https://orthodoxwiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Elenif23&feedformat=atomOrthodoxWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T13:11:19ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Constantine_XI_Palaiologos&diff=126901Constantine XI Palaiologos2019-08-28T17:03:11Z<p>Elenif23: /* Saintly Status */</p>
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<div>[[Image:Constantine XI Palaiologos.jpg|right|thumb| Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.]]<br />
'''Constantine XI Palaiologos''' (Gr: ''Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος'', also '' '''Dragases''' ''), was the last reigning emperor of the [[Palaiologos Dynasty]] as well as the last of the Roman Emperors. Born in 1404 AD in [[Mystras]], he ruled from 1449 until his death on [[May 29]], 1453, at the [[Fall of Constantinople]]. <br />
<br />
== Brief history ==<br />
Constantine was the son of Emperor Manuel II. He was trained as a soldier and in 1441 conquered the Morea Peninsula of Greece. It had long been under the Frankish principality of 'Achaia' <ref> 'Achaia': A state established by the Crusaders. </ref> Constantine was crowned Emperor [[January 6]], 1449 AD succeeding his brother. A little less than five years later in 1453 AD he was killed during the final assaults by the Turkish Sultan, Mehmed II on Constantinople. Constantine, with some 8,000 Greeks, Venetians, and Genoese, had faced 150,000 Turkish besiegers under the Sultan, and after almost two months of heroic defense, directed by the emperor, the city and the empire fell. Constantine died fighting with the last of his men.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/constantine-xi Columbia Encyclopedia: Constantine XI].</ref>. Going back to Augustus and the ancient Roman Empire, he was the 138th and last Roman Emperor.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Constantinos XI Palaiologos.jpg|<small>Constantine XI Palaiologos</small><br />
Image:CPalaeologos.JPG|<small>Statue of Constantine XI Palaeiologos, Mystra, Greece</small><br />
Image:CPalaeologos2.JPG|<small>Close up of Statue</small><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Saintly Status ==<br />
Orthodox do not consider Constantine XI a [[saint]], though there are some who incorrectly, personally consider him so because of their love of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire. However, the last Emperor has never been recognized as a Saint due to his heretical beliefs and his compromising of the Faith in order to gain material aid from Latin lands. When the Empire was in need, he sought Latin military aid by reaffirming the heretical statements of the Council of Florence.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos].</ref>. And it is said that he defiled the Church of Agia Sophia the day/night before the Fall with a blended Divine Liturgy and Latin mass. <ref>https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14639/3803].</ref><br />
In attempting to preserve an earthly Empire, he lost a Heavenly Kingdom. In contrast, there is Tzar [[Lazar of Serbia]], who gave up an earthly Kingdom for the Heavenly. The Faith is always more important than earthly possessions.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* UNESCO World Heritage site of '''[[Mystras]]'''<br />
* St. '''[[Ipomoni]]''', ''Born as'' '''Helena Dragaš''' <ref>Before becoming a [[nun]] and assuming the name Ipomoni, Helena was the mother of Constantine XI Palaiologos. She lived a [[monasticism|monastic]] life for over 25 years, after entering into the habit after the death of her husband. She died 1450AD and is commemorated by the church [[May 29]]. The [[relics]] of her skull and her icon are found at the Monastery of St. Patapios, Loutraki of Korinthos, Greece.</ref><br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [[w:Donald Nicol|Donald M. Nicol]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Immortal+Emperor#PPP1,M1 The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans]''. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521894093, 9780521894098 (174 pp)<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [[w:Constantine XI|Constantine XI]] at Wikipedia.<br />
* [http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Constantine:XI.htm Constantine XI]. EconomicExpert.com.<br />
*[http://penelopecoins.com/index.php?p=item&cid=3&id=14 Coinage of Constantine XI:]<br />
*[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14639/3803]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roman Emperors]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
[[Category:Martyrs]]<br />
[[Category:Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Greek Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Orthodoxy and Islam]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century saints]]<br />
<br />
