Russian Primary Chronicle - Revision history

Wsk: Restore earlier OW version. Wikipedia version available link!!

2009-05-04T14:55:30Z

Restore earlier OW version. Wikipedia version available link!!

Wsk: Reverted edits by Andrew (Talk); changed back to last version by Fatman2021

2009-05-04T14:52:04Z

Reverted edits by Andrew (Talk); changed back to last version by Fatman2021

Andrew: needs cleanup

2009-04-01T18:04:23Z

needs cleanup

Fatman2021: /* See also */

2009-03-28T18:25:51Z

‎See also

Fatman2021 at 18:25, March 28, 2009

2009-03-28T18:25:26Z

ASDamick at 15:45, June 27, 2008

2008-06-27T15:45:40Z

ASDamick at 15:43, June 27, 2008

2008-06-27T15:43:55Z

ASDamick: added note on name, italicized title throughout

2008-06-27T15:43:20Z

added note on name, italicized title throughout

ASDamick: Primary Chronicle moved to Russian Primary Chronicle: This is the document's more widely known name.

2008-06-27T15:37:27Z

Primary Chronicle moved to Russian Primary Chronicle: This is the document's more widely known name.

Magda: formatting, cat

2008-06-26T16:39:25Z

formatting, cat

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[Image:14 2 List of Radzivill Chron.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Tale of Bygone Years'' in [[Radzivill Chronicle]]]]
+The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' (Old [[Church Slavonic]]: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Russian: Пóвесть временны́х лет, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; Ukrainian: Пóвість врéм'яних літ, ''Povist' vremjanykh lit''), also known as the '''''Russian Primary Chronicle''''' or by its opening words, '''''Tale of Bygone Years''''', is a compilation of writings that are the principal source of the history of the eastern Slavs up to the early twelfth century. The ''Chronicle'' was compiled in the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Monastery of the Caves]] in Kiev. Traditionally, the [[monk]] Nestor has been attributed as the author of the ''Chronicle'', written during the time of Vladimir II Monomakh.
-The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' ({{lang-cu|Пов{{Unicode|ѣ}}сть времяньныхъ л{{Unicode|ѣ}}тъ}}; {{lang-ru|Пóвесть временны́х лет}}, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; {{lang-uk|Пóвість врéм'яних літ}}, ''Povist' vrem'anykh lit''; {{lang-be|Апóвесць мíнулых часóў}} ''Apovests' minulikh chasoũ'' often translated into English as '''''Tale of Bygone Years'''''), or '''Russian Primary Chronicle''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064486/The-Russian-Primary-Chronicle|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle|accessdate=2008-06-25|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}} see also; http://www.google.fi/books?q=%22kievan+russia%22&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en</ref> is a history of [[Kievan Rus']] from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in [[Kiev]] about 1113.
+The ''Chronicle'' describes events from the mid-eighth century, that is the time of the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael III, in the domains of the grand princes of Kiev and [[Novgorod]] and includes the introduction of Orthodox Christianity into Kievan Rus'. The ''Chronicle'' is the oldest source of history concerning the [[Baptism of Rus'|conversion of the Rus']] under Prince [[Vladimir of Kiev|Vladimir]], and others involved in the Christianization of the eastern Slavs, including Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], and the Princes [[Boris and Gleb]].
-== Three editions ==
+The original version of the ''Chronicle'' has been attributed to the [[monk]] Nestor, although now it appears he may have acted as an editor of earlier works. The "Nestorian" version was followed by two later versions, the first edited by Sylvester, [[hegumen]] of St. Michael's Monastery in the village of Vydobichi near Kiev, and the second by an unknown person who may have been Greek, as he corrected and updated information about the Eastern Roman affairs. No copies of these original chronicles exist. The earliest known version extant, dating from 1377, is the Laurentian codex that was complied by the monk Laurentius for Prince Dmitiri Donskoy. Other versions exist with slight variations in the text.
