Timeline of Orthodoxy in the British Isles

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The early Christian writers Tertullian and Origen mention the existence of a British church in the third century AD and in the fourth century British bishops attended a number of councils, such as the Council of Arles in 314 and the Council of Rimini in 359.

The first member of the British church whom we know by name is St Alban, who, tradition tells us, was martyred for his faith on the spot where St Albans Abbey now stands.

The British church was a missionary church with figures such as St Illtud, St Ninian and St Patrick evangelising in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, but the invasions by the pagan Angles, Saxons and Jutes in the fifth century seem to have destroyed the organisation of the church in much of what is now England. In 597 a mission sent by St Gregory the Dialogist and led by St Augustine of Canterbury landed in Kent to begin the work of converting these pagan peoples.

What eventually became known as the "Church of England"[note 1] was the result of a combination of three traditions, that of Augustine and his successors, the remnants of the old Romano-British traditions and the Celtic tradition coming down from Scotland and associated with people like St Aidan and St Cuthbert.

These three traditions came together as a result of increasing mutual contact and a number of local synods, of which the Synod of Whitby in 664 has traditionally been seen as the most important. The result was an English Church, led by the two Archbishops of Canterbury and York, that was fully assimilated into the mainstream Church. This meant that it was influenced by the wider development of the Christian tradition in matters such as theology, liturgy, church architecture, and the development of monasticism.

Regarding the British Isles, what is known about the state of the Church there at the time of the Great Schism is that subsequent to the Norman Invasion in 1066, church life was radically altered. Native clergy were replaced, liturgical reform enacted, and a strong emphasis on papal church control was propagated. As such, it is probably safe to say that, prior to 1066, the church of the British Isles was Orthodox, and the Normans brought the effects of the Great Schism to British soil. As such, it is probably proper to regard King Harold II as an Orthodox Christian.

It also meant that after King Harold II, the English church continued under the authority of the "Pope" and not with Orthodoxy and this article does not consider the historical development of the "Church of England" after this date.

Orthodoxy was reintroduced by the Church of Greece and by Russia ... [to be developed] ...

The greatest contributor towards documenting the ecclesiastical and political history of England is attested to St. Bede, who completed in 731 five volumes of his best known work The Ecclesiastical History of England.

Pre-Roman Britain (55BC - AD43)

  • 55 BC Julius Caesar's first expedition to Britain, gaining a foothold on the coast of Kent.
  • 54 BC Julius Caesar's second invasion of Britain, resulting in many of the native celtic tribes paying tribute and giving hostages in return for peace.[note 2]
  • 5 Rome acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain.

Roman Britian: Introduction of Christianity (43-410)

