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| − | <!-- This is a large page that blanks out when edited as a full page, please edit one section at a time. -->
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| − | This is a '''timeline of the presence of Orthodoxy in Greece'''. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of Greece.
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| − | Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the [[Apostle Paul]], although the church’s apostolicity also rests upon [[Apostle Andrew|St. Andrew]] who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras, [[Apostle Titus|Titus]], Paul’s companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop, [[Apostle Philip (of the Twelve)|Philip]] who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens, [[Apostle Luke|Luke the Evangelist]] who was martyred in Thebes, [[Lazarus]] of Bethany, Bishop of Kittium in Cyprus, and [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] who was exiled on the island of [[Patriarchal Exarchate of Patmos|Patmos]] where he received the [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] recorded in the last book of the [[New Testament]]. In addition, the [[Theotokos]] is regarded as having visited the [[Mount Athos|Holy Mountain]] in 49 AD according to tradition. Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the gospel of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]]. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of Thessaloniki, Corinth, Nicopolis, Philippi and Athens.
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| − | By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the [[Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece#Patriarchate_of_Rome|Exarchate of Illyricum]] which was under the jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the [[Church of Greece|Church in Greece]] remained under Constantinople till the fall of the Byzantine empire to the Turks in 1453. As an integral part of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] the church remained under its jurisdiction up to the time when Greece won her freedom from Turkish domination.<ref>[http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/greece/church-of-greece.html World Council of Churches: Church of Greece].</ref> During the Ottoman occupation up to 6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword.<ref>[[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]]. ''[http://www.ecclesia.gr/english/archbishop/christodoulos_speeches.asp?cat_id=&id=641&what_main=3&what_sub=12&lang=en&archbishop_heading=Addresses/Speeches Address to the Conference organised by the Synodal Committee on European Issues, entitled “Islam: the extent of the problematics”].'' Holy Monastery of Penteli, Attica, 12/5/2007.</ref>
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| − | The [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independence]] of 1821-28, while leading to the liberation of southern Greece from the Turkish yoke, created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations, and in 1850 the Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the [[Church of Greece]] autocephalous.
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| − | In the twentieth century during much of the period of communism, the [[Church of Greece]] saw itself as a guardian of [[Orthodoxy]]. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of [[Church of Constantinople|Istanbul]] and [[Church of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], and [[Church of Cyprus|Cyprus]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/ The Globe and Mail] (Canada's National Newspaper). ''"Orthodox Church at Crossroads."'' November 10, 1995. p.A14.</ref> The autocephalous [[Church of Greece]] is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these are nominally under the jurisdiction of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]] but are administered as part of the [[Church of Greece]] (except for the dioceses of [[Archdiocese of Crete|Crete]], the Dodecanese, and [[Mount Athos]] which are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople).
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| − | The Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.
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| − | The population of Greece is 11.1 million (''UN, 2007''), 98% of which are Greek Orthodox (''CIA World Factbook'').
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| − | == Apostolic era (33-100) ==
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| − | *ca. 47-48 [[Apostle Paul]]'s mission to Cyprus.
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| − | *ca. 49 Paul's mission to Philippi, Thessaloniki and Veria.
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| − | *49 Paul's mission to Athens.
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| − | *ca. 51-52 [[Metropolis of Korinthos]] founded in its Apostolic during Paul's first mission to Corinth; Paul writes his two Epistles to the Thessalonians.
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| − | *ca. 54 Paul writes his First Epistle to the Corinthians.
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| − | *ca. 55 Paul revisits Corinth.
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| − | *ca. 56 Paul revisits Macedonia; he writes his Second Epistle to the Corinthians.
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| − | *ca. 61 Paul shipwrecked in Crete.
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| − | *62 Crucifixion of [[Apostle Andrew]] in Patras.
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| − | *ca. 95 Apocalypse of John written on the island of Patmos.
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| − | *96 Martyrdom of [[Dionysius the Areopagite]] of the Seventy.
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| − | *100 Death of [[Apostle John|St. John the Theologian]] in Ephesus.
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| − | == Ante-Nicene era (100-325) ==
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| − | *ca. 100 During the second and third centuries, Greece was divided into provinces including Achaea, Macedonia, and Moesia.
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| − | *ca. 120 Martyrdom of [[Eleutherios]] and his mother Anthia.
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| − | *124 Apostles [[Apostle Quadratus|Quadratus]] and Aristides present Christian apologies to Emperor Hadrian at Athens.
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| − | *128 [[w:Aquila of Sinope|Aquila's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].
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| − | *ca. 130 Death of [[Apostle Quadratus]], of the Seventy.
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| − | *156 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]].
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| − | *180-192 [[w:Theodotion|Theodotion's]] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].
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| − | *193-211 [[w:Symmachus the Ebionite|Symmachus']] Greek translation of the [[Old Testament]].
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| − | *202 Death of Great Martyr [[Haralampus of Magnesia|Haralampos]], Bishop of [[w:Magnesia|Magnesia]].
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| − | *210 [[Hippolytus of Rome]], bishop and martyr and last of Greek-speaking fathers in Rome, writes ''[[w:Refutation of all Heresies|Refutation of All Heresies]]'' (''Philosophumena''), and ''Apostolic Tradition''.
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| − | *ca 250 Matrydom of [[Christopher of Lycia]]; martyrdom of [[Cyprian and Justina]] at Nicomedia.
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| − | *ca. 251 Martyric death of [[Isidore of Chios]] under the persecutions of Decius.
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| − | *270 Death of [[Gregory the Wonderworker]], founder of the Church in [[w:Cappadocia|Cappadocia]].
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| − | *286 Martyrs [[Timothy and Mavra]].
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| − | *302 20,000 Martyrs burned at Nicomedia.
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| − | *303 Death of Great-Martyr [[Panteleimon]] and martyrdom of [[George the Trophy-bearer]] at Nicomedia.
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| − | *304 Death of Virgin-Martyr [[Anysia of Thessaloniki]].
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| − | *306 Martyric death of [[Demetrios of Thessaloniki|Demetrios]] in [[w:Thessaloniki|Thessaloniki]].
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| − | *306-37 Reign of Emperor [[Constantine the Great]].
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| − | *ca. 306 Death of Great-Martyr [[Barbara of Nicomedia]]; death of Bp. [[Parthenios of Lampsacus]].
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| − | *313 [[Edict of Milan]] issued by [[Constantine the Great]] and co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire.
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| − | *314 [[Council of Ancyra]] held.
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| − | *316 Death of [[Blaise of Sebaste]].
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| − | *319 Matyrdom of [[Theodore the General|Theodore Stratelates]] ("the General"), under Licinius.
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| − | == Patriarchate of Rome Era (325-732) ==
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| − | === Nicene era (325-451) ===
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| − | *325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]], also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as ''Rome'', followed by ''Alexandria'', ''Antioch'', and ''Jerusalem''.
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| − | *330 Byzantium refounded as ''Constantinople / New Rome'', Christian capital of the Roman Empire, and is dedicated to the [[Theotokos]] by Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]].
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| − | *333 [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] commissions [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]], to prepare 50 copies of the Bible for churches in the new capital.
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| − | *335 Building of the [[Protaton]] church at Karyes (Athos) , dedicated to the [[Dormition]] of the Virgin Mary, oldest church on [[Mount Athos]].
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| − | *ca. 330-337 [[Church of Panagia Ekatontapyliani - Hundred Doors (Paros)]] founded by St. [[Helen]], during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
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| − | *337 Under [[Constantine the Great]] Greece was part of the prefectures of Macedonia and Thrace.
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| − | *340-570 [[w:Constantinople|Constantinople]] overtakes Rome as the [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the world]] by population.
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| − | *342 Death of [[Nicholas of Myra]].
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| − | *348 Death of [[Spyridon of Trimythous]].
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| − | *ca.354 Emperor Constantius II sent the [[Arianism|Arian]] bishop [[w:Theophilos the Indian|Theophilus "the Indian"]] on mission to south Asia via Arabia where he is said to have converted the [[w:Himyarite Kingdom|Himyarites]] and built three churches in southwest Arabia; he is also said to have found Christians in India.
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| − | *358 [[Basil the Great]] founds monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]].
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| − | *359 Councils of [[Council of Seleucia|Seleucia]] in the east and [[Council of Rimini|Rimini]] in the west.
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| − | *360 First church of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] inaugurated by Emperor [[w:Constantius II|Constantius II]].
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| − | *364 [[Council of Laodicea]] held.
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| − | *375 [[Basil the Great]] writes ''[[On the Holy Spirit]]'', confirming the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]].
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| − | *377 [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (Cyprus) writes ''[[w:Panarion|Panarion]] (Πανάριον, "Medicine Chest"), also known as Adversus Haereses ("Against Heresies")'', listing 80 heresies, some of which are not described in any other surviving documents from the time .
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| − | *378 Visigoths defeat Emperor Valens at the [[w:Battle of Adrianople|Battle of Adrianople]], permanently weakening northern borders of the empire.
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| − | *379 Death of [[Basil the Great]]; the [[Cappadocian Fathers]] [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory of Nazianzus the Theologian]], and [[Gregory of Nyssa]] set their mark on all subsequent history of the Greek churches, through Basil's ''On the Holy Spirit'', and ''Rules''; Gregory of Nazianzus' ''Five Theological Orations''; and Gregory of Nyssa's polemical works against various heretical teachings.
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| − | *380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]].
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| − | *381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].
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| − | *ca. 383 First monastic institution established in Constantinople at [[w:Samatya|Psamathia]], outside the city.
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| − | *386 [[Panagia Soumela Monastery]] founded in Trebizond, Pontus, Asia Minor, after [[Apostle Luke|St. Luke's]] Icon of the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] appears at Mt. Mela.
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| − | *391 Death of [[Gregory the Theologian]].
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| − | *391-92 Closing of all non-Christian temples in the Empire; [[Theodosius the Great (emperor)|Theodosius the Great]] ends pagan Eleusinian Mysteries by decree.
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| − | *394 [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (Cyprus) attacks teachings of [[Origen]] as heretical.
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| − | *395 Death of [[Gregory of Nyssa]]; re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great.
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| − | *ca. 395 Theodosius I divided the prefecture of Macedonia into the provinces of Creta, Achaea, Thessalia, Epirus Vetus, Epirus Nova, and Macedonia; the Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the prefecture of Asiana; the placing of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy [[Theotokos]] in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395-408).
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| − | *398 [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[Archbishop]] of Constantinople.
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| − | *399 Death of [[Evagrius Ponticus]], the first monk to write extensively on the spiritual life, influencing his students [[w:Palladius|Palladius]] and [[John Cassian]], [[Maximus the Confessor]], [[w:Diadochos of Photiki|Diadochus of Photike]], [[Isaac of Syria|Isaac of Nineveh]], [[Symeon the New Theologian]], and [[Gregory Palamas]], among others.
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| − | *403 [[Synod of the Oak]] held near Chalcedon, deposing and exiling [[John Chrysostom]].
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| − | *407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile.
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| − | *421 Emperor of the east [[Theodosius II]] declares war on Persia when Persia begins persecuting Christians; the persection lasts until 457.
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| − | *425 [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] founded as the first university in the world.
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| − | *426 [[Euthymius the Great]] establishes [[lavra]] in Palestinian desert, consecrated in 428 by Bp. [[w:Juvenal of Jerusalem|Juvenal of Jerusalem]].
