Labarum - Revision history

Angellight 888: /* Gallery */ add image;

2012-02-07T02:10:39Z

‎Gallery: add image;

Angellight 888: /* External Links */

2011-09-07T03:04:12Z

‎External Links

Angellight 888: /* Gallery */

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‎Gallery

Angellight 888: /* Gallery */

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‎Gallery

Angellight 888: /* Later Usage */

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‎Later Usage

Angellight 888: /* Gallery */

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‎Gallery

Angellight 888: /* Historical Evidence for Use of the Labarum */

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‎Historical Evidence for Use of the Labarum

Angellight 888: /* Eusebius' Description of the Labarum */

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‎Eusebius' Description of the Labarum

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:10, February 7, 2012
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	Image:2010 0627(006)ed.jpg\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with icon of [[Christ]].		Image:2010 0627(006)ed.jpg\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with icon of [[Christ]].

		+	File:Feodorovskaya 1916.jpeg.jpg\|Processional banner: Mother of God of Theodore. Church of the Holy Martyr Haralampus (Moscow, 1916).

	Image:Epiphany Procession to the San River.JPG\|[[Theophany]] procession on the San River (southeastern Poland / western Ukraine).		Image:Epiphany Procession to the San River.JPG\|[[Theophany]] procession on the San River (southeastern Poland / western Ukraine).

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 * [[w:Nomina sacra|Nomina sacra]]
 * [[w:Talisman|Talisman]]
 '''Other'''
 * [http://www.latin-dictionary.net/q/latin/laureatum.html LATdict - An Online Latin Dictionary].

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:41, May 23, 2011
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	Image:2010 0627(006)ed.jpg\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with icon of [[Christ]].		Image:2010 0627(006)ed.jpg\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with icon of [[Christ]].
		+
		+
		+	Image:Epiphany Procession to the San River.JPG\|[[Theophany]] procession on the San River (southeastern Poland / western Ukraine).

	</gallery>		</gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:10, December 31, 2010
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	Image:Modern Ecclesiastical Labarum.JPG\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with an icon.		Image:Modern Ecclesiastical Labarum.JPG\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with an icon.
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		+	Image:2010 0627(006)ed.jpg\|A modern Orthodox ecclesiastical standard (Labarum), with icon of [[Christ]].

	</gallery>		</gallery>

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 Later usage came to regard the terms "Labarum" and "Chi-Rho" as synonymous, although ancient sources draw an unambiguous distinction between the two due to their separate origins.
-Christians' use of the sacred "Chi-Rho" Christogram naturally expanded into a variety of other areas and formats as well. This included coins and medallions (minted during Constantine's reign and by subsequent rulers, becoming part of the official imperial insignia after Constantine); on Christian sarcophagi and frescoes from about 350 AD; and eventually appearing on public buildings and churches as well.
+Christians' use of the sacred "Chi-Rho" Christogram naturally expanded into a variety of other areas and formats as well. This included on coins and medallions (minted during Constantine's reign and by subsequent rulers, becoming part of the official imperial insignia after Constantine); on Christian sarcophagi and frescoes from about 350 AD; and eventually appearing on public buildings and churches as well.
 A later Byzantine manuscript indicates that a jewelled Labarum standard believed to have been that of [[Constantine the Great|Constantine the Great]] was preserved for centuries, as an object of great veneration, in the imperial treasury at [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]].<ref>Lieu and Montserrat p. 118. From a Byzantine life of Constantine (BHG 364) written in the mid to late ninth century.</ref> The Labarum, with minor variations in its form, was widely used by the Christian Roman emperors who followed Constantine. A miniature version of the Labarum became part of the imperial regalia of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rulers, who were often depicted carrying it in their right hands.