-The early part is rich in anecdotal stories, among which are the arrival of the three [[Varangian]] brothers, the founding of Kiev, the murder of [[Askold and Dir]], the death of [[Oleg of Kiev|Oleg]], who was killed by a serpent concealed in the skeleton of his horse, and the vengeance taken by [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], the wife of [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]], on the [[Drevlians]], who had murdered her husband. The account of the labors of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] among the [[Slavic peoples]] is also very interesting, and to Nestor we owe the tale of the summary way in which [[Vladimir the Great]] suppressed the worship of [[Perun]] and other traditional gods at Kiev.
+Later in the Kievan period of Russia other sources were written, such as the ''Novgorod Chronicles'', that enriched knowledge about this early history and either confirmed the ''Primary Chronicle'' or corrected its biases.
-In the year 1116, Nestor's text was extensively edited by [[hegumen]] [[Sylvestr of Kiev|Sylvester]] who appended his name at the end of the chronicle. As [[Vladimir Monomakh]] was the patron of the village of [[Vydubychi]] where his monastery is situated, the new edition glorified that prince and made him the central figure of later narrative. This second version of Nestor's work is preserved in the Laurentian codex (see below).
+Despite being most commonly known in English as the ''"Russian" Primary Chronicle'', the modern state known as ''Russia'' did not exist in the period in question.  Some scholarly sources have suggested that ''Rus''' instead of ''Russian'' may be more correct.  In any event, the document itself is most often known in Slavic sources simply as the ''Primary Chronicle''.
-A third edition followed two years later and centered on the person of Vladimir's son and heir, [[Mstislav the Great]]. The author of this revision could have been Greek, for he corrected and updated much data on Byzantine affairs. This latest revision of Nestor's work is preserved in the Hypatian codex (see below).
+==Sources==
-== Two manuscripts ==
+==External links==
-Because the original of the chronicle as well as the earliest known copies (the Laurentian codex and the Hypatian codex) are lost, it is difficult to establish the original content of the chronicle, word by word.
+[[Category:Church History]]
+[[Category:Texts]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:14 2 List of Radzivill Chron.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Tale of Bygone Years'' in [[Radzivill Chronicle]]]]
-{{cleanup|Fix links and Categories}}
 The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' ({{lang-cu|Пов{{Unicode|ѣ}}сть времяньныхъ л{{Unicode|ѣ}}тъ}}; {{lang-ru|Пóвесть временны́х лет}}, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; {{lang-uk|Пóвість врéм'яних літ}}, ''Povist' vrem'anykh lit''; {{lang-be|Апóвесць мíнулых часóў}} ''Apovests' minulikh chasoũ'' often translated into English as '''''Tale of Bygone Years'''''), or '''Russian Primary Chronicle''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064486/The-Russian-Primary-Chronicle|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle|accessdate=2008-06-25|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}} see also; http://www.google.fi/books?q=%22kievan+russia%22&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en</ref> is a history of [[Kievan Rus']] from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in [[Kiev]] about 1113.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[Image:14 2 List of Radzivill Chron.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Tale of Bygone Years'' in [[Radzivill Chronicle]]]]
+{{cleanup|Fix links and Categories}}
 The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' ({{lang-cu|Пов{{Unicode|ѣ}}сть времяньныхъ л{{Unicode|ѣ}}тъ}}; {{lang-ru|Пóвесть временны́х лет}}, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; {{lang-uk|Пóвість врéм'яних літ}}, ''Povist' vrem'anykh lit''; {{lang-be|Апóвесць мíнулых часóў}} ''Apovests' minulikh chasoũ'' often translated into English as '''''Tale of Bygone Years'''''), or '''Russian Primary Chronicle''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064486/The-Russian-Primary-Chronicle|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle|accessdate=2008-06-25|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}} see also; http://www.google.fi/books?q=%22kievan+russia%22&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en</ref> is a history of [[Kievan Rus']] from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in [[Kiev]] about 1113.