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| − | *431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary, and confirming [[autocephaly]] of [[Church of Cyprus]].
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| − | *437 [[w:Seven Sleepers|Seven Sleepers of Ephesus]] awakened to prove resurrection of the dead.
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| − | *438 [[w:Codex Theodosianus|Codex Theodosianus]] published; relics of [[John Chrysostom]] brought to Constantinople and buried in the [[Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)|Church of the Holy Apostles]].
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| − | *440 Death of [[Alexios the Man of God]], [[Fool-for-Christ]].
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| − | *447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the [[Trisagion]].
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| − | *449 [[Robber Synod of Ephesus]], presided over by [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], with an order from the emperor to acquit [[Eutyches (heretic)|Eutyches]] the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]].
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| − | === Early Byzantine era (451-843) ===
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| − | *451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming doctrine of two perfect and indivisible but distinct natures in Christ, and recognizing [[Church of Jerusalem]] as patriarchate.
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| − | *452 Second finding of the Head of [[John the Forerunner]], at Emesa.
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| − | *457 First coronation of Byzantine Emperor by patriarch of Constantinople; [[Proterius of Alexandria]] is lynched by an Alexandrian mob; rejecting the Christological definitions of [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]], the Egyptian or [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Coptic church]] goes its own way, becoming one of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.
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| − | *458 Death of Bp. [[w:Theodoret|Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], influential author and theologian who played a pivotal role in many early Byzantine church controversies.
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| − | *462 [[Indiction]] moved to [[September 1]]; [[Studion Monastery]] founded.
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| − | *463 Death of [[Patapius of Thebes]].
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 480AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Eastern Roman Empire ca.480, showing the extent of Koine Greek.]]
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| − | *ca.471 Patriarch [[Acacius of Constantinople]] was first called ''"Oikoumenikos"'' (Ecumenical).
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| − | *484 [[Acacian Schism]].
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| − | *493 Death of [[Daniel the Stylite]] an ascetic who lived for 33 years on a pillar near the city of Constantinople.
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| − | *ca. 500 [[w:Zosimus|Zosimus]], pagan Greek historian writes ''Historia Nova ("New History")'', a history of the Roman Empire to 410 AD, with an anti-Christian view offering a different interpretation to church affairs than from Christian sources; [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite]]'s writing corpus including the ''Divine Names'', ''Mystical Theology'', ''Celestial Hierarchy'', and ''Ecclesiastical Hierarchy'' influences the development of Byzantine mystical spirituality and hesychasm through [[Maximus the Confessor]], [[Symeon the New Theologian]], and [[Gregory Palamas]].
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| − | *502 Start of [[w:Byzantine-Sassanid Wars|Byzantine-Sassanid wars]], lasting until 562.
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| − | *518 Patriarch [[John II of Constantinople]] is addressed as ''"Oikoumenikos Patriarches"'' (Ecumenical Patriarch); the Byzantine government begins persecution of non-Chacedonians in the east, especially in Mesopotamia.
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| − | *519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of [[Acacian Schism]].
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| − | *520 [[Roman the Melodist|Romanus the Melodist]] the greatest hymnographer, develops the [[Kontakion]], a chanted verse sermon, to perfection; influenced by [[Ephrem the Syrian]], he in turn influences [[Andrew of Crete]].
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| − | *529 Emperor [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]] closes the School of Athens, which [[w:Plato|Plato]] had founded in 387 BC.
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| − | *529-534 [[Justinian the Great|Justinian]]'s ''[[Code of Justinian|Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued, first comprehensive legal code in history of Roman Empire;; Justinian's ''Novella 131'' formulated the proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire ([[Pentarchy]]).
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| − | *532 [[Justinian the Great]] orders building of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]];
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| − | *537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople completed; Justinian decrees that all dates must include the [[Indiction]].
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| − | *ca. 540 Death of Osios [[David of Thessaloniki]].
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| − | *538 Emperor [[Justinian the Great]], via deportations and force, manages to get [[Pentarchy|all five patriarchates]] officially into communion.
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| − | *540 Bulgar raids into Illyricum and northern Greece.
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| − | *543 Doctrine of [[apokatastasis]] condemned by Synod of Constantinople; [[Justinian the Great]] sends missionaries to Nubia (the three kingdoms of Nobatia/Novatia, Alodia/Alwa, and Makuria).
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| − | *544 According to tradition. the [[Icon Not Made By Hands|Mandylion]] of Edessa destroys Persian siege works.
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 550AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The Byzantine Empire during its greatest territorial extent under Justinian. ca.550.]]
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| − | *553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile Chalcedonians with non-Chalcedonians—the ''[[Three Chapters]]'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their [[Nestorianism]], and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned.
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| − | *553 Ostrogoth kingdom in Italy conquered by the Byzantine Empire after the [[w:Battle of Mons Lactarius|Battle of Mons Lactarius]].
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| − | *556 Completion of [[Justinian the Great]]'s fortification [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|monastery of St. Catherine in the Sinai]]; a chapel and anchorites had already been there at least since the 4th century when [[Egeria]] visited in ca. 385.
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| − | *562 [[w:Isidore of Miletus|Isidorus of Miletus]] completes repair on dome of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]], now higher by 20 feet than the [[w:Anthemius of Tralles|Anthemian]] original.
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| − | *563 Re-consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople after its dome is rebuilt.
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| − | *565-66 Completion of the mosaic of the [[Transfiguration]] in [[apse]] of the Church of the Mother of God on Mt. Sinai.
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| − | *565-78 The [[Cherubic Hymn]] was added to the [[Divine Liturgy]] by Emperor [[Justin II]].
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| − | *566 Bp. Longinus sent from Constantinople to Nubia as missionary.
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| − | *568 Exarchate of [[Ravenna]] established, to 752, a Greek imperial outpost and place of contact with the Latin west.
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| − | *575 The ''Chronographia (Χρονογραφία)'' of [[w:John Malalas|John Malalas]] in 18 books, chronicles the years from creation to 563 AD.
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| − | *576 Dual hierarchy henceforth in Alexandria, [[Church of Alexandria|Chalcedonian (Greek)]] and [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Monophysite (Coptic)]].
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| − | *577 Patr. [[John Scholasticus|John III Scholasticus]] is responible for the first collection of Canon Law, the [[Nomocanon]], of the [[Orthodox Church]].
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| − | *580 Serious invasion of Slavs migrating into the Balkans and Greece; last recorded persecution of pagans in [[Byzantine Empire]].
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| − | *582 Persection of [[Monophysitism|Monophysites]] renewed under emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Maurice]].
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| − | *ca. 590 [[Parthenon (Athens)|Parthenon]] in Athens converted into a Christian church dedicated to Agia Sophia.
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| − | *594 [[w:Evagrius Scholasticus|Evagrius Scholasticus]] writes ''Ecclesiastical History'', covering the years 431 to 594 AD.
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| − | *586 St. [[Demetrios of Thessaloniki]] saves Thessaloniki from Avar-Slav siege.
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| − | *602 Final series of wars between [[Byzantine Empire]] and Sassanid Empire.
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| − | *610 [[Heraclius]] changes official language of the Empire from Latin to [[w:Medieval Greek|Greek]], already the ''lingua franca'' of the vast majority of the population.
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| − | *612 [[Holy Sponge]] and [[Holy Lance]] brought to Constantinople from Palestine.
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| − | *617 Persian Army conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.
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| − | *620 Slavs attack Thessaloniki.
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| − | *626 [[Akathist|Akathist Hymn]] to the [[|Theotokos|Virgin Mary]] written, after Constantinople liberated from a [[w:Siege of Constantinople (626)|siege]] of 80,000 Avars, Slavs and the Persian fleet.
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| − | *627 Emperor [[Heraclius]] decisively defeats Sassanid Persians at [[w:Battle of Nineveh (627)|Battle of Nineveh]], recovering [[True Cross]] and breaking power of the Sassanid dynasty.
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| − | *630 Second [[Elevation of the Holy Cross]], on [[March 21]], 630 AD, when Emperor Heraclius entered Jerusalem amidst great rejoicing, and together with Patriarch Zacharios (609-633), transferred the [[True Cross|Cross of Christ]] with great solemnity into the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)||temple of the Resurrection]]; it is the first and only time a Byzantine emperor sets foot in the [[Holy Land]].
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| − | *632 Christian influences on Islamic practice include veiling of women, hospitality for monastic travellers, prostrations, facing east for prayer, fixed hours for daily office of prayer, ritual ablutions before worship.
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| − | *633 Death of Patr. [[Modestus of Jerusalem]], who had restored many buildings after the Persian sack of 614, including the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)|rotunda of the Anastasis]].
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| − | *634 Emperor Heraclius issues edict ordering all Jews to be baptized; many Jews flee to protection of Persians or Muslim Arabs.
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| − | *639 Death of Patr. [[Sophronius I of Jerusalem]]; his poetry and prayers become part of the [[Divine Liturgy|Liturgy]], including the [[Troparion|Troparia]] of the [[Royal Hours]] of [[Holy Week|Holy Friday]] and on the eves of the [[Nativity]] and [[Theophany]], and the main prayer of [[Holy water|Great Blessing of Water]] on [[Theophany|Epiphany]].
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| − | *646 Alexandria recaptured by Muslim Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly ten centuries of [[w:Greco-Roman|Greco-Roman]] civilization in Egypt; the [[Monophysitism|monophysite]] Coptic patriarch [[Benjamin I of Alexandria|Benjamin I]] and his followers willingly accepts Arab rule, preferring it to the Byzantines; [[Maximus the Confessor]] takes lead in opposing [[Monothelitism]].
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| − | *648 Pope [[Theodore I of Rome]] excommunicates patriarch [[Paul II of Constantinople]].
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| − | *649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus.
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 650AD.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Byzantine Empire by 650; by this year it lost all of its southern provinces except the Exarchate of Carthage.]]
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| − | *650 The Patriarchate of Constantinople counted 32 metropoles, or capitals of ecclesiastical provinces, 1 autocephalous metropolis, 34 autocephalous archbishoprics, and 352 bishoprics -- a grand total of 419 dioceses.
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| − | *654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs.
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| − | *662 [[Parthenon (Athens)|Parthenon]] in Athens rededicated in honour of the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] as "Panagia Atheniotissa" (Panagia of Athens); death of [[Maximus the Confessor]].
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| − | *669-78 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (674)|First Arab siege of Constantinople]]; at [[w:Battle of Syllaeum|Battle of Syllaeum]] Arab fleet destroyed by Byzantines through use of [[w:Greek Fire|Greek Fire]], ending immediate Arab threat to eastern Europe.
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| − | *680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming [[Christology]] of [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a human will and a divine will; Patr. [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of [[Monothelitism]].
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| − | *685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]]; emperor Justinian II is the first emperor to have the figure of the [[Lord]] [[Jesus Christ]] stamped on a coin.
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| − | *688 Emperor [[Justinian II]] and Caliph [[w:Abd al-Malik|al-Malik]] sign treaty neutralizing Cyprus.
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| − | *692 The "[[Pentarchy]]" form of government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the [[Quinisext Council|Council in Trullo]], held in Constantinople, which ranked the five sees as ''Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch'', and ''Jerusalem'';
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 717AD themes.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The Byzantine Empire at the accession of Leo III, ca.717. Striped area is land raided by the Arabs.]]
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| − | *705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.
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| − | *706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt.
