Danish architect [[w:Theophil Hansen|Theophil Hansen]] became a supporter of the style in the 1850s. His major works belonged to [[w:Neo-Grec|Neo-Grec]] style, however, Hansen as a professor of Byzantine art in University of Vienna shaped a generation of architects that popularized Neo-Byzantine architecture in Austro-Hungary, Serbia and post-war Yugoslavia. Hansen's own Neo-Byzantine work include the Greek Church of Trinity (1856—1858) in Vienna and Chistuskirche in Matzleindorf (1858—1860).

True Byzantine art, popularized by [[w:Grigory Gagarin|Grigory Gagarin]] and [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]], was adopted by [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II of Russia]] as the de-facto official style of the Orthodox Church. Byzantine architecture became a vehicle of Orthodox expansion on the frontiers of Empire (Congress Poland, [[w:Crimea|Crimea]], the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]). However, few buildings were completed in Alexander II reign due to financial troubles. [[w:Alexander II of Russia|Alexander III]] changed state preference in favor of Russian Revival trend based on 16th-17th century Moscow and Yaroslavl tradition, yet Byzantine architecture remained a common choice, especially for large cathedrals. Neo-Byzantine cathedrals concentrated in the western provinces (Poland, Lithuania), the Army bases in Caucasus and [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]], the Cossack hosts and the industrial region in [[w:Urals|Urals]] around the city of Perm. Architects [[w:David Grimm|David Grimm]] and [[w:Vasily Kosyakov|Vasily Kosyakov]] developed a unique national type of a single-dome Byzantine cathedral with four symmetrical [[w:pendetive|pendetive]] apses that became de-facto standard in 1880s-1890s.

The reign of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] was notable for the architects's turn from this standard back to [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] legacy, peaking in the [[w:Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt|Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt]] and [[w:Poti|Poti]] cathedral. These designs employed reinforced concrete that allowed very fast construction schedule; their interiors contained clear references to contemporary [[w:Art Nouveau|Art Nouveau]] yet the exteriors were a clear homage to medieval Constantinople. Russian Neo-Byzantine tradition was terminated by the [[w:Russian revolution of 1917|revolution of 1917]] but was continued by emigrant architects in Yugoslavia and [[w:Harbin|Harbin]].

==United States==

In the United States and elsewhere, the Neo-Byzantine style is often seen in [[w:Vernacular architecture|vernacular]] amalgamations with other Medieval revivalist styles such as [[w:Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[w:Gothic revival|Gothic]], or even with the [[w:Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]] or [[w:Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]] styles.

Notable American examples include many buildings on the campus of Rice University in Texas, [[w:St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic Church (Philadelphia)|St. Francis de Sales Church]] in Philadelphia, [[w:Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis|Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis]] and the [[w:Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception|Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] built between 1920 and 1959 in Washington, D.C. In the early 1980s, famed American architect [[w:Philip Johnson|Philip Johnson]] designed a [[w:Post-Modernist|Post-Modernist]] addition to the Cleveland Play House that reflects Byzantine influences, and could thus be termed Neo-Byzantine.

==United Kingdom==

==See also==

==Source==

<gallery>

Image:Westminster cathedral front.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine façade of [[w:Westminster Cathedral|Westminster Cathedral]], London.

Image:St Markuskyrkan Belgrad.jpg|[[w:St. Mark's Church, Belgrade|St. Mark's Church, Belgrade]].

Image:Trieste Serb-orthodox church of San-Spiridione3.jpg|Temple of Holy Trinity and St. Spiridio, Trieste.

Image:Poti Cathedral.jpg|The Neo-Byzantine [[w:Poti Cathedral|cathedral at Poti]], Georgia, 1906–7.

Image:Tbilisi Cathedral 1900s.jpg|[[w:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis]], Georgia, 1871-72 and 1889-97.

Image:Znamenskaya cerkov Vilnius.jpg|The church of the Theotokos [[w:Orans|Orans]] in Vilnius (1899–1903) demonstrates typical features of developed Byzantine revival: exposed two-tone, striped, masonry; four symmetrical apses tightly fused into the main dome; arcades blending into the domes; and a relatively small belltower.

Image:Saint Sophia - Harbin, China.jpg|[[St. Sophia Cathedral (Harbin, China)|Church of the Holy Wisdom of God]], [[w:Harbin|Harbin]], China, 1907, 1923-32.

Image:Temple Saint Sava.jpg|[[w:Temple of Saint Sava|Temple of Saint Sava]], Belgrade (1935-41, 1985-present), by [[w:Aleksandar Deroko|Aleksandar Deroko]].

Image:Metropolitan Church of St Nicholas - Volos, Greece.jpg|Metropolitan Church of St Nicholas - Volos, Greece. Designed by renowned Greek architect Aristotelis Zachos (1871-1939).

Image:Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa de São Paulo-Brazil (Church of Antioch).JPG|Cathedral in Sao Paulo of the Orthodox Church of Antioch (1940s-)

Image:Cathedralmajormarseille.jpg|Romano-Byzantine style [[w:Marseille Cathedral|Cathedral de la Major]] (1852-93) in Marseilles.

</gallery>

</center>

==Further reading==

* Anthony Cutler. ''The Tyranny of Hagia Sophia: Notes on Greek Orthodox Church Design in the United States.'' '''Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.''' Vol. 31, No. 1 (Mar., 1972), pp. 38-50.

* Slobodan Ćurčić. ''The Role of Late Byzantine Thessalonike in Church Architecture in the Balkans.'' '''Dumbarton Oaks Papers.''' Vol. 57, Symposium on Late Byzantine Thessalonike (2003), pp. 65-84 (+photos).

[[Category:Church architecture]]