal of Orthodox Theology Since 1453the American Academy of Religion'''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 19761949; XVII-265-266.</ref>

* Todt, Klaus-Peter Blessed Elder [[Philotheos (in GermanZervakos)]] has written ''The Errors of Apostolos Makrakis. “[http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/makrakis.shtml Markaris'' Although not yet in English translation, Apostolos]it is summarized in part in Dr.” in Constantine Cavarnos's book ''"Blessed Elder Philotheos Zervakos"'Biographisch-Bibliographisches KIRCHENLEXICON'. In his criticism the Elder emphasises that he does not mean to say that there is nothing of value in Makrakis'writings, Band V (1993)Spalten 599-602especially the earlier ones, but that they must be approached with caution.

==Apologetics==* Redington, Norman Hugh (Ed)Dr. Constantine Cavarnos identifies that there are a number of things in his vigorously written book the ''"[http://www.voskrese.info/spl/Xapost-makrakis.html Apostolos Makrakis].Divine and Sacred Catechism" ''The [http://www.voskrese.info/spl/index.html Saint Pachomius Library]: A First Draft for that should interest the student of religion, including the lucid and systematic exposition of the doctrines of the Eastern Church by a Living Encyclopaedia conservative representative of it; the firm belief in perfect divine justice; the very high conception of man — man, according to Makrakis is the most perfect work of Orthodox ChristianityGod, higher even than the angels; and the profound conviction in, and the attempt throughout the book to show, the perfect harmony between experience, reason, and religion.''<ref name=Cavarnos/>

* Peer reviewed book review ==Complete List of Works==The following catalog of Makrakis'massive writing repertoire is based on the list found in Constantine Andronis' ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a Century'' (1966).<ref>Andronis, Constantine (Ed.). ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a Century''. Chicago: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1966. pp.337-339.</ref>.===Periodcals===* ''Justice'', 1866-67.* ''The Logos and Holy Spirit in the Unity of Christian Thought'', 1868-1905.* ''Peace'', 1874-76.===In English Translation===* 1) ''A New Original Philosophical System'', 5 [3 Vols: Vol 1:The Orthodox Approach , Divided into 6 Books], viz., ''Introduction to Philosophy; Psychology; Logic; Ethics; Theology;'' and ''Philosophy''. Athens, Vol 1876, 1883, and 1886. 2,075 pp. :Psychology An Orthodox Christian Perspective, Vol 3: Logic An Orthodox Christian Approach, Vol 4Transl:Theology An Orthodox Standpoint, Vol 5:Philosophy An Orthodox Christian Understanding. Translated from the Greek by Denver Cummings: Orthodox Christian Education SocietyI, 1977''. by ScharlemannAn Invitation to Philosophy, R.PPsychology and Logic''; Vol.II, in: ''Ethics''Journal of Religion 59 no 4 O 1979; Vol. III, p 488-490''Theology and Philosophy''. 1940.

:1a) Re-printed as:::* Le Guillou, Marie Joseph.(in French). ''"Aux sources des mouvements spirituels de lA New Philosophy and the Philosophical Sciences: A New Original Philosophical System''Églises de Grèce[2 Vols]."'' in '''Istina 7 1960, p 95-128,133-152New York,261-278'''G. (Contents: La renaissance spirituelle du XVIIIe siècleP. Église et état au XIXe et au XXe siècle. Apostolos Makrakis: ses intuitions apostoliques et spirituelles)Putnam's Sons, 1940.