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| − | *707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors;
| |
| − | *710 Pope [[Constantine of Rome|Constantine]] makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.
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| − | *712 Death of [[Andrew of Crete]].
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| − | *717-18 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]].
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| − | *720 Martyrdom of [[Nicholas the New of Vounina]].
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| − | *726 [[Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts campaign against [[iconography|icons]].
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| − |
| |
| − | == Patriarchate of Constantinople Era (732-1850) ==
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| − | *732-33 Byzantine Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] transfers Southern Italy (Sicily and Calabria), Greece, and the Aegean from the jurisdiction of the Pope to that of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]] in response to Pope St. [[Gregory III of Rome]]'s support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm, adding to the Patriarchate about 100 bishoprics; the Iconoclast emperors took away from the Patriarch of Antioch 24 episcopal sees of Byzantine Isauria, on the plea that he was a subject of the Arab caliphs; the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople became co-extensive with the limits of the Byzantine Empire.
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| − | *734 Death of [[Peter the Athonite]], commonly regarded as one of the first hermits of [[Mount Athos]].
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| − | *739 Emperor Leo III (717-41) publishes his ''[[w:Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' , designed to introduce Christian principle into law; Byzantine forces defeat [[w:Umayyad|Umayyad]] invasion of Asia Minor at [[w:Battle of Akroinon|Battle of Akroinon]].
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| − | *746 Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.
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| − | *754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Constantine begins dissolution of the monasteries.
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| − | *787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[iconoclasm]] and affirming [[veneration]] of [[iconography|icons]].
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| − | *789 Death of [[Philaret the Merciful]].
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| − | *803 Death of [[Irene of Athens]], wife of Byzantine Emperor Leo IV; St. Luke's icon brought to Agiassos on [[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytiline]].
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| − | *814 Bulgarians lay siege to Constantinople; conflict erupts between Emperor [[Leo V the Armenian|Leo V]] and Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus]] on the subject of iconoclasm; Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.
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| − | *824 Byzantine [[w:Crete|Crete]] falls to Arab insurgents fleeing from the Umayyad Emir of Cordoba Al-Hakam I, establishing an emirate on the island until the Byzantine reconquest in 960.
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| − | *828 Death of Patr. [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople]].
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| − | *ca. 829-842 Icon of the [[Panagia Portaitissa]] appears on [[Mount Athos]] near [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iviron Monastery]].
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| − | *836 Death of [[Theodore the Studite]].
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| − | *838 Caliph al-Mu'tasim captures and destroys Ammoria in Anatolia.
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| − | *ca. 839 First [[w:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus|Rus'-Byzantine War]], where the Rus attacked Propontis (probably aiming for Constantinople) before turning east and raiding Paphlagonia.
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| − | *840 [[Panagia Proussiotissa]] icon found near Karpenissi.
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| − |
| |
| − | === Byzantine Imperial era (843-1204)===
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| − | *843 Empress Theodora secures return of icon-worship with [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occuring on first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring [[iconography|icons]] to churches.
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| − | *845 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia taken as hostages from Ammoria to Samarra (in Iraq) and executed there.
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| − | *850 [[Third Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner|Third Finding]] of the head of [[John the Forerunner]].
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| − | *858 [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.
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| − | *860 [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (860)|Second Rus-Byzantine War]], a naval raid and the first siege of Constantinople by the Rus.
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| − | *ca. 860 [[w:Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate|Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate]].
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| − | *861 [[Cyril and Methodius]] of Thessaloniki depart from Constantinople to [[Church of Russia#Conversion of the Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; Council of Constantinople attended by 318 fathers and presided over by papal legates confirms [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch and passes 17 canons.
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| − | *864 Baptism of Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]]; [[Synaxis]] of the [[Theotokos]] in Miasena in memory of the return of her icon.
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 867AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Byzantine Empire, ca. 867 AD.]]
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| − | *867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and use by papal missionaries of [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing news of excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III]] murdered and usurps Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople.
| |
| − | *867 Death of [[Kassiani the Hymnographer|Kassiani]], Greek-Byzantine poet and hymnographer, who composed the ''[[Hymn of Kassiani]]'', chanted during [[Holy Week]] on Holy Wednesday.
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| − | *869-870 [[Robber Council of 869-870]] held, deposing [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."
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| − | *870 Conversion of Serbia; Malta conquered from the Byzantines by the Arabs.
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| − | *874 Translation of relics of [[Nicephorus I of Constantinople|Nicephorus the Confessor]], interred in the [[Church of the Holy Apostles (Constantinople)|Church of the Holy Apostles]], Constantinople.
| |
| − | *877 Death of [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.
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| − | *877 Arab Muslims conquer all of Sicily from Byzantium and make Palermo their capital.
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| − | *879-880 [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople attended by 383 fathers passing 3 canons, confirms [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantinople, anathematizes additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declares that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; the council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]].
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| − | *881 Death of [[Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos|Theoktiste of Lesbos]].
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| − | *885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy, as Emperor Basil lays down the boundaries of the monastic republic; death of [[Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]].
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| − | *892 Death of Theodora the Myrrh-gusher of Thessaloniki.
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| − | *902 Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid Arabs.
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| − | *904 Thessaloniki sacked and pillaged by Saracen pirates under [[w:Leo of Tripoli|Leo of Tripoli]], a Greek pirate serving Saracen interests.
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| − | *907 Third [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (907)|Rus-Byzantine War]], a naval raid of Constantinople (''or [[w:Tsargrad|Tsargrad]] in Old Slavonic'') led by Varangian Prince [[w:Oleg of Novgorod|Oleg of Novgorod]], which was relieved by peace negotiations.
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| − | *911 [[Protection of the Mother of God|Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary]]; Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'.
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| − | *912 [[w:Nicholas Mystikos|Nicholas I Mysticus]] becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
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| − | *921 Death of [[Irene Chrysovalantou]].
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| − | *925 Death of [[Peter of Argos]].
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| − | *941 Fourth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (941)|Rus-Byzantine War]].
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| − | *944 City of Edessa recovered by Byzantine army, including [[Icon Not Made By Hands]]
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| − | *953 [[Monastery of Hosios Loukas]] founded by St. [[Luke the Younger]] near Stiris (Thebes) in Greece.
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| − | *957 [[Olga of Kiev]] baptized in Constantinople.
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| − | *960 Emperor [[Nicephorus II]] Phocas re-captures [[w:Crete|Crete]] for the Byzantines.
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| − | *961 Founding of [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]] monastery in Kalavryta, Peloponesse, (the symbolic birth-place of modern Greece in 1821).
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| − | *963 [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]]; founding of Philosophou Monastery in [[Metropolis of Gortyna and Megalopolis|Dimitsana]] (Peloponesse).
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| − | *965 Emperor [[Nicephorus II]] Phocas gains [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]] completely for the Byzantines.
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| − | *968-71 Fifth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (968-971)#Campaigns in the Balkans|Rus-Byzantine War]], resulting in a Byzantine victory over the coalition of Rus', Pechenegs, Magyars, and Bulgarians in the [[w:Battle of Arcadiopolis|Battle of Arcadiopolis]], and the defeat of [[w:Sviatoslav I of Kiev|Sviatoslav of Kiev]] by [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]].
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| − | *969 Emperor [[w:Nikephoros II|Nikephoros II Phokas]] captures Antioch and Aleppo from Arabs.
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| − | *972 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] grants [[Mount Athos]] its first charter ([[Typikon]]).
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| − | *975 Emperor [[w:John I Tzimiskes|John I Tzimiskes]] in a Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but fails to take Jerusalem.
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| − | *980 Revelation of the ''[[Panagia Axion Estin|Axion Estin]]'' (the hymn "It Is Truly Meet"), with the appearance of the [[Archangel Gabriel]] to a [[monk]] on [[Mount Athos]].
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| − | *987 Sixth [[w:Rus'-Byzantine War (987)#Baptism of Vladimir|Rus-Byzantine War]], where [[Vladimir of Kiev]] dispatches troops to the Byzantine Empire to assist Emperor [[w:Basil II|Basil II]] with an internal revolt, agreeing to accept [[Orthodox Christianity]] as his religion and bring his people to the new faith.
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| − | *988 [[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of [[Vladimir of Kiev]] who is baptized at [[w:Chersonesos|Chersonesos]], the birthplace of the Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches; Vladimir marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.
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| − | *11th c. [[Kaisariani Monastery (Athens)|Kaisariani Monastery]] is founded on the slopes of Mount Hymettos, one of the oldest and most important monasteries in Attica; death [[Theodora of Vasta]].
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 1025AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The Byzantine Empire under Basil II - ca. 1025.]]
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 1045AD themes.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The Byzantine Empire and its themata in 1045. At this point, the Empire was the most powerful state in the Mediterranean.]]
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| − | *1009 Patr. [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from [[diptychs]] of [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]].
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| − | *1022 Death of [[Symeon the New Theologian]].
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| − | *1025 Greece is divided into ''themes'' including Crete, the Peloponnese, Hellas, Nicopolis, Larissa, Cephalonia, Thessalonica, the Cyclades and the Aegean.
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| − | *1034 Patriarch [[Alexius I of Constantinople|Alexius I Studites]] writes the first complete ''Studite [[Typikon]],'' for a monastery he established near Constantinople; this was the [[Typikon]] introduced into the Rus' lands by [[Theodosius of the Kiev Caves]].
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| − | *1042 Founding of [[Nea Moni of Chios|Nea Moni]] Monastery on Chios.
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| − | *1043 [[w:University of Constantinople|University of Constantinople]] is re-organized under [[w:Michael Psellos|Michael Psellos]].
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| − | *1053 Death of [[Lazarus the Wonder-worker]] of Mount Galesius near Ephesus.
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| − | *1054 The [[Great Schism]] between Orthodox East and Latin West.
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| − | *1068 By the time of the arrival of the first [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] to Anatolia, the religious war between Byzantium and Islam had run a course of four centuries.
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| − | *1071 [[w:Seljuk Turks|Seljuk Turks]] defeat Byzantines at the [[w:Battle of Manzikert|Battle of Manzikert]], beginning Islamification of Asia Minor; Norman princes led by [[w:Robert Guiscard|Robert Guiscard]] capture Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Italy, bringing to an end over five centuries of [[w:Catapanate of Italy|Byzantine rule in the south]].
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| − | *ca. 1071-1176 Byzantine epic poem [http://www.enotes.com/classical-medieval-criticism/digenes-akrites "Digenes Akrites"] is written, set in the ninth and tenth centuries, inspired by the almost continuous state of warfare with the Arabs in eastern Asia Minor, presents a comprehensive picture of the intense frontier life of the [[w:Acritic songs|Akrites]], the border guards of the Byzantine Empire.
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| − | *1073 Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara.
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| − | *1077 Seljuks capture Nicea.
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| − | *1087 Translation of the relics of [[Nicholas of Myra]] from Myra to Bari.
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| − | *1083 [[Metropolis of Paronaxia]] separates from the [[Metropolis of Rhodes]].
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| − | *1088-93 Emperor [[Alexios Komnenos]] I gave the island of Patmos to Blessed [[Christodoulos of Patmos]] to develop as an independent monastic state; founding of [[monastery]] of [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on [[Patmos]].
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| − | *1093 Death of [[Christodoulos of Patmos|Christodoulos the Wonderworker of Patmos]].
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| − | *1118-1137 Imperial [http://www.byzantium1200.com/pantocra.html monastery of Christ Pantocrator] founded.