[[ro:Constantin al XI-lea]]</div>Elenif23https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Constantine_XI_Palaiologos&diff=126900Constantine XI Palaiologos2019-08-28T17:02:06Z<p>Elenif23: /* Saintly Status */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Constantine XI Palaiologos.jpg|right|thumb| Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.]]<br />
'''Constantine XI Palaiologos''' (Gr: ''Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος'', also '' '''Dragases''' ''), was the last reigning emperor of the [[Palaiologos Dynasty]] as well as the last of the Roman Emperors. Born in 1404 AD in [[Mystras]], he ruled from 1449 until his death on [[May 29]], 1453, at the [[Fall of Constantinople]]. <br />
<br />
== Brief history ==<br />
Constantine was the son of Emperor Manuel II. He was trained as a soldier and in 1441 conquered the Morea Peninsula of Greece. It had long been under the Frankish principality of 'Achaia' <ref> 'Achaia': A state established by the Crusaders. </ref> Constantine was crowned Emperor [[January 6]], 1449 AD succeeding his brother. A little less than five years later in 1453 AD he was killed during the final assaults by the Turkish Sultan, Mehmed II on Constantinople. Constantine, with some 8,000 Greeks, Venetians, and Genoese, had faced 150,000 Turkish besiegers under the Sultan, and after almost two months of heroic defense, directed by the emperor, the city and the empire fell. Constantine died fighting with the last of his men.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/constantine-xi Columbia Encyclopedia: Constantine XI].</ref>. Going back to Augustus and the ancient Roman Empire, he was the 138th and last Roman Emperor.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Constantinos XI Palaiologos.jpg|<small>Constantine XI Palaiologos</small><br />
Image:CPalaeologos.JPG|<small>Statue of Constantine XI Palaeiologos, Mystra, Greece</small><br />
Image:CPalaeologos2.JPG|<small>Close up of Statue</small><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Saintly Status ==<br />
Orthodox do not consider Constantine XI a [[saint]], though there are some who incorrectly, personally consider him so because of their love of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire. However, the last Emperor has never been recognized as a Saint due to his heretical beliefs and his compromising of the Faith in order to gain material aid from Latin lands. When the Empire was in need, he sought Latin military aid by reaffirming the heretical statements of the Council of Florence.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos].</ref>. And it is said that he defiled the Church of Agia Sophia the day/night before the Fall with a blended Divine Liturgy and Latin mass. <ref>https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14639/3803].</ref><br />
In attempting to preserve an earthly Empire, he lost a Heavenly Kingdom. In contrast, there is a Saint of Serbia, [[Tzar Lazar]], who gave up an earthly Kingdom for the Heavenly. The Faith is always more important than earthly possessions.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* UNESCO World Heritage site of '''[[Mystras]]'''<br />
* St. '''[[Ipomoni]]''', ''Born as'' '''Helena Dragaš''' <ref>Before becoming a [[nun]] and assuming the name Ipomoni, Helena was the mother of Constantine XI Palaiologos. She lived a [[monasticism|monastic]] life for over 25 years, after entering into the habit after the death of her husband. She died 1450AD and is commemorated by the church [[May 29]]. The [[relics]] of her skull and her icon are found at the Monastery of St. Patapios, Loutraki of Korinthos, Greece.</ref><br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [[w:Donald Nicol|Donald M. Nicol]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Immortal+Emperor#PPP1,M1 The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans]''. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521894093, 9780521894098 (174 pp)<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [[w:Constantine XI|Constantine XI]] at Wikipedia.<br />
* [http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Constantine:XI.htm Constantine XI]. EconomicExpert.com.<br />
*[http://penelopecoins.com/index.php?p=item&cid=3&id=14 Coinage of Constantine XI:]<br />
*[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14639/3803]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roman Emperors]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
[[Category:Martyrs]]<br />
[[Category:Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Greek Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Orthodoxy and Islam]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century saints]]<br />
<br />
[[ro:Constantin al XI-lea]]</div>Elenif23https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Lazar_of_Serbia&diff=126899Lazar of Serbia2019-08-28T17:01:38Z<p>Elenif23: </p>