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, March 28, 2009
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	[[Category:East Slavic chronicles]]		[[Category:East Slavic chronicles]]
	[[Category:Chronicles regarding Lithuania]]		[[Category:Chronicles regarding Lithuania]]
−
−	~~[[af:Primêre Kronieke]]~~
−	~~[[be:Аповесць мінулых часоў]]~~
−	~~[[be-x-old:Аповесьць мінулых часоў]]~~
−	~~[[bg:Начална руска летопис]]~~
−	~~[[cy:Brut Cynradd Rwsieg]]~~
−	~~[[de:Nestorchronik]]~~
−	~~[[et:Nestori kroonika]]~~
−	~~[[el:Πρώτο Χρονικό]]~~
−	~~[[es:Crónica de Néstor]]~~
−	~~[[fr:Chronique des temps passés]]~~
−	~~[[ko:원초 연대기]]~~
−	~~[[it:Manoscritto Nestoriano]]~~
−	~~[[he:הכרוניקה הרוסית הראשונה]]~~
−	~~[[lv:Pagājušo gadu vēsture]]~~
−	~~[[hu:Elmúlt idők krónikája]]~~
−	~~[[mdf:Пингонь кизотнень оцю азкс]]~~
−	~~[[nl:Nestorkroniek]]~~
−	~~[[ja:原初年代記]]~~
−	~~[[no:Nestorkrøniken]]~~
−	~~[[nn:Nestorkrøniken]]~~
−	~~[[pl:Powieść minionych lat]]~~
−	~~[[ru:Повесть временных лет]]~~
−	~~[[sk:Povesť dávnych liet]]~~
−	~~[[sr:Повест минулих лета]]~~
−	~~[[fi:Nestorin kronikka]]~~
−	~~[[sv:Nestorskrönikan]]~~
−	~~[[uk:Повість врем'яних літ]]~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' (Old [[Church Slavonic]]: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Russian: Пóвесть временны́х лет, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; Ukrainian: Пóвість врéм'яних літ, ''Povist' vremjanykh lit''), also known as the '''''Russian Primary Chronicle''''' or by its opening words, '''''Tale of Bygone Years''''', is a compilation of writings that are the principal source of the history of the eastern Slavs up to the early twelfth century. The ''Chronicle'' was compiled in the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Monastery of the Caves]] in Kiev. Traditionally, the [[monk]] Nestor has been attributed as the author of the ''Chronicle'', written during the time of Vladimir II Monomakh.
+[[Image:14 2 List of Radzivill Chron.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Tale of Bygone Years'' in [[Radzivill Chronicle]]]]
-The ''Chronicle'' describes events from the mid-eighth century, that is the time of the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael III, in the domains of the grand princes of Kiev and [[Novgorod]] and includes the introduction of Orthodox Christianity into Kievan Rus'. The ''Chronicle'' is the oldest source of history concerning the [[Baptism of Rus'|conversion of the Rus']] under Prince [[Vladimir of Kiev|Vladimir]], and others involved in the Christianization of the eastern Slavs, including Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], and the Princes [[Boris and Gleb]].
+The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' ({{lang-cu|Пов{{Unicode|ѣ}}сть времяньныхъ л{{Unicode|ѣ}}тъ}}; {{lang-ru|Пóвесть временны́х лет}}, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; {{lang-uk|Пóвість врéм'яних літ}}, ''Povist' vrem'anykh lit''; {{lang-be|Апóвесць мíнулых часóў}} ''Apovests' minulikh chasoũ'' often translated into English as '''''Tale of Bygone Years'''''), or '''Russian Primary Chronicle''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064486/The-Russian-Primary-Chronicle|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle|accessdate=2008-06-25|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}} see also; http://www.google.fi/books?q=%22kievan+russia%22&btnG=Search+Books&hl=en</ref> is a history of [[Kievan Rus']] from about 850 to 1110, originally compiled in [[Kiev]] about 1113.