* 2) ''A Commentary on the Revelation of John the Divine''.* 3) ''Interpretation of the Gospel Law'', and, ''Our Duties to God and Christ''. b) ''A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews''. Two vols. in one.* 4) ''Divine and Sacred Catechism''.* 5) ''The Foundation of Philosophy''.* 6) ''The Bible and the World, An interpretation of the first three chapters of Genesis '''in extenso''' and from a philosophical point of view'', and, ''Triluminal Science, Surveying the Universe and Explaining Everything'' (1 vol).* 7) ''Interpretation of the Entire New Testament'' (except the ''Book of Revelation''). 2 vols.* 8) ''An Interpretation of the Book of Revelation''.* 9) ''The Paramount Doctrine of Orthodoxy'' (3 books in one vol).* 10) ''Commentary on the Psalms of David and the Nine Odes''.* 11) ''Kyriakodromion, or Sunday Sermonary, and Festal Sermons''. (A collection of sermons on the [[Gospels]], the Acts of the Apostles, and the [[Apostolos|epistles]] appointed to be read in Orthodox Christian Churches every Sunday from [[Pascha|Easter]] to [[Palm Sunday]]).* 12) All in one volume::I. ''Three Great Friday Sermons''; :II. ''Three Sermons on the Death on the Cross and the Glorious Resurrection''; :III. ''The Ascension into Heaven''; :IV. ''Christ, Announcing His Nature''; :V. ''All the Parables of the Gospel''; :VI. ''The Truth in Christianity''; :VII. ''Testimonies Concerning the Super Holy Virgin''.* 13) ''Freemasonry Known by Masonic Diploma''.* 14) ''Papal Primacy and Innovations of Roman Catholic Church''.* 15) ''Scriptural Refutations of Pope's Primacy'', and, ''Misc. Studies and Speeches''.* 16) ''Memoir on the Nature of the Church of Christ''.* 17) ''The Two Contrariant Schools'', and, ''Concerning the Establishment of a Christian University''.* 18) ''An Orthodox-Protestant Debate''.* 19) ''A Revelation of Treasure Hid, Together with Three Important Lectures: I. Concerning Freedom - II. Concerning the Motherland. - III. Concerning Justice and Apostolical Canons Respecting Baptism''.* 20) ''Proofs of the Authenticity of the [[Septuagint]]''.* 21) ''God's Law and Commandments, the Decalogue and the Gospel''.* 22) ''The Repose of Our Most Holy and Glorious Lady the Theotokos''.* 23) ''The City of Zion, or The Church Built Upon the Rock''.* 24) ''Philosophical Discussions''.* 25) ''The Real Truth Concerning Apostolos Makrakis''.* 26) ''[[The Rudder|The RUDDER]] or PEDALION, of the Metaphorical Ship of the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of Orthodox Christians (All the Sacred and Divine Canons)''. (Editor).* 27) ''The Trial of Jesus Christ (by Abba Aristarchus)''.* 28) ''The Idea of Being''.* 29) ''The Roman Rite in Orthodoxy''.* 30) ''Spiritual Discourses for the Orthodox Christians''.* 31) ''The Orthodox Doctrine on Development and Advancement'', and, ''Perfection of the Human Nature of our Lord Jesus Christ''.* 32) ''The Orthodox Definition of Political Science''.* 33) ''Appraisals of the Works of Apostolos Makrakis by Eminent Authorities''. 300 pp.* 34) ''Orthodox Christian Meditations''. * 35) ''Hellenism and the Unfinished Revolution: Twenty Addresses Delivered in Concord Square, Athens, Greece in 1866''.* 36) ''Homily on the Eight Beatitudes, or The Sermon on the Mountain: A Summary Teaching Delivered by Apostolos Makrakis in the Island of Leukas, Greece, on August 29, 1886, During his Second Gospel-Tour''.* 37) ''[http://www.orthodoxresearchinstitute.org/articles/dogmatics/makrakis_truth_christianity.htm The Truth in Christianity: The One True Doctrine and The Many False Ones].''===Biographical References in GreekUntranslated or Unpublished===* 1) ''A New Educational System'', in three volumes, comprising the Formation, Meaning, and Use of Words. 885 pp.* 2) ''Interpretative Logical System''; or, ''Interpretation of the Whole New Testament, verse by verse, including Revelation''. 3,100 pp.* 3) ''A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew'', from notes taken at his lectures. Unpublished. About 1000 pp.* 4) ''A Commentary on the Gospel of St. John'', from lecture notes. Unpublished. About 500 pp.* 5) ''A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles''. Unpublished. About 500 pp.* 6) ''A Commentary on the Song of Songs''. 150 pp.* 7) ''Three Philosophical Dissertations and the Tree of Life''. Written in French, and translated into Greek by Dr. A. Lekatsas. 388 pp.* 8) ''An Apology Concerning the Soul''. 310 pp.* 9) ''The Tricompositeness of Man Proved by Fathers of the Church''. 284 pp. <small>(A brilliantly written and scholarly dissertation)</small>.* 10) ''Logical Refutation of an Ironclad Refutation''. 196 pp. <small>(An answer to a critic who undertook to criticize Makrakis' doctrine concerning the threefold nature of man)</small>.* 11) ''History of Human Happiness and Unhappiness''. 630 pp.* 12) ''Trial of Philosophy and of the Doctrines of Western Schools''. 160 pp.* 13) ''Miscellaneous Thoughts and Orations''. Total some 300 pp.* 14) ''The Nationally-Glorified Work of 1821''. 94 pp.* 15) ''Freemasonry''. 150 pp.* 16) ''The Christian Religion''.