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<div>The holy, glorious and right-victorious Great [[Martyr]] '''Lazar, Prince of Serbia''' ('''Свети Великомученик кнез Лазар''', also, "Tzar Lazar", ''Lazarus'', or ''Lazar of Kosovo'') was one of the Serbian noblemen who ruled the Serbian empire after the death of Emperor Dušan. After death of Emperor St. Uroš V ([[December 2]]), Lazar was ''de facto'' ruler of Serbia. He died for Christ's name on [[June 15]], 1389. His [[feast day]] is June 15/[[June 28]]. <br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
Lazar was born in Prilepac, which is near Novo Brdo, in 1329, the son of the imperial chancellor Pribac Hrebeljanović. He was educated at Emperor Dušan's court in Prizren. He was later granted the high title ''knez'' ("prince" in Serbian) by Dušan's successor St. Emperor Stefan Uroš V. Despite his imperial title, Uroš was a weak and ineffectual leader, allowing local nobles to gain power and influence at the expense of the central authority. Lazar remained a loyal vassal to Stefan Uros V.<br />
<br />
After the death of the emperor, Lazar became a central figure in Serbia. He called, together with his son-in-law Đurađ Stracimirović, a [[Holy Synod|synod]] that elected a new [[patriarch]], Saint [[Ephraem of Pec|Ephraem]]. Lazar sent a delegation to [[Constantinople]] with the [[monk]] Isaiah to implore the patriarch to heal the Serbian-Constantinople [[Schism]] of 1352. In 1375, full [[communion]] between Peć and Constantinople was re-established in the Holy Archangels [[Monastery]] on the grave of Emperor Dušan. <br />
<br />
St. Lazar restored the monasteries of [[Chilandari Monastery (Athos)|Hilandar]] on [[Mount Athos]] and Gornjak. He built Ravanica and Lazarica in Kruševac and was a benefactor of the Russian monastery of St. Pantaleon on [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]], as well as many other [[church]]es and monasteries.<br />
<br />
==Marriage and family==<br />
Lazar married Milica (Venerable Euphrosine of Serbia) around 1353. Milica was a relative of Emperor Dušan. She was a daughter of Prince Vratko (кнез Вратко), who was a great-grandson of Vukan Nemanjic. Vukan himself was the eldest son of [[Simeon the Myrrh-flowing|Stefan Nemanja]]. Lazar and Milica had seven children:<br />
<br />
# Mara (Марa), died on [[April 12]], 1426. She married Vuk Brankovic around 1371. <br />
# St. Stefan Visoki (Свети Стефан Високи), born in 1375 and died on [[July 19]], 1427. He was prince from 1389 to 1402 and despot from 1402 to 1427. In 1405, he married Jelena, daughter of Francesco Gattilusio (1384-1404). He is buried in Manasija Monastery.<br />
# Vuk (Вук), prince. He was executed by the Turks on [[July 6]], 1410. <br />
# Dragana (Драгана), died before July 1395. She married the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman around 1386. <br />
# Teodora (Теодора), died before 1405, married Nikola II Gorjanski (Никола II Горјански Млађи), son of Nikola I Gorjanski (Никола I Горјански), who died in 1433. <br />
# Jelena (Јелена), died March 1443. She was married to:<br />
## Đurađ Stracimirović (Ђурађ Страцимировић)<br />
## Sandalj Hranić (Сандаљ Хранић) <br />
# Olivera (Оливера), born 1372 and died after 1444, married Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I in 1390.<br />
<br />
==Battle of Kosovo==<br />
Lazar fought against the Turkish powers on several occasions in order to protect his people. Finally, he fought the Turkish Emperor Amurat and lost on the Field of Blackbirds [Kosovo Polje] on [[June 15]], 1389. Afterwards he was beheaded.<br />
<br />
Lazar, having been visited by an [[angel]] of God on the night before the battle, was offered a choice between an earthly or a Heavenly kingdom. This choice would result in a victory or defeat, respectively, at the coming Battle of Kosovo. Lazar, naturally, opted for the Heavenly kingdom, which will last "forever and ever" ("Perishable is earthly kingdom, but forever and ever is Kingdom of Heaven!" - Serbian: "Земаљско је за малена царство, а Небеско увијек и довијека!"). As a result, he perished on the battlefield. "We die with Christ, to live forever," he told his soldiers. Soon after death Lazar was [[glorification|glorified]].<br />
<br />
His [[relics|body]] was translated and interred in Ravanica, in his memorial [[church]] near Ćuprija, and later was translated to Sisatovac in Srem. From there, during World War II, his body was translated to Belgrade and placed in the Cathedral Church of the Holy [[Archangel Michael]]. In 1989, on the occasion of the six-hundredth anniversary of his [[martyr]]dom, St. Lazar's relics were again translated to the [[Monastery]] of Ravanica in Ćuprija (Central Serbia - Uža Srbija). It rests there today incorrupt and extends comfort and healing to all those who turn to him with [[prayer]].<br />
<br />
==Source==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazar_of_Serbia&oldid=116497685 ''Lazar of Serbia'' on Wikipedia]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101734 Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia] ([[OCA]])<br />
*[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=June&day=15 The Holy Martyr Lazar (Lazarus), Serbian Prince] (''[[Prologue of Ohrid]]'')<br />
<br />