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| − | *1127-1145 [[w:Constantinople|Constantinople]] [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the world]] by population.
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| − | *1147 [[w:Roger II of Sicily|Roger II of Sicily]] takes Corfu from the Byzantine Empire, and pillages Corinth, Athens and Thebes.
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| − | *1176 [[w:Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm|Sultanate of Rum]] defeats Byzantine Empire in the [[w:Battle of Myriokephalon|Battle of Myriokephalon]], marking end of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau.
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| − | *1192-1571 [[Church of Cyprus]] is subordinated to a Latin Hierarchy established by the Crusaders.
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| − | *12th c. Skete life begins in Meteora.
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| − |
| |
| − | === Latin Occupation (1204-1456)===
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire - Frangokratia 1204AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The beginning of ''Frangokratia'': the division of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade.]]
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| − | *1204 [[Fourth Crusade]] [[Fall of Constantinople|sacks Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and stealing many [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act; Venetians use the imperial [http://www.byzantium1200.com/pantocra.html monastery of Christ Pantocrator] as their headquardters in Constantinople.
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| − | *1204 Latin Occupation of mainland Greece under Franks and Venetians: the [[w:Latin Empire|Latin Empire]] of Constantinople, Latin [[w:Kingdom of Thessalonica|Kingdom of Thessalonica]], the [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]], and the [[w:Duchy of Athens|Duchy of Athens]]; The Venetians controlled the [[w:Duchy of the Archipelago|Duchy of the Archipelago]] in the Aegean.
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| − | *1205 Latins annex Athens and convert the Parthenon into a Roman Catholic Church - ''Santa Maria di Athene'', later ''Notre Dame d'Athene''.
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| − | *1211 Venetian crusaders conquer Byzantine Crete, retaining it until ousted by Ottoman Turks in 1669.
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| − | *1224 The Byzantines recover Thessaloniki and surrounding area, liberated by the Greek ruler of Epirus Theodore Ducas Comnenus.
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| − | *1235 St. Olympiada and nuns martyred by pirates on [[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytilene of Lesbos]]
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| − | *1249 Mystras citadel built by Franks in the Peloponnese.
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| − | *1258 [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty, beginning reconquest of Greek peninsula from Latins.
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| − | *1259 Byzantines defeat Latin [[w:Principality of Achaea|Principality of Achaea]] at the [[w:Battle of Pelagonia|Battle of Pelagonia]], marking the beginning of the Byzantine recovery of Greece.
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| − | *ca. 1259-80 Martyrdom by Latins of monks of [[Iviron Monastery (Athos)|Iveron Monastery]].
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| − | *1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople and restoration of Orthodox patriarchs; Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] makes [[Mystras]] seat of the new [[w:Despotate of Morea|Despotate of Morea]], where a Byzantine renaissance occurred.
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| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 1263AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Eastern Mediterranean ca. 1263AD.]]
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| − | *1265-1310 [[Arsenite Schism]] of Constantinople, beginning when Patr. [[Arsenius Autoreianos]] excommunicated emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]].
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| − | *1274 Orthodox attending the Second Council of Lyons, accept supremacy of Rome and filioque clause.
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| − | *1275 Unionist Patr. of Constantinople [[John XI Beccus of Constantinople|John XI Beccus]] elected to replace Patr. [[Joseph I Galesiotes of Constantinople|Joseph I Galesiotes]], who opposed [[Council of Lyons]].
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| − | *1275 Persecution of Athonite monks by Emp. Michael VIII and Patr. [[John XI Beccus of Constantinople|John XI Beccus]]; death of 26 martyrs of Zographou monastery on [[Mount Athos]], martyred by the Latins.
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| − | *1281 [[w:Pope Martin IV|Pope Martin IV]] authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established [[Byzantine Empire]] in Constantinople, excommunicating Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] and the Greeks and renouncing the union of 1274; French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year due to the [[w:Sicilian Vespers|Sicilian Vespers]].
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| − | *1283 Accommodation with Rome officially repudiated.
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| − | *1287 Last record of [[Western Rite]] Monastery of Amalfion on [[Mount Athos|Mount Athos]].
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| − | *14th c. "Golden Age" of Thessaloniki in both literature and art, many churches and monasteries built.
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| − | *1300-1400 The ''"[[w:Chronicle of Morea|Chronicle of Morea]]"'' (Το χρονικό του Μορέως) narrates events of the establishment of [[w:Feudalism|feudalism]] in mainland Greece, mainly in the Morea/Peloponnese, by the Franks following the [[Fourth Crusade]], covering a period from 1204 to 1292.
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| − | *1309 Rhodes falls to the Knights of St. John, who establish their headquarters there, renaming themselves the "Knights of Rhodes".
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| − | *1310 [[Arsenite Schism]] of Constantinople is brought to an end by the reconciliation of the Arsenites to the Josephites.
| |
| − | *1326 The city of [[w:Bursa|Prusa]] in Asia Minor falls to the Ottoman Turks after a nine-year siege.
| |
| − | *1331 The city of Nicaea, capital of the Empire only 100 years previously, falls to the Ottoman Turks.
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| − | *1336 [[Meteora]] in Greece are established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]].
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| − | *1337 Nicomedia captured by Ottoman Turks.
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| − | *1338 [[Gregory Palamas]] writes ''Triads in defense of the Holy Hesychasts'', defending the Orthodox practice of [[Hesychasm|hesychast spirituality]] and the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]].
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| − | *1341-47 Byzantine civil war between John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54) and John V Palaeologus (1341–91).
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| − | *1341-51 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]].
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| − | *1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe at Gallipoli.
| |
| − | *1359 Death of [[Gregory Palamas]].
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| − | *1360 Death of [[John Koukouzelis]] the Hymnographer.
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| − | *1365 Ottoman Turks made Adrianople their capital.
| |
| − | *1382 Founding of the Great Meteora Monastery.
| |
| − | *1390 Ottomans take [[w:Alaşehir|Philadelphia]], last significant Byzantine enclave in Anatolia.
| |
| − | *1391-98 Ottoman Turks unsuccessfully besiege Constantinople for the first time.
| |
| − | [[Image:ByzantineEmpire 1450AD.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Eastern Mediterranean ca.1450 AD.]]
| |
| − | *1422 [[w:Siege of Constantinople (1422)|Second unsuccessful Ottoman siege]] of Constantinople.
| |
| − | *1426 Death of New Martyr [[Ephraim of Nea Makri]].
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| − | *1429 The Turks capture Thessaloniki.
| |
| − | *1430 The [[monks]] of [[Mount Athos]] submit to Sultan Murad II and keep their autonomy.
| |
| − | *1438 [[Council of Florence]] unsuccessfully tries to unit Greek East and Latin West.
| |
| − | *1450 Death of ''Empress Helena Palaeologus'' (St. [[Ipomoni of Loutraki]]).
| |
| − | *1452 Unification of Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in Hagia Sophia on West's terms, when Emperor [[Constantine XI Palaiologos]], under pressure from Rome, allows the union to be proclaimed.
| |
| − | *1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to invasion of the Ottoman Turks, ending Roman Empire; [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] turned into a mosque; martyrdom of [[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], last of the [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine Emperors]]; many Greek scholars escape to the West with books that become translated into Latin, triggering the [[w:Renaissance|Renaissance]]; beginning of the lamentation folk songs known as ''"Moirologia"'', or dirges (Byzantine secular music).
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| − |
| |
| − | === Ottoman Turkish Occupation (1456-1821) ===
| |
| − | *1456 Turkish Occupation of Greece.
| |
| − | *1456-1587 Byzantine [[w:Pammakaristos Church|Church of Theotokos Pammakaristos]] became the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
| |
| − | *1460 Parthenon Cathedral dedicated to the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] turned into a mosque.
| |
| − | *1462 Wonderworking icon of the [[Archangel Michael of Mantamados]] is created; [[Matrona of Chios]] reposes [[October 22]].
| |
| − | *1463 Martyric death of [[Raphael, Nicholas and Irene]] on Mytilene (Lesvos).
| |
| − | *1472 Decrees of the Council of Ferrara-Florence repudiated by Patriarchate of Contantinople.
| |
| − | *1511 Death of [[Joseph the Sanctified]] of Crete.
| |
| − | *1530 Mother of God restores sight to blind youth through the [[Panagia Cassiope|Cassiope]] icon of Corfu.
| |
| − | *1546 New Martyr [[John of Ioannina]].
| |
| − | *1554 New Martyr [[Nicholas of Psari]] in Corinth.
| |
| − | *1556 Death of [[Maximos the Greek]].
| |
| − | *1556-65 The Patriarchal School of [[Joasaph II of Constantinople|Joasaph II]] is initially established in Constantinople, the forerunner of the ''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation] (I Megali tou Genous Sxoli / Η Μεγάλη του Γένους Σχολή)''.
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| − | *1559 Death of Iconographer [[Theophanes the Cretan]].
| |
| − | *1571 Restoration of [[Church of Cyprus]] to Orthodox rule.
| |
| − | *1573-81 Correspondence between Patriarch Jeremias II and the Lutheran professors at Tubingen.
| |
| − | *1576 [[w:Pope Gregory XIII|Pope Gregory XIII]] establishes Pontifical Greek College of St. Athanasius (popularly known as the 'Greek College') in Rome, which he charged with educating Italo-Byzantine clerics.
| |
| − | *1579 Death of [[Gerasimos of Cephalonia]].
| |
| − | *1583 [[Sigillion of 1583]] issued against [[Gregorian Calendar]] by council convened in Constantinople.
| |
| − | *1587-Present. The relatively modest [[w:Church of St. George, Istanbul|Church of St George]] in the Phanar district of Istanbul becomes the seat of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
| |
| − | *1589 Death of [[Philothei of Athens]].
| |
| − | *1590 Death of [[Timothy of Penteli]] (Athens).
| |
| − | *1596 Death of [[Nilus the Myrrh-gusher]] of Mt. Athos.
| |
| − | *1601 New Hieromartyr [[Seraphim of Phanarion|Seraphim]], Bishop of Phanarion and Neokhorion.
| |
| − | *1622 Death of [[Dionysius of Zakynthos]] ([[December 17]]).
| |
| − | *1625 The Patriarchal School (''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation]'') opened again under the direction of Theofilos Korydaleas having many students, however Korydaleas' liberal ideas caused the school's closure; ''Confession of Faith'' by Metrophanes Kritopoulos written.
| |
| − | *1650-1700 Ottoman [[w:Istanbul|Constantinople]] is [[w:List of largest cities throughout history|largest city in the world]] by population.
| |
| − | *1657 New Hieromartyr [[Parthenius III of Constantinople|Parthenius III]], Patriarch of Constantinople.
| |
| − | *1662 The Patriarchal School (''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation]'') acquired permanent income, a building and remarkable teachers, among them Alexandros Mavrokordatos who bore the title Confidant.
| |
| − | *1669 Greek island of Crete taken by Ottoman Empire from Venetians.
| |
| − | *1677 Bishop Henry Compton of London builds church for the Greeks in London.
| |
| − | *1682 Greek church in London closed.
| |
| − | *1684 New Hieromartyr [[Zacharias of Corinth|Zacharias]], Bishop of Corinth.
| |
| − | *1687 Parthenon devastated by Venetian shelling.
| |
| − | *1694 Plan for Worcester College, Oxford (then Gloucester Hall) to become a college for the Greeks.
