Code of Justinian - Revision history

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Angellight 888: New page: Emperor Justinian I achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law in the ''Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law"...

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New page: Emperor Justinian I achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law in the ''Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law"...

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Emperor [[Justinian]] I achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law in the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] ("Body of Civil Law")'', a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from AD 529 to 534 by his order.

The '' '''Codex Justinianus''' '' ''('''Code of Justinian''')'' was the first of four parts of the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' to be completed, on [[April 7]], 529 A.D. It is basically a revision of the ''Theodosian Code''. Justinian's supplements consisted of his:
* ''"Digesta"'' (or ''[[w:Pandects|Pandectae]]''), a synopsis of passages from juristic books and law commentaries of the classical period, mostly dating back to the second and third centuries.
* ''"Institutiones"'', a modified codification of the celebrated Roman jurist [[w:Gaius (jurist)|Gaius]]' legislation. And the
* ''"Novellae"'', a number of new constitutions.

All these together formed Justinian's ''Corpus of Civil Law'' which deeply influenced the [[Canon Law]] of the Western Church and the civil law of Medieval Europe. The Code's underlying claim that the emperor's will was supreme in all things made imperial control of the Church legal and thus deeply influenced the subsequent development of the Byzantine Church.

It remains influential to this day. By way of the [[w:Napoleonic code|Napoleonic Code]] (AD 1804), the Justinian Code reached Canada in the Province of Quebec, and was later introduced by French immigrants to Louisiana in the United States.<ref>Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984. pp.221.</ref>

==Codex Justinianus==
The ''Codex'' collects the ''constitutiones'' of the Roman Emperors. The earliest statute preserved in the code was enacted by Emperor Hadrian; the latest came from Justinian himself. The compilers of the code were able to draw on earlier works such as the official ''Codex Theodosianus'' and private collections like the ''Codex Gregor''ianus and the ''Codex Hermogenianus''.
===Legislation about religion===
Numerous provisions serve to secure the status of [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the state religion of the empire, uniting Church and state, and making anyone who was not connected to the Christian church a non-citizen.

===Laws against heresy===
The very first law in the Codex requires all persons under the jurisdiction of the Empire to hold the holy [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox (Christian) faith]]. This was primarily aimed against heresies such as [[Arianism]]. This text later became the springboard for discussions of international law, especially the question of just what persons are under the jurisdiction of a given state or legal system.

===Laws against paganism===
Other laws, while not aimed at [[Paganism|pagan]] belief as such, forbid particular pagan practices. For example, it is provided that all persons present at a pagan sacrifice may be indicted as if for murder.

===Laws against Judaism===
The principle of "Servitude of the Jews" (Servitus Judaeorum) was established by the new laws, and determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years. The Jews were disadvantaged in a number of ways. They could not testify against Christians and were disqualified from holding a public office. Jewish civil and religious rights were restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The use of the Hebrew language in worship was forbidden. ''[[w:Shema Yisrael|Shema Yisrael]]'', sometimes considered the most important prayer in [[Judaism]] ("Hear, O Israel, [[Tetragrammaton|YHWH]] our God, [[Tetragrammaton|YHWH]] is one") was banned, as a denial of the Trinity. A Jew who converted to Christianity was entitled to inherit his or her father's estate, to the exclusion of the still-Jewish brothers and sisters. The Emperor became an arbiter in internal Jewish affairs. Similar laws applied to the Samaritans.

==See also==
* [[Justinian]]

==References==
<div class="small"><references/></div>

==Sources==
* Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984. pp.221
* [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] at Wikipedia.

