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[[wImage:Sophia St Volodymyr CathedralInterior 2.jpg|Sophia Cathedral]] in Pushkin (1782—1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment Interior of otherwise [[w:neoclassicism|neoclassical]] structuresSt. In 1830s [[w:Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I of Russia]] promoted the so-called Vladimir''Russo-Byzantine'' style of churches designed by [[w:Konstantin Thons Cathedral|Konstantin Thon]]St. Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; ThonVladimir's style Cathedral]] in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with a keel-shaped gable, and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with an onion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standardKiev.
True Byzantine art, popularized by [[w:Grigory Gagarin|Grigory Gagarin]] and [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]], was adopted by [[wImage:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II of Russia]] as the de-facto official style of the Orthodox ChurchSaint Petersburg Kronstadt. Byzantine arhitecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland, [[w:Crimea|Crimea]], the [[w:Caucasusjpg|Caucasus]]). However, few buildings were completed in Alexander II reign due to financial troubles. [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander III]] changed state preference in favor of [[Russian Revival]] trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained a common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases Naval Cathedral in Caucasus and [[w:Central AsiaKronstadt|Central Asia]], the Cossack hosts and the industrial region Naval Cathedral in [[w:Urals|Urals]] around the city of Perm. Architects [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]] and [[w:Vasily Kosyakov|Vasily Kosyakov]] developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical [[w:pendetive|pendetiveKronstadt]] apses that became de-facto standard in 1880s-1890s.
The reign of [[Nicholas II of RussiaImage:Kazan church in Voskresensky Novodevichy monastery from cemetery.jpg|Nicholas II]] was notable for the architects's turn from this standard back to [[Hagia Sophia w:Novodevichy Cemetery (ConstantinopleSaint Petersburg)|Hagia SophiaNovodevichy Cemetery]] legacy, peaking church (1908-15) in the St. Petersburg. Image:Храм святого Владимира 5.jpg|The [[w:Naval Chersonesus Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Saint Vladimir Cathedral in Kronstadt]] and in [[w:PotiChersonesus Taurica|Chersonesus]], 19th century, commemorating the presumed place of [[Vladimir of Kiev|PotiSt. Vladimir]] cathedral's baptism, (1850 - ). Image:St Petersburg Dmitry Solunsky church. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary jpg|Church of Dmitry Solunsky in Saint Petersburg (1861–1866) by Roman Kuzmin. Image:Astrakhan Temple of St Vladimira.jpg|In 1888 Vasily Kosyakov found the ultimate proportion of a single-dome design. Blueprints of his [[w:Art NouveauAstrakhan|Art NouveauAstrakhan]] yet the exteriors church were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neocopied in Kamianets-Byzantine tradition Podilskyi, Ukraine, before the original was terminated by the completed (1895–1904). Image:Novocherkassk.jpg|[[w:Russian revolution of 1917Novocherkassk|revolution of 1917Novocherkassk]] but was continued by emigrant architects , Russia, 1891–1905. Image:Blagoveschensky church in Yugoslavia and Kharkov.jpg|[[w:Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkov]], Ukraine, 1888–1901. Image:Christ the Saviour Cathedral (Borki, Ukraine).jpg|Christ the Savior Cathedral in Borki (Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine), ca. 1900; this was the inspiration for the St. Sophia Cathedral in Harbin. Image:Belogorsky Monastery, near Kungir, in the Perm District of Russia.jpg|[[Belogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral (Perm Krai, Russia)|HarbinBelogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral]], Russia. Begun 1902; Consecration, 7 June 1917. Also known as the “Urals Athos.”</gallery></center>
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[[Image:AlexanderNevskiCathedral.jpg|right|thumb|230px|[[w:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia]], by [[w:Alexander Pomerantsev|Alexander Pomerantsev]].]]
The '''Byzantine Revival''' or '''Neo-Byzantine architecture''' is movement was an [[w:Revivalism (architecture)|architectural revival style]], movement most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings. It emerged in the 1840s in Western Europe and peaked in the last quarter of 19th century in the Russian Empire; an isolated Neo-Byzantine school was active in Yugoslavia between World War I and World War II. Neo-Byzantine architecture incorporates elements of the [[Byzantine style]] associated with [[w:Eastern Christian|Eastern]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] architecture dating from the 5th through 11th centuries, notably that of Constantinople and the Exarchate of [[Ravenna]]. The style is characterized by round arches, vaults and domes, brick and stucco surfaces, symbolic ornamentation, and the use of decorative mosaics.