  • Apostolic Era: According to the compilers of the Synaxarion, three members of the Apostolic Church had been responsible for preaching the Gospel in Britain:
  • Apostle Peter who, after visiting Milan, had "passed over to the island of Britain, now called England, (where) he spent many years and turned many erring Gentiles to faith in Christ";
  • Apostle Aristobulus (brother of St. Barnabas), who is called the Apostle of Britain and who was its first bishop; and
  • Apostle Simon the Canaanite and Zealot. In these Islands, the Celtic Church had shone forth - especially during the glorious period known as the "Age of Saints" when its missionaries preached throughout much of Europe, becoming 'Equals to the Apostles'.
  • Apocryphal legend claims that Joseph of Arimathea accompanied the Apostle Philip, Lazarus, Mary Magdalene & others on a preaching mission to Gaul. citation needed.
  • Eusebius of Caesarea, (AD 260-340) Bishop of Caesarea and father of ecclesiastical history wrote: "The Apostles passed beyond the ocean to the isles called the Britannic Isles."
  • Ireland had been a place of refuge for monks fleeing from iconoclastic persecution; so, later, it was referred to as "the New Thebais" on account of the number of its monasteries.
  • 43 Roman Emperor Claudius conquers England at Richborough (Kent), making it part of the vast Roman Empire; London is founded.
  • 51 Caratacus, British resistance leader is captured and taken to Rome.
  • 61 Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, let uprising against the Roman occupiers but was defeated and killed by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus.
  • 63 Joseph of Arimathea, travels to Britain and lands in Glastonbury[note 3] on the first Christian mission to Britain; Aristobulus, consecrated as first bishop to Britain.
  • ca.75-77 The Roman conquest of Britain is complete, as Wales is finally subdued; Julius Agricola is imperial governor (to 84).
  • 122 Construction of Hadrian's Wall.
  • 133 Julius Severus is sent to Palestine to crush the revolt.
  • 140 Romans conquer Scotland.
  • ca. 155-222 Tertullian wrote that Britain had received and accepted the Gospel in his life time.[note 4]
  • 167 Most commonly held date that Phagan and Deruvian sent by Eleutherius to convert the Britons to Christianitycitation needed
  • ca. 170-236 Hippolytus of Rome[note 5] identifies Apostle Aristobulus listed in Romans 16:10 with Joseph of Arimathea and states that they ended up becoming Shepherds of Britain.
  • 180 Protomartyr of Wales, St. Dyfan of Merthyr martyred at Merthyr Dyfan, Wales.
    St. Alban, Protomartyr of Britain.
  • 208 Tertullian writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated.
  • ca.251 St. Alban Protomartyr of England.[note 6]
  • 304 Death of Amphibalus at Verulamium (St Albans), Hertfordshire; Julius and Aaron[note 7] martyred at Caerleon, Britain, under the persecutions of the Emperor Diocletian; Socrates and Stephanus martyred in Monmouthsire.[note 8]
  • 307 The Church in Britain enjoys peace from the persecutions
  • 313 "Edict of Toleration" (Milan), Christianity is made legal throughout the empire.
  • 314 Council of Arles, for the first time, three British bishops attend a council.
  • 325 First Ecumenical Council of Nicea convened by the Roman Emperor Constantine.
  • 337 Constantine received "Christian" baptism on his deathbed; joint rule of Constantine's three sons: Constantine II (to 340); Constans (to 350); Constantius (to 361)
  • 350 Ninian establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts.
  • 380 Pelagius[note 9] enters Britain from Rome and introduces the heresy of Pelagianism.[note 10]
  • 383 Rome appoints Magnus Maximus as emperor in Britain while conquering Gaul, Spain and Italy.
  • 390 Patrick born at Kilpatrick, Scotland.
  • 395 Death of Theodosius, the last emperor to rule an undivided empire, leaving Arcadius, emperor in the East and his other son, Honorius, emperor in the West; the office of Roman Emperor changes from a position of absolute power to one of being merely a head of state.
  • 403 Abduction of Patrick to Ireland to serve as a slave; Victricius, Bishop of Rouen, visits Britain for the purpose of bringing peace to the island's clergy, who were in dispute over the Pelagian heresy.
  • 406 Invasion of Gaul by Germanic tribes, severing contact between Rome and Britain.[note 11]
  • 410 Escape of Patrick back to Britain; Emperor Honorious recalls the last legions from Britain; Britain gains "independence" from Rome;[note 12] the Goths, under Alaric, sack Rome

Early British Kingdoms: Era of Celtic Missionaries (410-597)

St. Patrick, Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland.
  • 410 Probable end of Roman occupation of Britain; Pelagian is driven out of Britain by the Goths of Alaric and moves to Palestine.
  • 412 Patrick of Ireland has a vision of God informing him that he will leave for Ireland.
  • 415 Pelagianism is attacked at the Council of Diospolis
  • 418 Pelagianism is condemned at the Council of Carthage
  • 419 King Brychan of Brecknock born, ca. 419, in South Wales.
  • 429 Celestine I dispatches prominent Gallo-Roman Bishops Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain as missionary bishops and to combat the Pelagian heresy.
  • 430 Patrick ordained by St. Germannus, Bishop of Auxerre.
  • 431 Augustine and Pelagius;
  • 432 Patrick sent from Aesir in Gaul to mission to Ireland.
  • 440 Materiana born in Gwent of Wales.
  • 445 Founding of monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland.
  • 447 Germannus returns to Britain with Severus and heals a lame youth, condemns Pelagian heretics.
  • 450 First monasteries established in Wales; Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britian.
  • 455 Germanic Saxons and Angles conquer Britain, founding several independent kingdoms.
  • 459 Death of Auxilius of Ireland.[note 13]
  • 461 Death of the Holy Hierarch St. Patrick, the Apostle of Ireland, at Saul, Downpatrick, Ireland[note 14]
Post-Roman Britain, ca.500 AD.
St. Columba of Iona, Enlightener of Scotland.