| |
| − | *1695 New Hieromartyr [[Romanos of Diminitzas]], Lacedemonia.
| |
| − | *1713 [[Theological School of Patmos]] founded.
| |
| − | *1716 Miracle of St. [[Spyridon of Trimythous|Spyridon]], who saves Corfu from Turkish invasion.
| |
| − | *1720 [[Monastery of the Life-Giving Spring (Poros)]] founded.
| |
| − | *1728 The [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally replaced the ''[[Byzantine Creation Era|Creation Era]]'' (AM) calendar, in use for over 1000 years, with the [[w:Anno Domini|Christian Era]] (AD).
| |
| − | *1730 Death of [[John the Russian]].
| |
| − | *1735 Death of [[Athanasius of Christianopolis|Athanasius]] the New, Wonderworker of Christianopolis.
| |
| − | *1740 Miracle performed by the glorious Prophet and Forerunner [[John the Forerunner|John the Baptist]], on the island of Chios.
| |
| − | *1743 New Hieromartyr [[Anastasios of Ioannina]].
| |
| − | *1749 Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy ("Athonite School") is founded on [[Mount Athos]] by the brethren of the Monastery of Vatopedion.
| |
| − | *1751 New Virgin Martyr [[Kyranna of Thessalonica]].
| |
| − | *1753-59 Eminent theologian and scholar [[Eugenios Voulgaris]] heads the ''Athonite School'', envisaging a revivial and upgrading of learning within the Orthodox Church through substantial training in the classics combined with an exposure to modern European philosophy.
| |
| − | *1754 Hesychast Renaissance begins with the [[Kollyvades Movement]].
| |
| − | *1756 ''[[Sigillion of 1756]]'' issued against the [[Gregorian Calendar]] by Patr. [[Cyril V of Constantinople]].
| |
| − | *1759 School on [[Mount Athos]] forced to close down.
| |
| − | *1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida.
| |
| − | *1770 Cretan insurrection against the Ottomans led by Ioannis Daskalogiannis of the Sfakia region is subjugated; Hieromartyr [[George of Neapolis]].
| |
| − | *1779 Death of [[Cosmas of Aetolia|Kosmas Aitolos]].
| |
| − | *1782 First publication of ''[[Philokalia]]'' on [[Mount Athos]]; New Martyr [[Zacharias of Patra]] in Morea.
| |
| − | *1793 New Martyr [[Polydorus of Cyprus]].
| |
| − | *1794 New Martyr [[Alexander the former Dervish]].
| |
| − | *1795 New Martyr [[Theodora of Byzantium]] ([[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytiline]]).
| |
| − | *1796 [[Nicodemus the Hagiorite]] publishes ''[[Unseen Warfare]]'' in Venice.
| |
| − | *1798 Patriarch [[Anthimios of Jerusalem]] contended that the [[w:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was part of the [[w:Divine Providence|Divine Dispensation]] granted by [[God]] to protect [[Orthodoxy]] from the taint of [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] and of Western [[w:Secularism|secularism]] and [[w:Irreligion by country|irreligion]].
| |
| − | *1800 ''[[The Rudder]]'' published and printed in Athens; Death of Hieromonk [[Nikephoros Theotokis]], "Teacher of the Nation".
| |
| − | *1802 New Martyr [[Luke of Mytilene]].
| |
| − | *1805 Death of [[Makarios of Corinth]], a central figure in the [[Kollyvades Movement]].
| |
| − | *1808 New Hieromartyr [[Nicetas of Serres]].
| |
| − | *1809 Death of [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain]] the "Hagiorite"; Hieromartyr [[Nicetas the Hagiorite]].
| |
| − | *1814 Martyrdom of Euthymius and Ignatius of [[Mount Athos]].
| |
| − | *1816 Martyrdom of Acacius of Athos.
| |
| − | *1819 Council at Constantinople endorses views of Kollyvades fathers.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) ===
| |
| − | *1821 [[w:Greek War of Independence|Greek War of Independance]] begins as Metr. [[Germanos of Patra]] declares Greek independence on Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]), also [[Kyriopascha]], at the Monastery of [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]], Peloponessos; martyrdom of Patr. [[Gregory V of Constantinople]], Abp. [[Kyprianos of Cyprus]], and Abp. [[Gerasimos of Crete]] in retaliation; Former Ecumenical Patr. [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] is hanged at the gate of Adrianople's cathedral; Metropolitans Gregorios of Derkon, Dorotheos of Adrianople, Ioannikios of Tyrnavos, and Joseph of Thessaloniki are decapitated on Sultan orders in Constantinople; Metropolitans Chrysanthos of Paphos, Meletios of Kition and Lavrentios of Kyrenia are executed in Nicosia, Cyprus; liberation fighters started calling themselves ''"Hellenes"'' (for continuity with their ancient Hellenic heritage), rather than using the generic ''"[[w:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks#Romans_.28.CE.A1.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B1.CE.AF.CE.BF.CE.B9.29_and_Romioi_.28.CE.A1.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B9.CE.BF.CE.AF.29|Romioi]]" (Ρωμιοί)'' (which referred to both their Roman citizenship and religious affiliation to Orthodox Christendom).
| |
| − | *1823 Wonderworking Icon of [[Panagia of Tinos|Panagia Evangelistria]] found on Tinos, led by a vision from [[Pelagia of Tinos]], becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in Greece, at the [[Church of Evangelistria (Tinos, Greece)|Church of Evangelistria]]; martyrdom of Hieromonk [[Christos of Ioannina]].
| |
| − | *1827 Europe recognises the autonomy of Greece.
| |
| − | *1828 John Capodistrias first president of Greece and confiscates Athonite metochia; Greek church opened in London (2nd time).
| |
| − | *1829 Treaty of Adrianople ends Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === First Hellenic Republic (1829-1832) ===
| |
| − | *ca. 1829 The purified and formal ''[[w:Katharevousa|Katharevousa]]'' dialect of [[w:Modern Greek|Modern Greek]] is promoted as the official language (to 1976).
| |
| − | *1831 The fully sovereign status of Greece was accepted at the London Conference of 1831.
| |
| − | *1832 European powers establish Greek protectorate; Otho I enthroned as Greek King.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Kingdom of Greece (1833-1924) ===
| |
| − | *1832-35 "Bavarokratia" closes down 600 monasteries and nationalises monastic land-holdings
| |
| − | *1833 The National Assembly at Nauplio declares the [[Church of Greece]] as independant from the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
| |
| − | *1834 Suppression of many monasteries in the new Greek kingdom.
| |
| − | *1837 School of Theology at the ''[[w:National and Capodistrian University of Athens School of Theology|National and Capodistrian University of Athens]]'' founded.
| |
| − | *1838 Death of New Martyr [[George of Ioannina]].
| |
| − | *1839 Theofilos Kairis of Andros condemned and imprisoned for teaching a form of Deism.
| |
| − | *1844 Prime Minister [[w:Ioannis Kolettis|Ioannis Kolettis]] first coined the expression the "Great Idea" ([[w:Megali Idea|Megali Idea]]), envisaging the restoration of the Christian Orthodox Byzantine Empire with its capital once again established at Constantinople, becoming the core of Greek foreign policy until the early 20th century; King Otho I accepts constitution.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Autocephalous Era (1850-Present) ==
| |
| − | [[Image:Greece 1832-1947.JPG|right|thumb|220px|The expansion of Greece from 1832 to 1947, showing territories awarded to Greece in 1919 but lost in 1923.]]
| |
| − | *1850 Endemousa Synod in Constantinople presided over by by Patriarch Anthimos IV of [[Constantinople]] recognised [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Greece]]; due to certain conditions issued in the "Tomos" decree, the Greek National Church must maintain special links to the "Mother Church".
| |
| − | *1856 Death of [[Neophytus Vamvas]], Greek cleric and educator who had translated the Bible into [[w:Modern Greek|Modern Greek]].
| |
| − | *1863 George I enthroned as King of Greece.
| |
| − | *1864 First Orthodox parish established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
| |
| − | *1866 Greek church takes the diocese of the Ionian Islands from Constantinople; beginning of the [[w:Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)|Great Cretan Revolution]] (1866-1869); the [http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Arkadi holocaust of Arkadi Monastery] in Crete.
| |
| − | *1871 Body of Patriarch Gregory V returned to Athens and entombed in cathedral.
| |
| − | *1877 Death of [[Arsenios of Paros]] ([[August 18]]).
| |
| − | *1878 Council of Athens, convened and presided over by Metropolitan Procopius I of Athens, condemned the Makrakists, obtaining closure of [[Apostolos Makrakis|Makakris]]' ''"School of the Logos"'' on the pretext that it taught doctrines opposed to the tenets of the Church, and addressed an encyclical to the whole body of Christians in Greece that was read in the churches, charging Makrakis with attempting to introduce innovations.
| |
| − | *1878 Cyprus is ceded to Britain by Ottoman Empire at the [[w:Congress of Berlin|Congress of Berlin]].
| |
| − | *1881 Turks cede Thessali and Arta regions to Greece; Thessaly and part of Epirus added to the [[Church of Greece]].
| |
| − | *1882 During the Patriarchate of Joachim III, the ''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Great School of the Nation]'' was housed in a new large building in the area of the Phanar.
| |
| − | *1888 Death of [[Panagis of Lixouri]] (Cephalonia); ''[[Typikon]] of the Great Church of Christ'' is published with revised church services, prepared by Protopsaltis George Violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, while the ''Sabaite (monastic) [[Typikon]]'' continues to be used in Russia ''(i.e. from 1682-1888 the Greek and Russian Churches had shared a common [[Typikon]]).''
| |
| − | *1890-1917 Emigration of 450,000 Greeks to the United States, many as hired labor for the railroads and mines of the American West.
| |
| − | *1885 Prominent Greek painter [[w:Nicholaos Gysis|Nicholaos Gysis]] paints the famous "[[w:Krifo scholio|Secret school]]" ("κρυφό σχολειό"), refering to the underground schools provided by the [[Church of Constantinople|Greek Orthodox Church]] in monasteries and churches during the time of Ottoman rule in Greece (15th-19th c.) for keeping alive Orthodox Christian doctrines and Greek language and literacy.
| |
| − | *1897 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War]].
| |
| − | *1901 [[Evangelakia Events (Athens, 1901)|"Evangelakia" riots]] in Athens Greece in November, over translations of [[New Testament]] into [[w:Dimotiki|Demotic (Modern) Greek]], resulting in fall of both government and Metropolitan of Athens, and withdrawal of publications from circulation.
| |
| − | *1902 [[Church of Greece]] takes responsibility for Greek Orthodox parishes in Australasia from the [[Church of Jerusalem]].
| |
| − | *1904 [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] publishes the [http://kainh.homestead.com/files/noteptxt.pdf "Patriarchal" Text of the Greek New Testament], based on about twenty Byzantine manuscripts, the standard text of the Greek-speaking Orthodox churches today.
| |
| − | *1905 Death of [[Apostolos Makrakis]].
| |
| − | *1907 Archim. [[Eusebius Matthopoulos]] founds [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]].
| |
| − | *1908 Death of [[Methodia of Kimolos]]; jurisdiction of [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] and the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia]] was given to the [[Church of Greece]] under an agreement made between the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] and the Holy Synod of Athens (until 1922 in America; until 1924 in Australia).
| |
| − | *1912 Epirus, Macedonia and eastern islands, from Northern territories of Greece, are liberated and come under the administration of the Greek Church.