-The original version of the ''Chronicle'' has been attributed to the [[monk]] Nestor, although now it appears he may have acted as an editor of earlier works. The "Nestorian" version was followed by two later versions, the first edited by Sylvester, [[hegumen]] of St. Michael's Monastery in the village of Vydobichi near Kiev, and the second by an unknown person who may have been Greek, as he corrected and updated information about the Eastern Roman affairs. No copies of these original chronicles exist. The earliest known version extant, dating from 1377, is the Laurentian codex that was complied by the monk Laurentius for Prince Dmitiri Donskoy. Other versions exist with slight variations in the text.
+== Three editions ==
-Later in the Kievan period of Russia other sources were written, such as the ''Novgorod Chronicles'', that enriched knowledge about this early history and either confirmed the ''Primary Chronicle'' or corrected its biases.
+The early part is rich in anecdotal stories, among which are the arrival of the three [[Varangian]] brothers, the founding of Kiev, the murder of [[Askold and Dir]], the death of [[Oleg of Kiev|Oleg]], who was killed by a serpent concealed in the skeleton of his horse, and the vengeance taken by [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], the wife of [[Igor of Kiev|Igor]], on the [[Drevlians]], who had murdered her husband. The account of the labors of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] among the [[Slavic peoples]] is also very interesting, and to Nestor we owe the tale of the summary way in which [[Vladimir the Great]] suppressed the worship of [[Perun]] and other traditional gods at Kiev.
-Despite being most commonly known in English as the ''"Russian" Primary Chronicle'', the modern state known as ''Russia'' did not exist in the period in question.  Some scholarly sources have suggested that ''Rus''' instead of ''Russian'' may be more correct.  In any event, the document itself is most often known in Slavic sources simply as the ''Primary Chronicle''.
+In the year 1116, Nestor's text was extensively edited by [[hegumen]] [[Sylvestr of Kiev|Sylvester]] who appended his name at the end of the chronicle. As [[Vladimir Monomakh]] was the patron of the village of [[Vydubychi]] where his monastery is situated, the new edition glorified that prince and made him the central figure of later narrative. This second version of Nestor's work is preserved in the Laurentian codex (see below).
-==Sources==
+A third edition followed two years later and centered on the person of Vladimir's son and heir, [[Mstislav the Great]]. The author of this revision could have been Greek, for he corrected and updated much data on Byzantine affairs. This latest revision of Nestor's work is preserved in the Hypatian codex (see below).
-==External links==
+== Two manuscripts ==
-[[Category:Church History]]
+Because the original of the chronicle as well as the earliest known copies (the Laurentian codex and the Hypatian codex) are lost, it is difficult to establish the original content of the chronicle, word by word.
-[[Category:Texts]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Primary Chronicle''' (Old [[Church Slavonic]]: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Russian: Пóвесть временны́х лет, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; Ukrainian: Пóвість врéм'яних літ, ''Povist' vremjanykh lit''), also known as the '''Russian Primary Chronicle''' or by its opening words, '''Tale of Bygone Years''', is a compilation of writings that are the principal source of the history of the eastern Slavs up to the early twelfth century. The Chronicle was compiled in the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Monastery of the Caves]] in Kiev. Traditionally, the [[monk]] Nestor has been attributed as the author of the Chronicles, written during the time of Vladimir II Monomakh.