Anglo-Saxon England: The English Orthodox Church (597-1066)

According to historians, during this period St. Non, the mother of St. David of Wales, and the daughter of the nobleman Cynyr of Caer Goch of Pembrokeshire, reposed and St. Materiana of Cornwall, April 9, reposed early 6th-century at Minster of Cornwall.

St. Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury, Apostle of the English.
  • 597 Gregory the Great sends Augustine[note 16] and forty monks to Britain to convert the Kingdom of Kent; Augustine first preaches in the Isle of Thanet to King Ethelbert, receiving license to enter the Kingdom of Kent; King Ethelbert is converted and on Christmas day 10,000 of the king's subjects were baptized; Augustine was consecrated Abp. at Arles, and establishes the See of Canterbury.
  • 598 Brandon mac Echac (d. 603) convence a synod at which the Diocese of Ferns is made an episcopal see and Aedan of Ferns is made the first Bishop; Glastonbury Abbey founded; the Church in the British Isles numbers 120 bishops, hundreds of monasteries and parishes organized under a Primate with his See at Menevia.
  • 7th c. Celtic missions are launched in Northumbria (Aidan, Cuthbert).
  • 601 Death of David of Wales, Bishop of Menevia; Gregory sends the St Augustine Gospels to Augustine of Canterbury[note 17]
  • 602 Augustine repares the church of our Saviour and builds the monastery of St. Peter the Apostle, "Peter" is the first abbot of the same.
  • 603 Death of Kentigern of Glasgow; Ethelfrid, king of the Northumbrians, having vanquished the nations of the Scots, expels them from the territories of the English.
  • 604 First Bishop of London, Mellitus consecrated by Augustine in the province of East Saxons; Repose of Saint Augustine of Canterbury "Apostle to the English;" Saint Laurence of Canterbury consecrated as the second Archbishop of Canterbury; Bp. Mellitus founded the first St. Paul's Cathedral, traditionally said to be on the site of an old Roman Temple of Diana (although Christopher Wren in the 17th c. found no evidence of this).
Aidan of Lindisfarne, Enlightener of Northumbria.
St. Cuthbert the Wonderworker, Bishop of Lindisfarne.
Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels contains the incipit from the Gospel of Matthew.

Viking Age (793-1066)

  • 793 Sack of Lindisfarne Priory, beginning Viking attacks on England.
  • 794 Vikings sack the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey; Offa, King of the Mercians, offers the tribute or alms known as "Peter's Pence" (Romefeoh).
  • 795 In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack Iona, Inisbofin and Inismurray.
  • ca.800 Book of Kells is completed by the Celts.
  • 802 The Vikings sack Iona.
  • 803 Council of Clovesho II abolishes archbishopric of Lichfield, restoring the pattern of the two metropolitan archbishoprics (Canterbury and York) which had prevailed before 787, and requires the use of the Western Rite amongst the English speaking peoples.
  • 806 Vikings kill all the inhabitants on the religious island of Iona, Scotland, UK.
  • 807 The Christianized Vikings (Danes) land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against the 'heathen' West Saxons.
  • 815 Egbert of Wessex ravages the territories of the west Welsh (Cornwall).
  • 824 Death of Óengus of Tallaght (Óengus the Culdee), held to be the author of the Félire Óengusso ("The Martyrology of Óengus") and possibly the Martyrology of Tallaght.
  • 825 Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun; Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.
  • 828 Egbert of Wessex becomes the first King of England.
  • ca.830 Historia Brittonum written (known for its list of 12 battles of King Arthur).
  • 836 Egbert of Wessex is defeated by the Danes.
  • 838 At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh.
  • 843 Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), King of the Scots, also becomes King of the Picts, thus becoming the first monarch of the new nation of Scotland; the Alpin dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.
Edmund the King-Martyr of East Anglia (+869).

Roman Catholic Period (1066-1534)

Anglo-Norman Britain: Latin Continental Ecclesiology Formalized (1066-1154)

