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The method adopted by the Church to resolve the vital differences of opinion concerning the meaning of the Scriptures was the ecumenical or universal councils, usually called and presided over by the Roman emperor. There were seven councils that were representative of the whole Christian Church.
*Nicaea (325)
to settle the Arian dispute
*Constantinople (381)
to assert the personality of the Holy Spirit and the humanity of Christ
*Ephesus (431)
to emphasize the unity of Christ's personality
*Chalcedon (451)
to state the relationship between the two natures of Christ
*Constantinople (553)
to deal with the Monophysite dispute
*Constantinople (680)
to condemn the Monothelites
*Nicaea (787)
to deal with problems raised by the image controversy
→General topics
* ''"The Fountain of Knowledge,"'' by St. John of Damascus (7th-century).
* {{stub}}
The method adopted by the Church to resolve the vital differences of opinion concerning the meaning of the Scriptures was the ecumenical or universal councils, usually called and presided over by the Roman emperor. There were seven councils that were representative of the whole Christian Church and form the key "apologetics" for the Orthodox faith.
*Nicaea (325), to settle the Arian dispute
*Constantinople (381), to assert the personality of the Holy Spirit and the humanity of Christ
*Ephesus (431), to emphasize the unity of Christ's personality
*Chalcedon (451), to state the relationship between the two natures of Christ
*Constantinople (553), to deal with the Monophysite dispute
*Constantinople (680), to condemn the Monothelites
*Nicaea (787), to deal with problems raised by the image controversy
=== General topics ===
* the personality of the Holy Spirit
* Proof that the Virgin Mary should be honoured as "Theotokos" or "Panagia"
* the saints as intercessors.
* the place of icons in orthodox worship
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