+The '''''Primary Chronicle''''' (Old [[Church Slavonic]]: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Russian: Пóвесть временны́х лет, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; Ukrainian: Пóвість врéм'яних літ, ''Povist' vremjanykh lit''), also known as the '''''Russian Primary Chronicle''''' or by its opening words, '''''Tale of Bygone Years''''', is a compilation of writings that are the principal source of the history of the eastern Slavs up to the early twelfth century. The ''Chronicle'' was compiled in the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Monastery of the Caves]] in Kiev. Traditionally, the [[monk]] Nestor has been attributed as the author of the ''Chronicles'', written during the time of Vladimir II Monomakh.
-The Chronicle describes events from the mid-eighth century, that is the time of the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael III, in the domains of the grand princes of Kiev and [[Novgorod]] and includes the introduction of Orthodox Christianity into Kievan Russia. The Chronicle is the oldest source of history concerning the [[Baptism of Rus'|conversion of the Rus]] under Prince [[Vladimir of Kiev|Vladimir]], and others involved in the Christianization of the eastern Slavs, including Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], and the Princes [[Boris and Gleb]].
+The ''Chronicle'' describes events from the mid-eighth century, that is the time of the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael III, in the domains of the grand princes of Kiev and [[Novgorod]] and includes the introduction of Orthodox Christianity into Kievan Russia. The ''Chronicle'' is the oldest source of history concerning the [[Baptism of Rus'|conversion of the Rus']] under Prince [[Vladimir of Kiev|Vladimir]], and others involved in the Christianization of the eastern Slavs, including Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], and the Princes [[Boris and Gleb]].
-The original version of the chronicle has been attributed to the [[monk]] Nestor, although now it appears he may have acted as an editor of earlier works. The "Nestorian" version was followed by two later versions, the first edited by Sylvester, [[hegumen]] of St. Michael's Monastery in the village of Vydobichi near Kiev, and the second by an unknown person who may have been Greek, as he corrected and updated information about the Eastern Roman affairs. No copies of these original chronicles exist. The earliest known version extant, dating from 1377, is the Laurentian codex that was complied by the monk Laurentius for Prince Dmitiri Donskoy. Other versions exist with slight variations in the text.
+The original version of the ''Chronicle'' has been attributed to the [[monk]] Nestor, although now it appears he may have acted as an editor of earlier works. The "Nestorian" version was followed by two later versions, the first edited by Sylvester, [[hegumen]] of St. Michael's Monastery in the village of Vydobichi near Kiev, and the second by an unknown person who may have been Greek, as he corrected and updated information about the Eastern Roman affairs. No copies of these original chronicles exist. The earliest known version extant, dating from 1377, is the Laurentian codex that was complied by the monk Laurentius for Prince Dmitiri Donskoy. Other versions exist with slight variations in the text.
-Later in the Kievan period of Russia other sources were written, such as the Novgorod Chronicles, that enriched our knowledge about this early history and either confirmed the Primary Chronicle or corrected its biases.
+Later in the Kievan period of Russia other sources were written, such as the ''Novgorod Chronicles'', that enriched knowledge about this early history and either confirmed the ''Primary Chronicle'' or corrected its biases.
 ==Sources==