Norman conquests in red. Norman conquest of England (1066); Kingdom of Sicily (founded ca.1042-1154); Principality of Antioch (1098).
  • 1066 Normans invade England flying banner of Pope of Rome, defeating King Harold of England at Battle of Hastings; death of Harold of England, the last Orthodox King of England.
  • 1066-1171 Beginning reformation of English church and society to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics.
  • 1072 On October 15, the last English Orthodox bishop, Ethelric of Durham, after anathematizing the Pope, died in prison at Westminster.
  • 1075 Council of London, a council of the Roman Catholic church in England held by the new Norman archbishop of Canterbury Lanfranc, deciding that all dioceses were to be re-centred on cities.
  • 1080 York Minster cathedral is again rebuilt from 1080 AD.
  • 1093 Durham Cathedral is founded.
  • 1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes Cur Deus homo, marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East.
  • 1102 Council of London, a Roman Catholic church council of the church in England convened by Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, to debate and pass decrees to reform the clergy; it is best known for confirming homosexuality as a sin in the English and wider church, and for outlawing the export of Christian slaves to non-Christian lands.
  • 1104 Relics of Cuthbert of Lindisfarne translated[note 26] from Lindisfarne to Durham Cathedral.
  • ca.1120-1145 St. Albans Psalter is produced at St Albans Abbey, one of the most important examples of English Romanesque book production, of almost unprecedented lavishness of decoration.
  • ca.1136 Geoffrey of Monmouth writes his chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae ("History of the Kings of Britain").

Plantaganet Era (1154-1485)

This period witnessed the continual struggle between the English Kings and the Church in Rome for the legal high ground.
  • 1159 John of Salisbury authors Policraticus, a treatise on government drawing from the Bible, the Codex Justinianus, and arguing for Divine Right of Kings.
  • 1170 Abp. of Canterbury Thomas Becket is assassinated in December in Canterbury Cathedral, after having excommunicated the Abp. of York and the Bps. of London and Salisbury, who had held the coronation of Henry the Young King in York in June, in breach of Canterbury's privilege of coronation; Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland; city of Dublin captured by the Roman Catholic Normans.
    Cross of St. George, officially established as the national flag of England in the 16th c.
  • 1185 The present-day Lincoln Cathedral is begun, after an earthquake destroyed its predecessor.
  • 1194 King Richard I (Cœur de Lion, the Lionheart) of England introduced the Cross of St. George, a red cross on a white ground, as the National Flag of England.[note 27]
  • 1202-04 Nobleman Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester achieved prominence in the Fourth Crusade.
  • ca.1207 Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton divides the Bible into the defined modern chapters in use today.
  • 1208-1215 Pope Innocent III placed the kingdom of England under an interdict for seven years after King John refused to accept the pope's appointee as Archbishop of Canterbury.
  • 1215 Magna Carta is issued, arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law and democracy today in the English speaking world.
    Salisbury Cathedral, considered one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.
  • ca.1220 English Bp. Richard Le Poore is said to have been responsible for the final form of the "Use of Sarum", which had the sterling reputation of being the best liturgy anywhere in the West.
  • 1221 The Dominican Friars (known as Black Friars) arrive in England, appearing in Oxford.
  • 1239 Wells Cathedral is dedicated.
  • 1258 Salisbury Cathedral consecrated.
  • 1265 Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester calls the first English parliament.
  • 1295 King Edward I summons the Model Parliament, including members of the clergy and the aristocracy, as well as representatives from the various counties and boroughs.
  • 1296 The Stone of Scone was captured by Edward I as spoils of war and taken to Westminster Abbey, where it was fitted into a wooden chair, known as King Edward's Chair, on which most subsequent English sovereigns have been crowned.
  • 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War between England and France.
  • 1347 Death of William of Ockham, English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and a supporter of the doctrine of Apostolic poverty, which was held by fundamentalist Franciscan and mendicant orders, bringing them into conflict with the pope; also the author of Occam's Razor.
  • 1348 King Edward III (1327–1377), known for promoting the codes of knighthood, founded the Order of the Garter in 1348 and promoted St. George as the patron saint of the English monarchy.[note 28]
  • 1349 Death of Richard Rolle, English religious writer and mystic, Bible translator, and hermit.
  • 1382-95 First English Bible translated by John Wyclif.
    The Flag of Scotland, also known as the Saint Andrew's Cross or more commonly The Saltire, officially adopted 16th c.
  • 1385 The Parliament of Scotland decreed that Scottish soldiers wear a white Saint Andrew's Cross (Saltire) on their person, both in front and behind, for the purpose of identification.[note 29]
  • 1393 Julian of Norwich, thought of as one of the greatest English mystics, writes The Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love, chronicling her prolonged states of ecstasy when she saw visions of the sufferings of Christ and of the Trinity.
  • 1415 The festival of St. George was raised to the position of a "double major feast" and ordered to be observed throughout the Province of the Archbishop of Canterbury with as much solemnity as Christmas Day.
  • 1438 Margery Kempe,a "religious enthusiast"[note 30] and laywoman, completes her autobiography The Book of Margery Kempe, chronicling her spiritual experiences, visions, and extensive pilgrimages to various holy sites in Europe.
  • 1453 The Hundred Years War ends, England loses all its territory in France except for Calais.
  • 1455-1485 Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic civil wars between supporters of the rival houses of Lancaster and York, for the throne of England.
  • 1476 William Caxton introduces the printing press into England, setting up a press at Westminster; the first book known to have been issued there was an edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