[[Category:Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Martyrs]]<br />
[[Category:Serbian Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century saints]]</div>Elenif23https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Constantine_XI_Palaiologos&diff=126898Constantine XI Palaiologos2019-08-28T16:59:26Z<p>Elenif23: Edited incorrect information and deleted two links (that were cited as sources) that lead to nowhere</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Constantine XI Palaiologos.jpg|right|thumb| Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos.]]<br />
'''Constantine XI Palaiologos''' (Gr: ''Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος'', also '' '''Dragases''' ''), was the last reigning emperor of the [[Palaiologos Dynasty]] as well as the last of the Roman Emperors. Born in 1404 AD in [[Mystras]], he ruled from 1449 until his death on [[May 29]], 1453, at the [[Fall of Constantinople]]. <br />
<br />
== Brief history ==<br />
Constantine was the son of Emperor Manuel II. He was trained as a soldier and in 1441 conquered the Morea Peninsula of Greece. It had long been under the Frankish principality of 'Achaia' <ref> 'Achaia': A state established by the Crusaders. </ref> Constantine was crowned Emperor [[January 6]], 1449 AD succeeding his brother. A little less than five years later in 1453 AD he was killed during the final assaults by the Turkish Sultan, Mehmed II on Constantinople. Constantine, with some 8,000 Greeks, Venetians, and Genoese, had faced 150,000 Turkish besiegers under the Sultan, and after almost two months of heroic defense, directed by the emperor, the city and the empire fell. Constantine died fighting with the last of his men.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/constantine-xi Columbia Encyclopedia: Constantine XI].</ref>. Going back to Augustus and the ancient Roman Empire, he was the 138th and last Roman Emperor.<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
Image:Constantinos XI Palaiologos.jpg|<small>Constantine XI Palaiologos</small><br />
Image:CPalaeologos.JPG|<small>Statue of Constantine XI Palaeiologos, Mystra, Greece</small><br />
Image:CPalaeologos2.JPG|<small>Close up of Statue</small><br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Saintly Status ==<br />
Orthodox do not consider Constantine XI a [[saint]], though there are some who incorrectly, personally consider him so because of their love of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire. However, the last Emperor has never been recognized as a Saint due to his heretical beliefs and his compromising of the Faith in order to gain material aid from Latin lands. When the Empire was in need, he sought Latin military aid by reaffirming the heretical statements of the Council of Florence.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos].</ref>. And it is said that he defiled the Church of Agia Sophia the day/night before the Fall with a blended Divine Liturgy and Latin mass. <ref>https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14639/3803].</ref>.<br />
In attempting to preserve an earthly Empire, he lost a Heavenly Kingdom. In contrast, there is a Saint of Serbia (Tzar Lazar), who gave up an earthly Kingdom for the Heavenly. The Faith is always more important than earthly possessions. <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* UNESCO World Heritage site of '''[[Mystras]]'''<br />
* St. '''[[Ipomoni]]''', ''Born as'' '''Helena Dragaš''' <ref>Before becoming a [[nun]] and assuming the name Ipomoni, Helena was the mother of Constantine XI Palaiologos. She lived a [[monasticism|monastic]] life for over 25 years, after entering into the habit after the death of her husband. She died 1450AD and is commemorated by the church [[May 29]]. The [[relics]] of her skull and her icon are found at the Monastery of St. Patapios, Loutraki of Korinthos, Greece.</ref><br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [[w:Donald Nicol|Donald M. Nicol]]. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=lnSmnmL984YC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Immortal+Emperor#PPP1,M1 The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans]''. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0521894093, 9780521894098 (174 pp)<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [[w:Constantine XI|Constantine XI]] at Wikipedia.<br />
* [http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Constantine:XI.htm Constantine XI]. EconomicExpert.com.<br />
*[http://penelopecoins.com/index.php?p=item&cid=3&id=14 Coinage of Constantine XI:]<br />
*[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14639/3803]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roman Emperors]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers]]<br />
[[Category:Martyrs]]<br />
[[Category:Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Greek Saints]]<br />
[[Category:Orthodoxy and Islam]]<br />
[[Category:15th-century saints]]<br />
<br />
[[ro:Constantin al XI-lea]]</div>Elenif23