| |
| − | *1912-13 First and Second Balkan Wars; liberation of Thessaloniki from the Turks.
| |
| − | *1913-14 Greeks anex Crete, Chios and [[Metropolis of Mytiline|Mytiline]], World War I.
| |
| − | *1914 According to the Corfu Protocol [[w:Northern Epirus|Northern Epirus]] is granted autonomy within Albania.
| |
| − | *1917 Hierarchy of the Greek Church changed in accordance with political control of the country.
| |
| − | *1918-24 Emigration of 70,000 Greeks to the United States.
| |
| − | *1919-22 [[w:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; [[w:Greek Genocide|Greek Genocide]] eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond and Anatolia.
| |
| − | *1920 Death of [[Nektarios of Pentapolis]] (Aegina); Dodecanese Islands ceded to Greece by Italy; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement; [[w:Treaty of Sèvres|Treaty of Sèvres]] cedes Eastern Thrace and Ionia (Zone of Smyrna) to Greece, but is superceded in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne by which these areas were again lost.
| |
| − | *1921 [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] formed.
| |
| − | *1922 [[Metropolis of Aitolia and Akarnania]] founded in its modern form; death of [[Ethnomartyr]] Metropolitan [[Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna]], lynched by a Turkish mob incited by Nureddin Pasha on Sunday [[September 10]]; Greek troops advancing on Constantinople are routed by Turks; the predominatly Orthodox Christian city of [[w:Great Fire of Smyrna|Smyrna is destroyed]], ending 1900 years of Christian civilization; Patriarch [[Meletius IV (Metaxakis) of Constantinople|Meletios IV]] transferred the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] from the [[Church of Greece]] back to the jurisdiction of the [[Church of Constantinople]].
| |
| − | *1923 Exchange of Christian and Moslem population between Greece and Turkey; [[w:Treaty of Lausanne|Treaty of Lausanne]] affirmed the international status of the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate’s full protection, also granting control of the [[Mount Athos|Holy Mountain]] to Greece; Patriarch ceases to be regarded as head of the Christian Orthodox Millet in Turkey; Patriarch [[Meletius IV (Metaxakis) of Constantinople|Meletios Metaxakis]] promulgates reformed calendar.
| |
| − | *1924 [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia]] founded; death of [[Arsenios the Cappadocian]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Second Hellenic Republic (1924-1935) ===
| |
| − | *1924 Death of [[Arsenios of Cappadocia]]; Constitution of the [[Mount Athos|Holy Mountain]] agreed; Greek government adopts new calendar.
| |
| − | *1925 School of Theology established at the ''[http://www.auth.gr/univ/faculties/contents/theosch_en.html Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]''.
| |
| − | *1925-45 Emigration of less than 30,000 Greeks to the United States, many of whom were "picture brides" for single Greek men.
| |
| − | *1926 Proposal for [[Mount Athos]] to be turned into a Casino by Dictator Pangalos.
| |
| − | *1928 The Ecumenical Patriarchate issued a tome by which it ceded to the [[Church of Greece]] on a temporary basis 35 of its metropolitan dioceses in northern Greece to be administered by it.
| |
| − | *1930 Mustapha Kemal Atatürk officially renamed Constantinople to Istanbul, which comes from the Greek expression "eis tin poli" (to the City) .
| |
| − | *1931 [[w:Benaki Museum|Benaki Museum]] opens in Athens, housing Byzantine, Post-Byzantine, and Neo-Hellenic ecclesiastical and national art collections.
| |
| − | *1932 Death of Papa-[[Nicholas (Planas)]].
| |
| − | *1933 [[Church of Greece]] bans [[Freemasonry]].
| |
| − | *1935 [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendar]] schism, when three bishops declared their separation from the official [[Church of Greece]] stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act; Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, transformed [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] into a museum.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Kingdom of Greece Restored (1935-1967) ===
| |
| − | *1936 [[Apostoliki Diakonia]] of the [[Church of Greece]] founded; General [[w:Ioannis Metaxas|Ioannis Metaxas]], Prime Minister of Greece during the [[w:4th of August Regime|4th of August Regime]] (1936-41), propagated a Third Hellenic Civilization (Ancient Greece and Byzantium being the first two).
| |
| − | *1938 Death of [[Silouan the Athonite|Silouan of Mt Athos]].
| |
| − | *1939-49 WWII and subsequent [http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Greek_Civil_War Greek civil war] (1942-49), famine and widespread bloodshed.
| |
| − | *1939 The immigration of the [[w:The immigration of the Antiochian Greeks reaches its peak |Antiochian Greeks]] reaches its peak.
| |
| − | *1943 [[w:Massacre of Kalavryta|Massacre of Kalavryta]] by German occupation forces, including the monks and monastery of [[w:Agia Lavra|Agia Lavra]]; the Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews of Athens fails, thanks to the combined efforts of Abp. [[Damaskinos (Papandreou) of Athens]], Greek resistance groups and the Greek people.
| |
| − | *1945 Abp. [[Damaskinos (Papandreou) of Athens]] serves as regent in an attempt to stabilise Greece.
| |
| − | *1946-82 Approximately 211,000 Greeks emigrated to the United States.
| |
| − | *1947 The Dodecanese Islands are liberated but remain under the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]].
| |
| − | *1948 Death of [[Savvas the New of Kalymnos]].
| |
| − | *1950 Uncovering of the relics of St. [[Ephraim of New Makri]].
| |
| − | *1952 New Monastery of [[Panagia Soumela]] built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of [[Panagia Soumela]], becoming a center of religious pilgrimage.
| |
| − | *1953 The Athonite School was officially re-established in [[Mount Athos]], now named the ''‘Athonite Ecclesiastical Academy’'', it occupies a wing of the Skete of St Andrew in Karyes, and follows the Greek secondary school curriculum combined with ecclesiastical education.
| |
| − | *1955 In September in Istanbul an organised mob was turned against the ethnic Greek community and the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] in an orchestrated pogrom, destroying 73 churches, 1,004 residences, 5,000 small- and medium-sized businesses, two cemeteries, 23 schools and 5 athletic centres; the number of ethnic Greeks who were forced to leave Turkey by 1960 as a result of these events is estimated at around 9,000.
| |
| − | *1959 Death of Blessed Elder [[Joseph (Spilaiotis)]] the [[Hesychast]].
| |
| − | *1960 Death of [[Anthimos of Chios]].
| |
| − | *1963 [[Soter Brotherhood]] is created, as the more traditionalist members broke away from the [[Brotherhood of Theologians Zoe|Zoe Brotherhood]] to form a smaller new brotherhood under the leadership of Prof. [[Panagiotes N. Trembelas]], having a profound influence on the [[Church of Greece]]; Second Pan-Orthodox Conference held in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of [[Mount Athos]].
| |
| − | *1964 [[Panagia Malevi]] icon of the Mother of God begins gushing myrrh; third Pan-Orthodox Conference held in Rhodes; in March Turkey denounced the 1930 bilateral agreement on disputes arising from the exchange of populations and expelled more than 17,000 ethnic Greeks, who were deprived of all access to their real estate, goods and chattels, subsequently followed by the de facto exodus of 40,000 ethnic Greeks of Turkish citizenship.
| |
| − | *1965 First Metropolitan for Piraeus is elected, His Eminence [[Chrysostomos (Tabladorakis) of Argolidos]]; [[Monastery of Panagia Pantanassa (Kranidiou)]] founded; Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the [[excommunication]]s of 1054.
| |
| − | *1966 Death of Righteous Father [[Ieronymos of Aegina|Ieronymos (Apostolides) of Aegina]]; Center for Byzantine Research established at the ''Aristotle University of Thessaloniki''.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Military Dictatorship (1967-1974) ===
| |
| − | *1968 [[Orthodox Academy of Crete]] (OAC) founded.
| |
| − | *1970 Death of [[Amphilochios (Makris)]] of Patmos.
| |
| − | *1971 [[Theological School of Halki|Halki Seminary]], Orthodoxy's most prominent theological school, is closed by Turkish authorities breaching Article 40 of the Lausanne Treaty and Article 24 of the Turkish Constitution which both guarantee religious freedom and education.
| |
| − | *1972 [[w:Ecclesiastical coup|Ecclesiastical coup in Cyprus]] fails to remove Makarios from the Presidency.
| |
| − | *1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, Turkish forces advance capturing the 37% of the island, 3,000 are killed or missing, 200,000 become refugees; the Monarchy is voted out by a plebiscite vote of 69%.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Third Hellenic Republic (1974-Present) ===
| |
| − | *1974 [[Esphigmenou Monastery (Athos)]], a stronghold for the conservative Greek [[Old Calendarists]], withdrew its representative from the common meetings of the Holy Community at Karyes (the administrative center of [[Mount Athos]]), accusing the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate]] of being [[Ecumenism|ecumenist]], and refusing to commemorate the Patriarch; Metropolitan [[Seraphim (Tikas) of Athens|Seraphim]] of Ioannina is elected Archbishop of Athens and all Greece (1974-1998).
| |
| − | *1975 Death of Papa-[[Dimitris (Gagastathis)]]; ''Article 3'' of the [[w:Constitution of Greece|Greek Constitution]] officially declares the prevailing religion in Greece as Eastern Orthodoxy under the authority of the autocephalous [[Church of Greece]], united in doctrine to the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]].
| |
| − | *1976 The ''[[w:Dimotiki|Dimotiki]] (Demotic)'' dialect of [[w:Modern Greek|Modern Greek]] was made the official language, replacing the purified and formal ''[[w:Katharevousa|Katharevousa]]'' dialect of [[w:Modern Greek|Modern Greek]] which had been in use for nearly two centuries since foundation of the modern Greek state.
| |
| − | *1978 Abortions are legalised in Greece but only under certain specific circumstances.
| |
| − | *1980 Death of Elder [[Philotheos (Zervakos)]] of Paros; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and Rhodes.
| |
| − | *1981 Greece becomes the 10th member of the European Community, [[January 1]]; Adultery is decriminalized in the penal code.
| |
| − | *1982 [[w:Greek diacritics|Monotonic orthography]] was imposed by law on the Greek language, however the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]] continues to use [[w:Greek diacritics|polytonic orthography]].
| |
| − | *1983 Death of Elder [[Arsenios the cave-dweller of Mt. Athos]].
| |
| − | *1984 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete.
| |
| − | *1986 [[Root of Jesse]] icon of the Mother of God in Andros begins gushing myrrh; glorification of [[Arsenios the Cappadocian]] (+1924) by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
| |
| − | *1987 In April, parliament approved a law to expropriate monastic land in order to redistribute some to poor peasants, and to take over administration of urban church-owned assets; Abp. [[Seraphim (Tikas) of Athens]] was victorious however in preventing the government from expropriating church landholdings, by allowing some land redistribution while opposing nationalisation of church and monastery land.
| |
| − | *1988 [[Mount Athos]] is designated a UNESCO World Heritage site; radio station "[[Church of Piraeus 91.2 FM]]" begins transmitting in October.
| |
| − | *1989 Elder [[Ephraim of Philotheou]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America.
| |
| − | *1991 Death of Elder [[Porphyrios (Bairaktaris) the Kapsokalivite]] (Evangelos (Bairaktaris)) [[February 7]].
| |
| − | *1992 Deaths of [[Gabrielia (Papayannis)]] and [[Chrysanthi of Andros]]; Synaxis of primates of Orthodox churches in Constantinople; Thessaloniki was selected as the cultural capital of Europe.