Tudor Era (1485-1603)

  • 1521 Pope Leo X rewards King Henry VIII for his written attack on Luther by granting him the title "Defender of the Faith".

English Reformation (1534-1660)

English (Stuart) Restoration (1660-1689): Orthodox Presence Re-established

Anglicanism was restored in a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version. However the ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation, which was taken for granted by the Tudors, had to be abandoned. The religious landscape of England assumed its present form; the Anglican was the established church occupying the middle ground; Roman Catholics and those Puritans and Protestants who dissented from the Anglican establishment, too strong to be suppressed altogether, had to continue their existence outside the National Church rather than controlling it.
  • 1662 Major revision of the Book of Common Prayer is published, remaining the official prayer book of the Church of England up until the 21st century (when an alternative book called Common Worship largely displaced it in Anglican parishes).
  • 1670 Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain established by priest Daniel Voulgaris first Greek Orthodox Community in London, re-establishing an Orthodox presence in Great Britain.
  • 1676 Arrival of Joseph Georgerines, Archbisop of Samos.
  • 1677 "Greek St Church to the Panagia" erected for the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain[note 31]
  • 1684 "Greek St Church to the Panagia" confiscated and handed over to Huguenot refugees from France. Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain forced to worship for the next 150 years in the Imperial Russian Embassy.
  • 1688 The Glorious Revolution (Revolution of 1688), overthrew King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by William III of Orange-Nassau.
  • 1689 Act of Toleration, partially restores civil rights to Nonconformists who dissented from the Church of England, such as Baptists and Congregationalists, allowing them their own places of worship and their own teachers and preachers, subject to acceptance of certain oaths of allegiance; however this did not include Roman Catholics, Quakers or non-trinitarians.

The Revolution Entrenched (1689-1707)

  • 1700 The Parliament of England passed Popery Act 1698, intended to prevent the Growth of Popery, imposing a number of penalties and disabilities on Roman Catholics in England.

United Kingdom of Great Britian (1707-1801)

  • 1708 St Paul's Cathedral, London, is consecrated, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, seat of the Anglican Bp. of London, reckoned to be London's fifth St Paul's Cathedral, all having been built on the same site since 604 A.D.
  • 1714-1837 Georgian Era.
  • 1738 Print 'Noon'[note 32] by William Hogarth[note 33] shows evidence of a crowd exiting a Greek Orthodox church.
  • 1778 The Parliament of Great Britain enacted the Papists Act 1778, the first Act for Roman Catholic Relief, reversing some of the penalties imposed in Popery Act 1698.
  • 1780 The Gordon Riots, an anti-Catholic uprising against the act of 1778, which became an excuse for widespread rioting and looting.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1927)

  • 1815-1914 Pax Britannica.
  • 1827 A Byzantine silk depicting the Earth and the Ocean was found in the tomb of St. Cuthbert Bp. of Lindisfarne, when it was uncovered in May at Durham; the personified Earth is shown emerging from the waters with ducks and fishes, fishing being an allegory in Church art of apostolic mission of preaching the Gospel.
  • 1837-1901 Victorian Era.
  • 1837 Imperial Russian Embasy offers hospitality in Finsbury Park, London to the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain community for their religious activities.
  • ca. 1840-1927 St. Arsenios of Cappadocia prophesised that "The Church in the British Isles will only begin to truly grow again when it begins to venerate once more its own saints".
  • 1850 Greek Orthodox church built in London Street in the City.
  • 1866 British Orthodox Church (Coptic) is originally established, when a Frenchman, Jules Ferrette, was consecrated as a bishop by the Syriac Orthodox Church with the purpose of re-establishing Orthodoxy to the West.
Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sophia, Bayswater, London.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1927-Present)

  • 1941 Death of Evelyn Underhill, an English Anglo-Catholic writer and pacifist known for her numerous works on religion and spiritual practice, in particular Christian mysticism.
  • 1948 HRH Princess Elizabeth, the present Queen, married the Greek Orthodox Prince Philip, the present Duke of Edinburgh; he was officially required to cease to be Orthodox, although he never ceased to make the Orthodox sign of the cross in public.
Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov) (+1993).
Metr. Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh, (1962-2003).
The Most Reverend Metropolitan Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia, (1982-present).
Bp. Elisey (Ganaba) of Sourozh, (2007-present).