==German countries==
[[Image:Christuskirche Matzleinsdorf Wien.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Christuskirche in Matzleindorf, 1858—1860]]
Earliest example of emerging Byzantine-[[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] architecture was the [[w:St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich|Abbey of Saint Boniface]], laid down by Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1835 and completed in 1840. The basilica followed the rules of 6th century [[Ravenna]] architecture, although its [[w:corinthian order|corinthian order]] was a clear deviation from the historical Byzantine art. In 1876 Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned Neo-Byzantine interiors of the Neuschwanstein Castle, complete with mosaic images of [[Justinian I]] and Greek saints.
Danish architect [[w:Theophil Hansen|Theophil Hansen]] became a supporter of the style in the 1850s. His major works belonged to [[w:Neo-Grec|Neo-Grec]] style, however, Hansen as a professor of Byzantine art in University of Vienna shaped a generation of architects that popularized Neo-Byzantine architecture in Austro-Hungary, Serbia and post-war Yugoslavia. Hansen's own Neo-Byzantine work include the Greek Church of Trinity (1856—1858) in Vienna and Chistuskirche in Matzleindorf (1858—1860).
==RussiaRussian Empire==The [[w:Sophia Cathedral|Sophia Cathedral]] in Pushkin (1782—1788) was the earliest and isolated experiment with Byzantine treatment of otherwise [[w:neoclassicism|neoclassical]] structures. In 1830s [[w:Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I of Russia]] promoted the so-called ''Russo-Byzantine'' style of churches designed by [[w:Konstantin Thon|Konstantin Thon]]. Nicholas I despised true Byzantine art; Thon's style in fact had little common with it. Notably, Thon routinely replaced the circular Byzantine arch with a keel-shaped gable, and the hemispherical Byzantine dome with an onion dome; layout and structural scheme of his churches clearly belonged to neoclassical standard. True Byzantine art, popularized by [[w:Grigory Gagarin|Grigory Gagarin]] and [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]], was adopted by [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II of Russia]] as the de-facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland, [[w:Crimea|Crimea]], the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]). However, few buildings were completed in Alexander II reign due to financial troubles. [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander III]] changed state preference in favor of Russian Revival trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained a common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], the Cossack hosts and the industrial region in [[w:Urals|Urals]] around the city of Perm. Architects [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]] and [[w:Vasily Kosyakov|Vasily Kosyakov]] developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical [[w:pendetive|pendetive]] apses that became de-facto standard in 1880s-1890s. The reign of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] was notable for the architects's turn from this standard back to [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] legacy, peaking in the [[w:Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt]] and [[w:Poti|Poti]] cathedral. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary [[w:Art Nouveau|Art Nouveau]] yet the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine tradition was terminated by the [[w:Russian revolution of 1917|revolution of 1917]] but was continued by emigrant architects in Yugoslavia and [[w:Harbin|Harbin]]. <center><gallery>Image:Novoafonsky monastyr.jpg|[[w:New Athos|New Athos]] Monastery in [[w:Abkhazia|Abkhazia]].
==United States==
In the United States and elsewhere, the Neo-Byzantine style is often seen in [[w:Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] amalgamations with other Medieval revivalist styles such as [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[w:Gothic revival|Gothic]], or even with the [[w:Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]] or [[w:Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]] styles.
Notable American examples include many buildings on the campus of Rice University in Texas, [[w:St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Church]] in Philadelphia, [[w:Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis|Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]] and the [[w:Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception|Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] built between 1920 and 1959 in Washington, D.C. In the early 1980s, famed American architect [[w:Philip Johnson|Philip Johnson]] designed a [[w:Post-Modernist|Post-Modernist]] addition to the Cleveland Play House that reflects Byzantine influences, and could thus be termed Neo-Byzantine.
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File:StSophiaLosAngeles.JPG|[[St. Sophia Cathedral (Los Angeles, California)]], 1952.