==Further reading==* Andronis, Constantine (Ed.). ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a Century.''Ekpaideutike Hellenike EnkyklopaideiaChicago: Pankosmio Biographiko LexikoOrthodox Christian Educational Society, 1966.'' - Athena*Stephanou, 1983-1988Archim. - TomEusebius A. 1-9B. ''The Importance of Apostolos Makrakis to Orthodoxy''. Holy Cross Greek Orthodox Theological School, 1958.*Stephanou, Archim. Eusebius A.. ''Apostolos Makrakis, the Prophet and Thinker of Modern Greece.'' 1954.*[[Philotheos (Zervakos)|Zervakos, Blessed Elder Philotheos]]. ''The Errors of Apostolos Makrakis.''

==References== <div><references/></div> ==Sources==* TriantaphylluAndronis, Kostas NConstantine (Ed.). ''Apostolos Makrakis: An Evaluation of Half a Century.''Historikon Lexikon Ton PatronChicago: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1966. * Anastassiadis, Anastassios. [http://www. ceri- sciencespo.com/publica/question/qdr11.pdf Religion and Politics in Greece: The Greek Church's 'Conservative Modernization' in the 1990's]. Research in Question, No.11, January 2004. (pdf format).* Cavarnos, Constantine (Dr). Reviewed Work: ''Divine and Sacred Catechism'' by Apostolos Makrakis. Transl. from the Greek by the Hellenic Christian Society, Chicago, Illinois. New York: Cosmos Greek-American Printing Co., 1946. '''Journal of the American Academy of Religion''', 1949; XVII-265-266.* Chondropoulos, Sotos. ''Saint Nektarios: The Saint of Our Century.'' Transl. Peter and Aliki Los. Athens, 1997. ISBN 960-7374-08-8* [[w:Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare|Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis]]. Reviewed Works: ''The Student's History of the Greek Church'' by Rev. A.H. Hore (M.A.). London and Oxford: James Parker, 1902. 514 pp.; ''Geschichte der Orientalischen Kirchen von 1453-1898'' by Prof. A. Diomedes Kyriakos. Leipzig, 1902. '''American Journal of Theology, Vol.7, No,3 (July 1903). pp.555-563.'''* Le Guillou, Marie Joseph. ''Aux sources des mouvements spirituels de l'Églises de Grèce.'' in '''Istina''' 7 1960, p 95-128,133-152,261-278. (in French)* Maloney, George A., S.J. ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976.* Redington, Norman Hugh (Ed). "[http://www.voskrese.info/spl/Xapost-makrakis.html Apostolos Makrakis]." ''The [http://www.voskrese.info/spl/index.html Saint Pachomius Library]: A First Draft for a Living Encyclopaedia of Orthodox Christianity.''* Scharlemann, R.P.. Peer Reviewed Book Review of Makrakis': ''The Logos and Holy Spirit in the Unity of Christian Thought, 5 Vols: Vol 1:The Orthodox Approach to Philosophy, Vol 2:Psychology An Orthodox Christian Perspective, Vol 3: Logic An Orthodox Christian Approach, Vol 4:Theology An Orthodox Standpoint, Vol 5:Philosophy An Orthodox Christian Understanding. ekd'' Translated from the Greek by Denver Cummings: Orthodox Christian Education Society, 1977.'' 'Journal of Religion 59 no 4 O 1979, p 488- Patrai490'''.* Simonopetritis, 1980Very Rev. Archim. Isaias. "[http://www.aegeantimes.gr/pigizois/agglika/inegl_27.htm The Orthodox Church and Proselytism]." Orthodox Herald, Official Publication of the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain, September–October 2001, No. 120-121. * ''The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge''. 1st Ed.. St. Martin's Press, NY, Oct. 2004.* TolikaTodt, Olympia NKlaus-Peter."[http: //www.bautz.de/bbkl/m/makrakis.shtml Markaris, Apostolos]" in ''Biographisch-Bibliographisches KIRCHENLEXICON''Epitomo Enkyklopaidiko Lexiko Tes Byzantines Musikes, Band V (1993) Spalten 599-602. (in German)* Yannaras, Christos.'' Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self- AthenaIdentity in the Modern Age''. Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline, Mass., 19932006.