Notes

  • Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
  • The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
  • This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
Unknown dates

If you know the dates for these events, please assist us

  • G. E. Palmer, Philip Sherrard and Bishop Kallistos Ware translate and publish four volumes of the Philokalia into English; Bishop Kallistos Ware and Mother Mary produced English translations of the Lenten Triodion and Festal Menaion.
  • Grand Duchess St. Elizabeth (a grand-daughter of Queen Victoria and a great-aunt of Prince Philip) and St. John Maximovich, who have been associated with them in the recent past.
  • The memory of Brother Lazaros, killed (some would say, martyred) within the Cathedral at Camberwell, remains vivid...
  • Monastery of St. John the Baptist in Essex, which depends directly on the Oecumenical Patriarchate and whose Founder was the saintly Archimandrite Sophrony, a pupil of St. Silouanos of the Holy Mountain.
  • The British Association of Iconographers (BAI) is founded, based at the Benedictine Turvey Abbey in Bedfordshire (Priory of Our Lady of Peace).

See also

Notes

  1. The "Church of England" (the Ecclesia Anglicana - or the English Church)
  2. The British forces are led by Cassivellaunus.
  3. St. Philip sent Joseph of Arimathea, with twelve disciples, to establish Christianity in the most far-flung corner of the Roman Empire: the Island of Britain. The year AD 63 is commonly given for this "event", with AD 37 sometimes being put forth as an alternative.
  4. Tertullian wrote that Britain had received and accepted the Gospel in his life time: "All the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons--inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ."
  5. Hippolytus was considered to have been one of the most learned Christian historians and is the one who identifies the seventy whom Jesus sent in the Gospel of Saint Luke
  6. The date of St Alban's martyrdom is uncertain, but it is believed that it took place during the reign of Decius (ca. 251) or Valerian (ca. 257). The eighteenth century Turin manuscript (which may be based on a fifth century source) suggests that St Alban may have been executed as early as 209, when the emperor Septimus Severus and his two sons were in Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle list the year of St. Alban's execution as 283 not as 305.
  7. The earliest authority for their existence is St. Gildas in De Excidio Britanniae.
  8. Ss. Socrates and Stephanus appear in the Martyrologion Hieronymianum MS.50 from Trinity College, Dublin (11th-century) and one of the earliest amplifications of Bede's martyrology. Tradition holds them to be disciples of St. Amphibalus.
  9. St. Jerome suggests that this Pelagius was of Scottish descent but in such terms that it is uncertain as to whether he was from Scotland or Ireland. He is also frequently referred to as a British monk and Augustine has been documented as referring to him as "Brito" to distinguish him from Pelagius of Tarentum.
  10. http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Pelagius_Synod_Lydda_415AD.html
  11. In early January, 406, a combined barbarian force (Suevi, Alans, Vandals & Burgundians) swept into central Gaul, severing contact between Rome and Britain. In autumn 406, the remaining Roman army in Britain decided to mutiny. One Marcus was proclaimed emperor in Britain, but was immediately assassinated.
  12. Emperor Honorius tells Britain to attend to its own affairs, effectively removing the Roman presence.
  13. St. Auxilius of Ireland: The date of death is also given as 454 or 455, see Sabine Baring-Gould, The Lives of the Saints (J. Hodges, 1898), 275.
  14. When he came to Ireland, as its enlightener, it was a pagan country; when he ended his earthly life some thirty years later, about 461, the Faith of Christ was established in every corner." (Great Horologion) The work of St Patrick and his brethren has been called the most successful single missionary venture in the history of the Church.
  15. The date of St. Gildas' birth can only tentatively be placed to the decades either side of the beginning of the Sixth Century. St. Bede indirectly suggests the year 493 for this event and this is the date adopted for this article.
  16. Saint Augustine of Canterbury is also called the "Apostle to the English".
  17. The "St Augustine Gospels" manuscript is the oldest surviving Latin illustrated Gospel book in existence.
  18. A bronze reliquary in which the relics of St. Aed of Ferns are kept is currently preserved in Dublin.
  19. St. Beuno the Wonderworker, Abbot of Clynnog, was uncle to St. Winefride of Treffynon, November 3, whom he also restored to life.
  20. Almost all that is known of St. Boisol or Boswell, is learned from St. Bede (Eccles. Hist., IV, xxvii, and Vita Cuthberti).