[[Category:Roman Emperors]]
[[Category:Rulers]]
[[Category:Church Life]]
[[Category:Canon Law]]

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 * [[w:Byzantine law|Byzantine law]]
 * [[w:Roman law|Roman law]]
-* [[w:Littera Florentina|Littera Florentina]] (''parchment codex of 907 leaves, being the closest survivor to an official version of the ''Pandects'', the ''Digest'' of Roman law promulgated by Justinian I in 530–533.'')
+* [[w:Littera Florentina|Littera Florentina]] (''parchment codex of 907 leaves, being the closest survivor to an official version of the Pandects, the Digest of Roman law promulgated by Justinian I in 530–533.'')
 [[Category:Roman Emperors]]

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 * [[w:Byzantine law|Byzantine law]]
 * [[w:Roman law|Roman law]]
 [[Category:Roman Emperors]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:45, August 3, 2010
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		+	[[Image:Justinian.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Emperor [[Justinian I]].]]
		+	[[Image:Tribonian bas-relief in the U.S. House of Representatives chamber.jpg\|right\|thumb\|[[w:Tribonian\|Tribonian]], senior legal authority and chief editor of the compilation of the old Roman lawyers writings.]]
	The '' '''Codex Justinianus''' '' ''('''Code of Justinian''')'' was the first of four parts of the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis\|Corpus Juris Civilis]] ("Body of Civil Law"),''<ref group="note">The name ''"Corpus Juris Civilis"'' occurs for the first time in 1583 as the title of a complete edition of the Justinianic code by [[w:Denis Godefroy\|Dionysius Godofredus]]. (Kunkel, W. ''An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History''. Oxford 1966 (translated into English by J.M. Kelly), p. 157, n.2.)</ref> a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence that was issued from 529 to 534 AD by order of [[Justinian I]], Eastern Roman Emperor, who achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law.		The '' '''Codex Justinianus''' '' ''('''Code of Justinian''')'' was the first of four parts of the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis\|Corpus Juris Civilis]] ("Body of Civil Law"),''<ref group="note">The name ''"Corpus Juris Civilis"'' occurs for the first time in 1583 as the title of a complete edition of the Justinianic code by [[w:Denis Godefroy\|Dionysius Godofredus]]. (Kunkel, W. ''An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History''. Oxford 1966 (translated into English by J.M. Kelly), p. 157, n.2.)</ref> a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence that was issued from 529 to 534 AD by order of [[Justinian I]], Eastern Roman Emperor, who achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '' '''Codex Justinianus''' '' ''('''Code of Justinian''')'' was the first of four parts of the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' to be completed, on [[April 7]], 529 A.D. Emperor [[Justinian]] I achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law in the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] ("Body of Civil Law")'', a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from AD 529 to 534 by his order. The Codex Justinianus was basically a revision of the ''Theodosian Code''. Justinian's supplements to it consisted of his:
+The '' '''Codex Justinianus''' '' ''('''Code of Justinian''')'' was the first of four parts of the ''[[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] ("Body of Civil Law"),''<ref group="note">The name ''"Corpus Juris Civilis"'' occurs for the first time in 1583 as the title of a complete edition of the Justinianic code by [[w:Denis Godefroy|Dionysius Godofredus]]. (Kunkel, W. ''An Introduction to Roman Legal and Constitutional History''. Oxford 1966 (translated into English by J.M. Kelly), p. 157, n.2.)</ref> a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence that was issued from 529 to 534 AD by order of [[Justinian I]], Eastern Roman Emperor, who achieved lasting influence for his judicial reforms via the summation of all Roman law.
-All four of these together formed Justinian's ''Corpus of Civil Law'' which deeply influenced the [[Canon Law]] of the Western Church and the civil law of Medieval Europe. The Code's underlying claim that the emperor's will was supreme in all things made imperial control of the Church legal and thus deeply influenced the subsequent development of the Byzantine Church.