File:St Francis de Sales (Philadelphia).jpg|[[w:St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church]], Philadelphia (1907).
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==United Kingdom==
From about 1850 to 1880 in the English city of Bristol a related style known as [[w:Bristol Byzantine|Bristol Byzantine]] was popular for industrial buildings which combined elements of the [[Byzantine style]] with [[w:Moorish architecture|Moorish architecture]].In South London there is Christ Church,North Brixton by Beresford Pite, 1897-1903. Just a few metres from the Oval Cricket Ground.
==See also==
* [[w:Neo-Byzantine architecture]]* [[in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine architecture]]* [[in the Russian RevivalEmpire]]at Wikipedia.
==Source==
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Image:Westminster cathedral front.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine façade of [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]], London. Image:Novoafonsky monastyrSt Markuskyrkan Belgrad.jpg|[[New Athosw:St. Mark's Church, Belgrade|St. Mark's Church, Belgrade]] Monastery in . Image:Trieste Serb-orthodox church of San-Spiridione3.jpg|Temple of Holy Trinity and St. Spiridio, Trieste. Image:Poti Cathedral.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine [[Abkhaziaw:Poti Cathedral|cathedral at Poti]], Georgia, 1906–7. Image:St Volodymyr's Tbilisi Cathedral Interior 21900s.JPGjpg|Interior of [[St. Vladimir's w:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis]] in , Georgia, 1871-72 and 1889-97. Image:Kauno soboras 2007-04-06.jpg|[[Kievw:St. Michael the Archangel Church, Kaunas|St. Michael the Archangel Church in Kaunas]], Lithuania, was built in Roman-Byzantine style. Image:Saint Petersburg KronstadtZnamenskaya cerkov Vilnius.jpg|Naval Cathedral in The church of the Theotokos [[Kronstadtw:Orans|Orans]]in Vilnius (1899–1903) demonstrates typical features of developed Byzantine revival: exposed two-tone, striped, masonry; four symmetrical apses tightly fused into the main dome; arcades blending into the domes; and a relatively small belltower. Image:St.Markuskyrkan.BelgradSaint Sophia - Harbin, China.jpg|[[St. Mark's Sophia Cathedral (Harbin, China)|Churchof the Holy Wisdom of God]], Belgrade[[w:Harbin|Harbin]], China, 1907, 1923-32. Image:Kazan church in Voskresensky Novodevichy monastery Annunciation-harbin.jpg|Annunciation of the Theotokos (from cemeteryBlagovescekaya Church), Harbin, China, 1930-41. Destroyed in 1970. Image:Temple Saint Sava.JPGjpg|[[Novodevichy Cemetery (w:Temple of Saint Petersburg)Sava|Novodevichy CemeteryTemple of Saint Sava]] church in , Belgrade (1935-41, 1985-present), by [[St. Petersburgw:Aleksandar Deroko|Aleksandar Deroko]]. Image:Trieste Serb-orthodox church Metropolitan Church of SanSt Nicholas -Spiridione3Volos, Greece.jpg|Temple Metropolitan Church of Holy Trinity and StNicholas - Volos, Greece. Designed by renowned Greek architect Aristotelis Zachos (1871-1939). Image:Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa de São Paulo-Brazil (Church of Antioch). Spiridio, JPG|Cathedral in Sao Paulo of the Orthodox Church of Antioch (1940s-) Image:Cathedralmajormarseille.jpg|Romano-Byzantine style [[Triestew:Marseille Cathedral|Cathedral de la Major]](1852-93) in Marseilles. Image:Neuschwanstein Thronsaalthrone room 00180u.jpg|Painting of the [[Neuschwanstein Castle]] Throne Room.
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==Further reading==
* Anthony Cutler. ''The Tyranny of Hagia Sophia: Notes on Greek Orthodox Church Design in the United States.'' '''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.''' Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 1972), pp. 38-50.
* Slobodan Ćurčić. ''The Role of Late Byzantine Thessalonike in Church Architecture in the Balkans.'' '''Dumbarton Oaks Papers.''' Vol. 57, Symposium on Late Byzantine Thessalonike (2003), pp. 65-84 (+photos).
[[Category:Church architecture]]