← Older revision	Revision as of 15:37, June 27, 2008
(No difference)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Primary Chronicle''' (Old Church Slavonic: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Russian: Пóвесть временны́х лет, Povest' vremennykh let; Ukrainian: Пóвість врéм'яних літ, Povist' vremjanykh lit), also known as the '''Russian Primary Chronicle''' or by its opening words, '''Tale of Bygone Years''' is a compilation of writings that are the principal source of the history of the eastern Slavs up to the early twelfth century. The Chronicle was compiled in the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Monastery of the Caves]] in Kiev. Traditionally, the [[monk]] Nestor has been attributed as the author of the Chronicles, written during the time of Vladimir II Monomakh.
+The '''Primary Chronicle''' (Old [[Church Slavonic]]: Повѣсть времяньныхъ лѣтъ; Russian: Пóвесть временны́х лет, ''Povest' vremennykh let''; Ukrainian: Пóвість врéм'яних літ, ''Povist' vremjanykh lit''), also known as the '''Russian Primary Chronicle''' or by its opening words, '''Tale of Bygone Years''', is a compilation of writings that are the principal source of the history of the eastern Slavs up to the early twelfth century. The Chronicle was compiled in the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Monastery of the Caves]] in Kiev. Traditionally, the [[monk]] Nestor has been attributed as the author of the Chronicles, written during the time of Vladimir II Monomakh.
-The Chronicle describes events from the mid-eighth century, that is the time of the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael III, in the domains of the grand princes of Kiev and [[Novgorod]] and includes the introduction of Orthodox Christianity into Kievan Russia. The Chronicle is the oldest source of history concerning the [[Baptism of Rus'|conversion of the Rus]] under [[Vladimir of Kiev|Prince Vladimir]], and others involved in the Christianization of the eastern Slavs, including Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], and the Princes [[Boris and Gleb]].
+The Chronicle describes events from the mid-eighth century, that is the time of the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael III, in the domains of the grand princes of Kiev and [[Novgorod]] and includes the introduction of Orthodox Christianity into Kievan Russia. The Chronicle is the oldest source of history concerning the [[Baptism of Rus'|conversion of the Rus]] under Prince [[Vladimir of Kiev|Vladimir]], and others involved in the Christianization of the eastern Slavs, including Princess [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]], and the Princes [[Boris and Gleb]].
-The original version of the chronicle has been attributed to the monk Nestor, although now it appears he may have acted as an editor of earlier works. The “Nestorian” version was followed by two later versions, first edited by Sylvester, [[hegumen]] of St. Michael’s Monastery in the village of Vydobichi near Kiev, and the second by an unknown person who may have been Greek, as he corrected and updated information about the Eastern Roman affairs. No copies of these original chronicles exist. The earliest known version, dating from 1377, is the Laurentian codex that was complied by the monk Laurentius for Prince Dmitiri Donskoy. Other versions exist with slight variations in the text.
+The original version of the chronicle has been attributed to the [[monk]] Nestor, although now it appears he may have acted as an editor of earlier works. The "Nestorian" version was followed by two later versions, the first edited by Sylvester, [[hegumen]] of St. Michael's Monastery in the village of Vydobichi near Kiev, and the second by an unknown person who may have been Greek, as he corrected and updated information about the Eastern Roman affairs. No copies of these original chronicles exist. The earliest known version extant, dating from 1377, is the Laurentian codex that was complied by the monk Laurentius for Prince Dmitiri Donskoy. Other versions exist with slight variations in the text.
-Later in the Kievan period of Russia other sources were written, such as the Novgorod Chronicles, that enriched our knowledge this early history and either confirmed the Primary Chronicle or corrected its biases.
+Later in the Kievan period of Russia other sources were written, such as the Novgorod Chronicles, that enriched our knowledge about this early history and either confirmed the Primary Chronicle or corrected its biases.
+==Sources==
-==Source==
+*Ed. Tessa Clark, ''The Russian Chronicles'', Thunder Bay Press, 2001. ISBN 1-57145-577-9
-* Ed. Tessa Clark, ‘‘The Russian Chronicles’‘, Thunder Bay Press, 2001 ISBN 1-57145-577-9
+*[http://novaonline.nv.cc.va.us/eli/evans/HIS241/Notes/PrimaryChronicle.html Notes on the Russian Primary Chronicle]
 ==External links==
-*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Chronicle Wikipedia: Primary Chronicle]
+*[[w:Primary Chronicle|Wikipedia: Primary Chronicle]]
-*[http://www.answers.com/topic/primary-chronicle  Primary Chronicle]
+*[http://www.answers.com/topic/primary-chronicle Primary Chronicle]
-*[http://web.ku.edu/~russcult/culture/handouts/chronicle_all.html  Opening selections from the Primary Chronicle (English translations)]
+*[http://web.ku.edu/~russcult/culture/handouts/chronicle_all.html Opening selections from the Primary Chronicle (English translations)]
-[[Category: Church History]]
+[[Category:Church History]]