| |
| − | *1993 [[Church of Cyprus]] condemned Freemasonry as a religion incompatible with Christianity; canonization of [[Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna]].
| |
| − | *1994 Death of Elder [[Paisios (Eznepidis)]] of Mt. [[Athos]] [[July 12]]; Museum of Byzantine Culture is inaugurated in Thessaloniki; Greek Parliament passes a resolution affirming the [[w:Greek genocide|genocide in the Pontus region]] of Asia Minor and designated [[May 19]] a day of commemoration.
| |
| − | *1995 Death of Eldress [[Macrina of Volos]]; Ecumenical Patriarch [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] visits Patmos as part of the celebration of the 1,900th anniversary of the writing of the [[Book of Revelation]] by the [[Apostle John|Evangelist John]].
| |
| − | *1997 A bomb explodes at the [[Church of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]], seriously injuring Orthodox deacon Nectarius Nikolou and damaging several buildings.
| |
| − | *1998 Death of Elder [[Ephraim of Katounakia]]; [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/thessaloniki_roc.aspx Thessaloniki Summit] held to discuss Orthodox participation in [[w:World Council of Churches|WCC]]; [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens|Archbishop Christodoulos (Paraskevaides)]] was enthroned in Athens as the new head of the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]] (1998-2008); a proposal to force the separation of church and state in Greece was rejected; Greek parliament affirmed the [[w:Greek genocide|genocide of Greeks]] in Asia Minor as a whole (Pontian and Anatolian [[w:Ottoman Greeks|Ottoman Greeks]]), and designated [[September 14]] a day of commemoration.
| |
| − | *2000 Government of Greece orders removal of compulsory reference to religious affiliation on state identity cards, despite campaigns against this from the [[Church of Greece]] and the majority of the public.
| |
| − | *2001 Death of Elder [[Haralambos Dionysiatis]], teacher of [[Jesus Prayer|noetic prayer]]; on the first trip to Greece by a Pope since AD 710, Pope John Paul II of Rome [[Fourth Crusade#Papal Apology to Orthodox Church|apologizes to Orthodox Church]] for [[Fourth Crusade]]; a day earlier some 1,000 Orthodox conservatives took to the streets to denounce his visit; in March, Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] blessed the ''Hellenic Genocide Petition Effort'', which urged that the government not violate Law 2675/98 by deleting the term "genocide" when explaining the destruction of Hellenism in Asia Minor; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits the [[Church of Russia|Patriarchate of Moscow]], being also received by Russian President Vladimir Putin.
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| − | *2002 [[Metropolis of Glyfada]] is established as a new [[metropolis]] separating from [[Metropolis of Nea Smyrni]]; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] consented to the construction of a mosque in Athens to end the situation of the Greek capital being the only EU capital without a Muslim place of worship; Ecumenical [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew I]] of Constantinople declared the monks of [[Esphigmenou Monastery (Athos)]] as being in [[schism]] with the [[Orthodox Church]].
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| − | *2003 Orthodox Churches in Europe commemorated the 550th anniversary of the fall of Constantinople in May; the Greek Minister of Culture Evangelos Venizelos informs Europarliament session that the status of the monasteries on Holy [[Mount Athos]] and its way of life will remain unchanged, citing official recognition of this status fixed in Article 105 of the Greek Constitution and also legally confirmed in the special Athens Treaty clause specifying conditions on which Greece joined the European Union; in February, the Holy Synod of the [[Church of Greece|Greek Orthodox Church]] issued a statement opposing the threat of war in Iraq.
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| − | *2003 Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] has falling out with Ecumenical [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Patriarch Bartholomew]] over who should have the final say in the appointment of bishops in northern Greece, but rift is mended four months later; the proposal to build a mosque outside Athens before the 2004 Olympics was blocked due to opposition from residents and [[Church of Greece|Greece's Orthodox Church]] which disagreed with the location and plans for the funding for the multimillion-pound mosque to come from Saudi Arabia's King Fahd.
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| − | *2004 In September, a helicopter carrying Patr. [[Petros VII (Papapetrou) of Alexandria]] along with 16 others (including 3 other bishops of the [[Church of Alexandria]]) crashed into the Aegean Sea while en route to the monastic community of [[Mount Athos]] with no survivors.
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| − | *2005 Church of Greece hosted the WCC ''World Conference on Mission and Evangelism'' in Athens, the first in an Orthodox country in the history of this body; in October, the ''"Grey Wolves"'' Turkish terrorist group staged a rally outside the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] in Phanar, proceeding to the gate where they laid a black wreath, chanting ''"Patriarch Leave"'' and ''"Patriarchate to Greece"'', inaugurating the campaign for the collection of signatures to oust the Ecumenical Patriarchate from Istanbul; Britain's Prince Charles arrived on the monastic community of [[Mount Athos]] for a three-day visit in May; Vladimir Putin becomes the first Russian state leader to visit [[Mount Athos]].
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| − | *2006 Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] visits Vatican, the first head of the [[Church of Greece]] to visit the Vatican, reciprocating the Pope's visit to Greece in 2001, signing a Joint Declaration on the importance of the Christian roots of Europe and protecting fundamental human rights; government of Greece announces it will fund and build a €15 million (US$19 million) new mosque in Athens, to be the the first working mosque in the Greek capital since the end of Ottoman rule over 170 years prior, welcomed by Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] and the [[Church of Greece]] in accordance with its established position; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] castigated globalisation as a ''"crime against humanity"''; Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis goes on a three-day pilgrimmage to [[Mount Athos]].
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| − | *2006 The church reported that there were 216 men’s monastic communities and 259 for women along with 66 sketes, with a total of 1,041 monks and 2,500 nuns, witnessing to a modern modest revival in [[monasticism]]; in September, barely 48 hours after a Somali Islamic cleric called for Muslims to kill the Pope, Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] told a sermon in Athens that Christians in Africa were suffering at the hands of ''"fanatic Islamists"'', citing the example of Roman Catholic monks who were slaughtered the previous year ''"because they wore the cross and believed in our crucified Lord"''; Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]] criticized the authors of a state issued elementary school sixth grade history textbook, as attempting to conceal the Church's role in defending Greek national identity during Ottoman occupation, the book being later removed in 2007.
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| − | *2007 Greek Minority Lyceum at the Phanar (''[http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Great_School_of_the_Nation Megali tou Genous Sxoli]'' - today a middle and high school of the Greek minority) wins a judgement condemning Turkey at the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), for violation of the ''European Convention On Human Rights (protection of property)''; 1600th anniversary celebration of the repose of [[John Chrysostom]]; the [[w:International Association of Genocide Scholars|International Association of Genocide Scholars]] passed the ''[http://www.genocidescholars.org/images/Resolution_on_genocides_committed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire.pdf IAGS Resolution on Genocides Against Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, and Other Christians by the Ottoman Empire 13 July 2007],'' affirming that the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities between 1914-1923 was genocide.
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| − | *2008 Death of Abp. [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]], proving to be one of the most popular archbishops in Greek history, reviving the appeal of the Church in a secular age, especially among young people; Abp. [[Ieronymos II (Liapis) of Athens]] elected; [[Glorification]] of [[George (Karslidis) of Drama]]; [http://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=en&id=995&tla=en Pan-Orthodox meeting in Constantinople] in October of the Primates of the fourteen Orthodox Churches, signing a document calling for inter-orthodox unity and collaboration and "''the continuation of preparations for the Holy and Great Council''"; the 13-member standing committee of the [[Church of Greece]] denounced government plans to introduce a civil partnerships law, saying government support for common law marriage would amount to state-sanctioned “prostitution.”
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| − | *2009 The European Court on Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that Turkey violated the property rights of the ''Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Greek Orthodox Church'' on the Aegean island of Bozcaada; the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] has filed more than two dozen cases with the ECHR to recover some of the thousands of properties it has lost; US President Barack Obama made an explicit appeal in his speech to the Turkish Parliament for the reopening of the hotly contested Greek Orthodox [[Theological School of Halki|seminary on Halki]], viewed by the European Union and others as a test case for religious freedom in Turkey; a delegation from the Orthodox Church of Greece headed by Metropolitan Nectarios of Kerkira, Paxoi and Diapontioi Nisoi visited several monasteries in West Ukraine on April 28-29.
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| − |
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | *[[Church of Greece]]
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| − | *[[Timeline of Church History]]
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| − | *[[w:History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire|History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire]] at Wikipedia.
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| − |
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| − | == Notes ==
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| − | *Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
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| − | *The division of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.
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| − | *This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.
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| − |
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| − | ===Church and State===
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| − | The Orthodox Church in Greece has been considered historically as the protector of the so-called “Hellenic Orthodox Civilization.” The actual role of the Orthodox Church since the creation of the Greek nation-state has been interpreted in many diverse and opposing ways; nevertheless, '''in all Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church is accorded the status of the “prevailing religion"'''. <br>
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| − | Article 3 of Greece's Constitution defines the relations between the Church and the State :
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| − |
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| − | :''"The prevailing religion in Greece is that of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ. The Orthodox Church of Greece, acknowledging our Lord Jesus Christ as its head, is inseparably united in doctrine with the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople and with every other Church of Christ of the same doctrine, observing unwaveringly, as they do, the holy apostolic and synodal canons and sacred traditions. It is autocephalous and is administered by the Holy Synod of serving Bishops and the Permanent Holy Synod originating thereof and assembled as specified by the Statutory Charter of the Church in compliance with the provisions of the Patriarchal Tome of June 29, 1850 and the Synodal Act of September 4, 1928."''<ref>"[http://www.greeceindex.com/About_Greece/Greek_Religion.html Religion of Greece]." at Greece Index.</ref>
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| − |
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| − | '''Greece is the only Orthodox state in the world'''. The relationship between the Church and the State can be characterized as ''[[w:Sui generis|sui generis]]'', since there is no complete separation nor is there an established church. The Church is the State-Church. The role of the Orthodox Church in maintaining Greek ethnic and cultural identity during the 400 years of Ottoman rule has strengthened the bond between religion and government. Most Greeks, whether personally religious or not, revere and respect the Orthodox Christian faith, attend church and major feast days, and are emotionally attached to Orthodox Christianity as their "national" religion.
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| − |
| |
| − | === Names of the Greeks ===
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| − | The Greeks have been known by a number of different names throughout history. Their rise to great heights of power and lapse to near complete destruction were situations that were repeated more than once, which is perhaps why they are such a polyonymous people. The onset of every new historical era was accompanied by a new name, either completely new or old but forgotten, extracted from tradition or borrowed from foreigners. Every single one of them was significant in its own time. From ancient times to the present these included:
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| − | * Achaeans (Αχαιοί)
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| − | * Hellenes (Έλληνες)
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| − | * Graeci (Γραικοί)
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| − | * Romans (Ρωμαίοι)
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| − | * Byzantines (Βυζαντινοί)
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| − | * [[w:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks#Romans_.28.CE.A1.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B1.CE.AF.CE.BF.CE.B9.29_and_Romioi_.28.CE.A1.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B9.CE.BF.CE.AF.29|Romioi]] (Ρωμιοί)
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| − |
| |
| − | ===Patriarchate of Rome===
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| − | The Byzantine ''"themes"'' of Greece rebelled against the iconoclast emperor Leo III in 727 and attempted to set up their own emperor, although Leo defeated them. ''Up to this time Greece and the Aegean were still technically under the ecclesiastic authority of the Pope'', but Leo also quarreled with the Papacy; the defiant attitude of Popes St. Gregory II and St. [[Gregory III of Rome|Gregory III]], who summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732) on behalf of image-veneration, led to a fierce quarrel with the emperor. Leo retaliated however by transferring the territories of southern Italy, Greece and the Aegean from the papal diocese to that of the the Patriarch of Constantinople, in effect throwing the Papacy out of the Empire.<br>
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| − | Previously the lands which Leo ΙΙΙ now placed under the authority of the [[Church of Constantinople]], although subject to the civil rule of the emperor of Constantinople ever since the end of 395, had nevertheless depended upon Rome ecclesiastically, except for a few brief interruptions including:
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| − | * In 421 (when a decree enacted by Emperor Theodosius II placed all churches within the pale of the ''Illyricum prefecture'' (then part of the Eastern Empire) subject to the Archbishop of Constantinople).