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 Image:JustinianStVitale.jpg|Mosaic of Emperor [[Justinian]] with his retinue, with the Labarum displayed on a soldier's shield. (Ravenna, before 547 AD).
-Image:KellsFol034rChiRhoMonogram.jpg|The [[w:Book of Kells|Book of Kells]], Folio 34r, containing the Chi-Rho Monogram (ca. 800 AD).
+Image:KellsFol034rChiRhoMonogram.jpg|The [[Book of Kells]], Folio 34r, containing the Chi-Rho Monogram (ca. 800 AD).
 Image:Bishop-Germanos-1821.jpg|Bp. [[Germanos of Patra|Germanos of Old Patras]] blessing the Greek banner (Labaro / Λάβαρο) at [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]] monastery, March 13, 1821.

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 Eusebius stated that in addition to the singular labarum of Constantine, other similar standards (labara) were issued to the Roman army. This is confirmed by the two labara depicted being held by a soldier on a coin of [[w:Vetranio|Vetranio]] dating from 350.
-The Labarum marked with the monogram of [[Christ]] is seen on coins of [[Constantine the Great]], also of Constans, of Jovianus, and of Valentinianus, to the end of the [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Imperial%20Series imperial series].<ref>''[http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=labarum Labarum].'' '''Numiswiki: The Collaborative Numismatics Project.'''</ref>
+The sacred symbols were naturally removed from the standards by [[Julian the Apostate]], but were restored by Jovian and his successors, and continued to be borne by later Byzantine emperors.<ref>[[w:William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, Sir William]] and Samuel Cheetham (eds.). ''"[http://books.google.ca/books?id=omMaAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s Labarum]."'' '''A dictionary of Christian antiquities: Being a continuation of the ʻDictionary of the Bible', Volume 2.''' J. B. Burr, 1880. p.910.</ref> The Labarum marked with the monogram of [[Christ]] is seen on the coins of [[Constantine the Great]], and also of Constans, of Jovian, and of Valentinian, to the end of the [http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=Imperial%20Series imperial series].<ref>''[http://www.forumancientcoins.com/numiswiki/view.asp?key=labarum Labarum].'' '''Numiswiki: The Collaborative Numismatics Project.'''</ref>
 ==Later Usage==

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 "The emperor constantly made use of this sign of salvation as a safeguard against every adverse and hostile power, and commanded that others similar to it should be carried at the head of all his armies."<ref>Eusebius Pamphilius: ''Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine'', Chapter XXXI.</ref></blockquote>
-Fifty soldiers of the imperial guard, distinguished for bravery and piety, were entrusted with the care and defense of the new sacred standard (''Vita Constant.'', II:8). Standards, similar to the original labarum in its essential features were supplied to all the legions, and the monogram was also engraved on the soldiers' shields.<ref>Hassett, Maurice. ''"[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08717c.htm Labarum (Chi-Rho)]."'' '''The Catholic Encyclopedia.''' (New Advent). Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.</ref>
+Fifty soldiers of the imperial guard ''(ὑπασπισταἰ)'', distinguished for bravery and piety, were entrusted with the care and defense of the new sacred standard, which was to be borne by them singly by turns (''Vita Constant.'', II:8). Standards, similar to the original labarum in its essential features were supplied to all the legions, and the monogram was also engraved on the soldiers' shields.<ref>Hassett, Maurice. ''"[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08717c.htm Labarum (Chi-Rho)]."'' '''The Catholic Encyclopedia.''' (New Advent). Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.</ref>
 ==Historical Evidence for Use of the Labarum==

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:46, March 11, 2010
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	[[Category: Church History]]		[[Category: Church History]]
		+	[[Category:Church Life]]
		+	[[Category:About Icons]]
		+	[[Category:Liturgical objects]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:32, March 11, 2010
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	==Later Usage==		==Later Usage==
		+	[[Image:Theotokos-Standard.JPG\|thumb\|right\|Modern Orthodox Labarum. Embroidered icon of the [[Theotokos]] with [[Christ]]; [[w:Deesis\|Deësis]] icon in the lower panels; surmounted by the [[cross]].]]
	Later usage came to regard the terms "Labarum" and "Chi-Rho" as synonymous, although ancient sources draw an unambiguous distinction between the two due to their separate origins.		Later usage came to regard the terms "Labarum" and "Chi-Rho" as synonymous, although ancient sources draw an unambiguous distinction between the two due to their separate origins.