+This code compiled in Latin all of the existing imperial ''constitutiones'' (imperial pronouncements having the force of law), back to the time of emperor Hadrian in the second century. It used both the [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] (438 AD) and the fourth-century collections embodied in the [[w:Codex Gregorianus|Codex Gregorianus]] and [[w:Codex Hermogenianus|Codex Hermogenianus]], which provided the model for division into books, that were divided into titles. These codices had developed authoritative standing.<ref>George Long. In: William Smith, ed.. ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.'' (London: Murray) 1875 ([http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Codex_G_et_H.html On-line text]).</ref>  The ''"Corpus Juris Civilis"'' was directed by [[w:Tribonian|Tribonian]], an official in Justinian's court, and was distributed in three parts, with a fourth part (Novellae) being added later:
-It remains influential to this day. By way of the [[w:Napoleonic code|Napoleonic Code]] (AD 1804), the Justinian Code reached Canada in the Province of Quebec, and was later introduced by French immigrants to Louisiana in the United States.<ref>Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984. pp.221.</ref>
+:# ''' ''"Codex Justinianus"'' ''' (529) compiled all of the extant imperial ''constitutiones'' from the time of Hadrian. It used both the Codex Theodosianus and private collections such as the Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus.
 ==Codex Justinianus==
-The ''Codex'' collects the ''constitutiones'' of the Roman Emperors. The earliest statute preserved in the code was enacted by Emperor Hadrian; the latest came from Justinian himself. The compilers of the code were able to draw on earlier works such as the official ''Codex Theodosianus'' and private collections like the ''Codex Gregor''ianus and the ''Codex Hermogenianus''.
+The ''Codex Justinianus'' (Code of Justinian, Justinian's Code) was the first part to be completed, on April 7, 529. It collects the ''constitutiones'' of the Roman Emperors. The earliest statute preserved in the code was enacted by Emperor Hadrian; the latest came from Justinian himself.
 ===Legislation about religion===
 Numerous provisions serve to secure the status of [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] as the state religion of the empire, uniting Church and state, and making anyone who was not connected to the Christian church a non-citizen.
@@ Line 37: / Line 42: @@
 * [http://www.amazon.com/Justinians-Institutes-Justinian/dp/0801494001/ref=pd_sim_b_4 Justinian's Institutes] [Paperback]
-==See also==
+==Notes==
-* [[Justinian]]
+<references group="note" />
 ==References==
@@ Line 44: / Line 49: @@
 ==Sources==
-* Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984. pp.221
+* Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). ''A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας.'' Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984. pp.221.
-* [[w:Corpus Juris Civilis|Corpus Juris Civilis]] at Wikipedia.
+* Internet Medieval Sourcebook. ''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook-law.html#ROMAN%20LAW Medieval Legal History: ROMAN LAW].'' (''Paul Halsall, ORB sources editor'').
 [[Category:Roman Emperors]]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 * ''"Digesta"'' (or ''[[w:Pandects|Pandectae]]''), a synopsis of passages from juristic books and law commentaries of the classical period, mostly dating back to the second and third centuries.
 * ''"Institutiones"'', a modified codification of the celebrated Roman jurist [[w:Gaius (jurist)|Gaius]]' legislation. And the
-* ''"Novellae"'', a number of new constitutions.
+* ''"[[w:Novellae Constitutiones|Novellae]]"'', a number of new constitutions.
 All four of these together formed Justinian's ''Corpus of Civil Law'' which deeply influenced the [[Canon Law]] of the Western Church and the civil law of Medieval Europe. The Code's underlying claim that the emperor's will was supreme in all things made imperial control of the Church legal and thus deeply influenced the subsequent development of the Byzantine Church.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ===Laws against Judaism===
 The principle of "Servitude of the Jews" (Servitus Judaeorum) was established by the new laws, and determined the status of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years. The Jews were disadvantaged in a number of ways. They could not testify against Christians and were disqualified from holding a public office. Jewish civil and religious rights were restricted: "they shall enjoy no honors". The use of the Hebrew language in worship was forbidden. ''[[w:Shema Yisrael|Shema Yisrael]]'', sometimes considered the most important prayer in [[Judaism]] ("Hear, O Israel, [[Tetragrammaton|YHWH]] our God, [[Tetragrammaton|YHWH]] is one") was banned, as a denial of the Trinity. A Jew who converted to Christianity was entitled to inherit his or her father's estate, to the exclusion of the still-Jewish brothers and sisters. The Emperor became an arbiter in internal Jewish affairs. Similar laws applied to the Samaritans.
 ==See also==