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| − | * In 438, through the Theodosian Codex, ''Illyricum'' was again placed under Constantinopolitan jurisdiction.
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| − | * To some extent during the Acacian schism, 484-519.
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| − | '''Praetorian Prefecture of Illyricum'''<br>
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| − | The ''Prefecture of Illyricum'' was named after the former province of Illyricum and was one of the four principal divisions of the Empire instituted by Diocletian. It originally included two dioceses, the ''Diocese of Pannoniae'' and the ''Diocese of Moesiae''. The Diocese of Pannoniae did not belong to the cultural Greek half of the empire, and it was transferred to the western empire when Theodosius I fixed the final split of the two empires in 395.
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| − |
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| − | The ''' ''Diocese of Moesiae'' ''' (later split into two dioceses: the ''Diocese of Macedonia'' and the ''Diocese of Dacia'') was the area known as "Eastern Illyricum", and in view of the detailed list of provinces given by Pope Nicholas Ι (858-67) in a letter in which he demanded the retrocession of the churches removed from papal jurisdiction in 732-33, this area seems to have been the region affected by Emperor Leo's punitive action.
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| − | * The ''' ''Diocese of Macedonia'' ''' consisted of seven provinces: Achaia, Creta, Thessalia, Epirus vetus, Epirus nova, Macedonia Prima, Macedoniae salutaris (Secunda).
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| − | * The ''' ''Diocese of Dacia'' ''' consisted of five provinces: Dacia mediterranea, Dacia ripensis, Moesia Prima, Dardania, Praevalitana.
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| − |
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| − | == Published works ==
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| − | '''Byzantine Era'''
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| − | * Rev. Dr. Andrew Louth. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=WlpPjOlVzQwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 Greek East and Latin West : The Church, AD 681-1071]''. '''The Church in History Vol. III'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2007. ISBN 9780881413205
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| − | * John Meyendorff. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9HQ3YU9SAG8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church].'' Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1982. ISBN 9780913836903
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| − | * John Meyendorff. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=GoVeDXMvY-8C&pg=PP5&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1 Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes.]'' 2nd ed. Fordham Univ Press, 1979. ISBN 9780823209675
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| − | * J. M. Hussey. ''Church & Learning in the Byzantine Empire, 867-1185.'' Oxford University Press, 1937.
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| − | * [http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/vryonis_memoirs.html Milton V. Anastos]. ''Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium: Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome''. Ashgate Publications, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 2001.
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| − | * [http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/vryonis_memoirs.html Milton V. Anastos]. ''"The transfer of Illyricum, Calabria, and Sicily to the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in 732-33."'' In: Anastos, '''Studies in Byzantine Intellectual History'''. Variorum Collected Studies Series, London, 1979.
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| − | * Prof. Fergus Millar. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=GMpC3MJgmGwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:Fergus+inauthor:Millar#PPP1,M1 A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408-450)]''. University of California Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0520253919
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| − | * Fr. [[w:Robert F. Taft|Robert F. Taft]] (S.J.), Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute. ''Through Their Own Eyes: Liturgy as the Byzantines Saw It''. InterOrthodox Press, 2006. 172 pp. (ISBN 1932401067; ISBN 9781932401066)
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| − | * Speros Vryonis, (Jr). ''"Byzantine Attitudes towards Islam during the Late Middle Ages."'' '''Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies''' 12 (1971).
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| − | * Steven Runciman. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=YQYe7VGlym8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 The Byzantine Theocracy].'' Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780521545914
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| − | * Timothy S. Miller. ''Medieval Byzantine Christianity''. Ed. by Derek Krueger. '''A People's History of Christianity, Vol. 3'''. Minneapolis, Fortress Press. 2006. pp.252.
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| − |
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| − | '''Latin Occupation'''
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| − | * Aristeides Papadakis (with John Meyendorff). ''The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy: The Church 1071-1453 A.D.'' '''The Church in History Vol. IV'''. Crestwood, N.Y. : St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 1994. ISBN 9780881410587
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| − | * Deno John Geanakoplos. ''Byzantine East and Latin West: Two worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and Renaissance: Studies in Ecclesiastical and Cultural History.'' Oxford Blackwell 1966. ISBN 9780208016157
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| − | * E. Brown. ''"The Cistercians in the Latin Empire of Constantinople and Greece."'' '''Traditio''' 14 (1958), pp.63-120.
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| − | * Kenneth M. Setton. ''Catalan Domination of Athens, 1311-1388.'' Mediaeval Academy of America, 1948.
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| − | * P. Charanis. ''"Byzantium, the West and the Origin of the First Crusade."'' '''Byzantion''' 19 (1949), pp.17-36.
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| − | * R. Wolff. ''"The Organisation of the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople 1204-61."'' '''Traditio''' 6 (1948), pp.33-60.
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| − | * William Miller. ''The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece 1204-1566''. Cambridge, Speculum Historiale, 1908.
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| − |
| |
| − | '''Ottoman Turkish Occupation'''
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| − | * Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos. ''The Greek Nation, 1453-1669: The Cultural and Economic Background of Modern Greek Society.'' Transl. from Greek. Rutgers University Press, 1975. ISBN 9780813508108 ''(One of the few scholarly studies in English of this period)''
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| − | * Bat Ye'or. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?id=C2GgHl9Rls0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Decline+of+Eastern+Christianity+under+Islam%22&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: Seventh-Twentieth Century]''. Translated by Miriam Kochan. Published by Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1996. 522pp. ISBN 9780838636886
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| − | * Fr. Nomikos Michael Vaporis. ''[http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&id=wTdz-34tZ4sC&dq=%22Witnesses+for+Christ%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=95xDXrAvzW&sig=wwfJEpZuBFhL3duFdlqtp_vXLkg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result Witnesses for Christ: Orthodox Christian Neomartyrs of the Ottoman Period 1437-1860]''. St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2000. 377 pp. ISBN 9780881411966
| |
| − | * George P. Henderson. ''The Revival of Greek Thought, 1620-1830.'' State University of New York Press, 1970. ISBN 9780873950695 ''(Focuses on the intellectual revivial preceeding the War of Independence in 1821)''
| |
| − | * George A. Maloney, (S.J.). ''A History of Orthodox Theology Since 1453''. Norland Publishing, Massachusetts, 1976.
| |
| − | * [[w:L. S. Stavrianos|Leften S. Stavrianos]]. ''[[w:The Balkans Since 1453|The Balkans Since 1453]]''. Rinehart & Company, New York, 1958.
| |
| − | * Speros Vryonis, (Jr). ''The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century''. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1971. ''(Very comprehensive, masterpiece of scholarship)''
| |
| − | * Steven Runciman. ''The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence.'' Cambridge University Press,1986.
| |
| − | * Theodore H. Papadopoulos. ''Studies and Documents Relating to the History of the Greek Church and People Under Turkish Domination''. 2nd ed. Variorum, Hampshire, Great Britain, 1990. ''(Scholarly; Source texts in Greek)''
| |
| − | :'''Articles'''
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| − | :* Elizabeth A. Zachariadou. ''[http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521811132_CHOL9780521811132A008 The Great Church in captivity 1453–1586].'' '''Eastern Christianity'''. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
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| − | :* Elizabeth A. Zachariadou. ''[http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521811132_CHOL9780521811132A007 Mount Athos and the Ottomans c. 1350–1550].'' '''Eastern Christianity'''. Ed. Michael Angold. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Cambridge Histories Online.
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| − | :* I. K. Hassiotis. ''From the 'Refledging' to the 'Illumination of the Nation': Aspects of Political Ideology in the Greek Church Under Ottoman Domination''. '''Balkan Studies''' 1999 40(1): 41-55.
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| − | :* Socrates D. Petmezas. ''Christian Communities in Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Ottoman Greece: Their Fiscal Functions''. '''Princeton Papers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies''' 2005 12: 71-127.
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| − |
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| − | '''Greek War of Independence'''
| |
| − | * David Brewer. ''The Greek War of Independence : the struggle for freedom from Ottoman oppression and the birth of the modern Greek nation.'' Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 2001. 393pp.
| |
| − | * Douglas Dakin. ''The Greek struggle for independence, 1821-1833''. London, Batsford 1973.
| |
| − | * Joseph Braddock. ''The Greek Phoenix: The Struggle for Liberty from the Fall of Constantinople to the Creation of a New Greek Nation''. NY. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. 1973. 1st ed. 233pp.
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| − | * Nikiforos P. Diamandouros [et al] (Eds.). ''Hellenism and the First Greek war of Liberation (1821-1830) : Continuity and Change.'' The Modern Greek Studies Association of the United States and Canada. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies, 1976.
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| − |
| |
| − | '''Modern Greece'''
| |
| − | * Anastasios Anastassiadis. ''[http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/publica/question/qdr11.pdf Religion and Politics in Greece: The Greek Church's 'Conservative Modernization' in the 1990's]''. Research in Question, No.11, January 2004. (PDF).
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| − | * C.M. Woodhouse. ''Modern Greece''. 4th ed. Boston : Faber and Faber, 1986.
| |
| − | * Charles A. Frazee. ''The Orthodox Church and independent Greece, 1821-1852''. Cambridge University Press 1969.
| |
| − | * Demetrios J. Constantelos. ''The Greek Orthodox Church: Faith, History, and Practice.'' Seabury Press, 1967.
| |
| − | * John Hadjinicolaou (Ed.). ''Synaxis: An Anthology of the Most Significant Orthodox Theology in Greece Appearing in the Journal Synaxē from 1982 to 2002''. Montréal : Alexander Press, 2006.
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| − | * John L. Tomkinson. ''[http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?pageID=73&la=eng Between Heaven and Earth: The Greek Church].'' Anagnosis Books, Athens, 2004. ISBN 960-87186-5-1
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| − | * Mother Nectaria McLees. ''EVLOGEITE! A Pilgrim's Guide to Greece.'' 1st Ed. St. Nicholas Press, Kansas City, MO, 2002. 927 pp. ISBN 09716365-1-6
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| − | * Rev. Dr. Nicon D. Patrinacos (M.A., D.Phil. (Oxon)). ''A Dictionary of Greek Orthodoxy - Λεξικον Ελληνικης Ορθοδοξιας''. Light & Life Publishing, Minnesota, 1984.
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| − |
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <div class="small"><references/></div>
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| − |
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| − | <!---
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| − | == External Links ==
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| − | --->
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| − |
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| − | [[Category:Timelines|Greece]]
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| − | [[Category:Church History]]
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