  21. The Mayo (Magh Eo, the yew plain), known as "Mayo of the Saxons". St. Bede writes of this monastery: "This monastery is to this day (731) occupied by English monks... and contains an exemplary body who gathered there from England, and live by the labour of their own hands (after the manner of the early Fathers), under a rule and canonical abbot, leading chaste and single lives."
  22. Cædmon is said to have taken holy orders at an advanced age and it is implied that he lived at Streonæshalch at least in part during Hilda’s abbacy (657–680). Book IV Chapter 25 of the Historia ecclesiastica appears to suggest that Cædmon’s death occurred at about the same time as the fire at Coldingham Abbey, an event dated in the E text of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to 679, but after 681 by Bede.
  23. It was said not to be a tribute to the pope, but for the sustenation of the English School or College at Rome.
  24. Considered a local Saint by the Orthodox church of England but not formally canonised.
  25. The proper name of Milton Abbey is the Abbey Church of St. Mary, St. Samson and St. Branwalader.
  26. His [St. Cuthbert of Lindisfarne] body was still found to be untouched by decay, giving off "an odour of the sweetest fragrancy", and "from the flexibility of its joints representing a person asleep rather than dead.
  27. During the crusades Richard the Lionheart claimed to have seen a vision of St George bearing a red-cross banner. Although he himself did not enter Jerusalem (declaring himself unworthy to do so), in gratitude for the victory he repaired the church over the grave of St George of Lydda and there took the saint as his personal patron.
    The earliest reference to the cross of St George as an English emblem (not flag) was in a roll of account relating to the Welsh War of 1277.
    Edward the Confessor was "patron saint" of England until 1348 when the greater importance of St George was promoted by the establishment of the Chapel of St George at Windsor.
    St George's cross did not achieve any sort of status as the national flag until the 16th century, when all other saints' banners were abandoned during the Reformation. The earliest record of St George's flag at sea, as an English flag in conjunction with royal banners but no other saintly flags, was 1545.
  28. Prior to this, Saint Edmund had been considered the patron saint of England, although his veneration had waned since the time of the Norman conquest, and his cult was partly eclipsed by that of Edward the Confessor.
  29. The earliest reference to the Saint Andrew's Cross as a flag is to be found in the Vienna Book of Hours, ca. 1503, where a white saltire is depicted with a red background.
    In the case of Scotland, use of a blue background for the Saint Andrew's Cross is said to date from at least the 15th century, with the first certain illustration of a flag depicting such appearing in Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount's Register of Scottish Arms, ca. 1542.
  30. Margery Kempe (ca.1373-ca.1439) stands very much alone in the English mystical tradition. Indeed, she is thought by some to be outside this tradition because of the lack of depth in her revelations, the highly personal level of her visions, and the extremes of her behaviour. If she is a mystic, it is certainly not in the same sense as her better known contemporaries such as Richard Role or Julian of Norwich.
  31. "In the year of salvation 1677 this Temple was erected for the nation of the Greeks, the Most Serene Charles II being King, and the Roual Prince Lord James being commander of the foreces, the Right Reverend Lord Henry Compton being Bishop, at the expense of the above and other Bishops and Nobles and with the concurrence of our Humility of Samos Joseph Georgeirenes, from the island of Melos." - Inscription from tablet carved in Greek preserved on the west wall of the church Charing Cross Road. This site is now occupied by St Mary's of Kenton a non-Orthodox denomination.
  32. From the series entitled "The Four Times of the Day".
  33. In Hogarth’s time the portion of the street where the church stood was called Hog Lane. It was later renamed Crown Street and was demolished when Charing Cross Road was widened.
  34. The position of "Doctor of the Church" is a position of theological significance; St. Bede is the only man from Great Britain to achieve this designation (Anselm of Canterbury, also a Doctor of the Church, was originally from Italy

External links

Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain

Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain

Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Western and Central Europe

Wikipedia

General

Published Works

  • http://www.st-panteleimon.org/
  • Monachos: http://www.monachos.net/
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