Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Orthodoxy in America"

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The '''History of Orthodoxy in America''' is complex and resists any easy categorizations or explanations.
 
The '''History of Orthodoxy in America''' is complex and resists any easy categorizations or explanations.
  
==Early Missions (1767-1900)==
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==Early Visits and Missions (530-1900)==
*1767 A community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida.
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*530 St. [[Brendan the Voyager|Brendan the Navigator]] lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks.
*1794 Missionaries, including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska.
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*1738 Conversion of Col. [[Philip Ludwell III]] of Virginia at Russian church in London.
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*1741 [[Divine Liturgy]] celebrated on a Russian ship off the coast of Alaska.
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*1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Spanish Florida.
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*1787 The US Constitution is drafted in Philadelphia, embodying the ideal of secular government with deliberate separation of "church and state" (First Amendment).
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*1794 Missionaries, including [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska.
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*1796 Martyrdom of [[Juvenaly of Alaska]].
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*1799 Ioasaph (Bolotov) [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] in Irkutsk as first [[bishop]] for Alaska, but dies in a shipwreck during his return.
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*1803 Louisiana Purchase expands American territory beyond Mississippi River.
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* 1804 The [[double-headed eagle]] became a motif widely used in [[w:Tlingit people|Tlingit]] art, after the [[w:Battle of Sitka|Russian-Tlingit Battle of Sitka]] in 1804, when [[w:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov|Aleksandr Baranov]], the first governor of colonial Russian Alaska and manager of the Russian-America Company, presented the ''[[w:Tlingit clans|Kiks.adi]]'' Sitka Tlingit leaders with a large medallion on which was found the Russian imperial symbol.<ref>''[http://qmackie.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/double-headed-eagles/ Two Views of Double-Headed Eagles].'' Northwest Coast Archaeology. Posted on March 1, 2010. Retrieved: 2013-10-06.</ref>
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*1816 Martyrdom of [[Peter the Aleut]] near San Francisco.
 
*1817 Russian colony of Fort Ross established 60 miles from San Francisco.
 
*1817 Russian colony of Fort Ross established 60 miles from San Francisco.
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*1819 Various Spanish territories ceded to United States, including Florida.
 
*1824 Fr. [[Innocent of Alaska|John Veniaminov]] comes to Unalaska, Alaska.
 
*1824 Fr. [[Innocent of Alaska|John Veniaminov]] comes to Unalaska, Alaska.
*1834 Fr. [[Innocent of Alaska|John Veniaminov]] moves to Sitka, Alaska.
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*1825 First native priest, [[Jacob Netsvetov]].
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*1834 Fr. [[Innocent of Alaska|John Veniaminov]] moves to Sitka, Alaska; liturgy and catechism translated into Aleut.
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*1830 Saints Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Church is founded on [[w:Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|Saint Paul Island (Alaska)]], in the Bering Sea.<ref>''[http://oca.org/parishes/oca-ak-stpspp SS. Peter and Paul Church].'' Orthodox Church in America (OCA) - Parishes. Retrieved: 2013-10-06.</ref>
 
*1836 Imperial ''[[ukaz]]'' regarding Alaskan education issued from Czar Nicholas I that students were to become faithful members of the Orthodox Church, loyal subjects of the Czar, and loyal citizens; Fr. John Veniaminov returns to Russia.
 
*1836 Imperial ''[[ukaz]]'' regarding Alaskan education issued from Czar Nicholas I that students were to become faithful members of the Orthodox Church, loyal subjects of the Czar, and loyal citizens; Fr. John Veniaminov returns to Russia.
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*1837 Death of [[Herman of Alaska]] on Spruce Island.
 
*1840 Consecration of Fr. [[Innocent of Alaska|John Veniaminov]] as [[bishop]] with the name Innocent.
 
*1840 Consecration of Fr. [[Innocent of Alaska|John Veniaminov]] as [[bishop]] with the name Innocent.
*1841 Return of St. [[Innocent of Alaska]] to Sitka; sale of Fort Ross property to an American citizen.
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*1841 Return of [[Innocent of Alaska]] to Sitka; sale of Fort Ross property to an American citizen; pastoral school established in Sitka.
*1844 Formation of [[seminary]] in Sitka.
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* 1843 First mission school for the [[w:Eskimos|Eskimos]] was established at [[w:Nushagak, Alaska|Nushagak]] by Russian-Greek Orthodox Church.<ref name=Alaskool>''[http://www.alaskool.org/cgi-bin/java/interactive/timelineframe.html Alaska Native History - Timeline - Alaskool].'' Alaskool (Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage). Retreived: 2013-10-06.</ref>
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*1844 Formation of [[seminary]] in Sitka.<ref group="note">In 1844, St. Innocent (Veniaminov) organized the first Orthodox theological school in North America at Sitka, inaugurating a golden age of Orthodox educational ministry and mission in Alaska. This lasted until the catastrophe of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, when the last Russian-sponsored parochial school in Alaska closed.<br>
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:* ''[https://oca.org/parishes/oca-ak-kodshs St. Herman's Seminary, Kodiak, Alaska].'' Orthodox Church in America (OCA) - Parishes. Retrieved: 2013-10-06.</ref>
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*1845 Former Republic of Texas joins United States.
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*1846 Pacific Northwest received by United States via treaty with United Kingdom.
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*1848 [[Consecration]] of St. Michael Cathedral in Sitka; Pacific Southwest won from Mexico by United States.
 
*1850 Alaskan episcopal see and seminary moved to Yakutsk, Russia.
 
*1850 Alaskan episcopal see and seminary moved to Yakutsk, Russia.
*1858 [[Peter (Sysakoff) of Sitka|Peter (Sysakoff)]] consecrated as [[auxiliary bishop]] for Alaska.
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*1858 [[Peter (Ekaterinovsky) of Novoarkhangelsk|Peter (Lysakov)]] consecrated as [[auxiliary bishop]] for Alaska with Innocent's primary see moved to Yakutsk.
*1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
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*1864 [http://holytrinitycathedral.org/history.html Holy Trinity Church], first Orthodox [[parish]] established on United States soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
*1867 Alaska purchased by the United States from Russia; Bp. [[Paul (Popov) of Sitka|Paul (Popov)]] succeeds Bp. Peter.
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*1865 First [[Divine Liturgy]] celebrated in New York City, by Fr. [[Agapius Honcharenko]].
*1868 First Russian parish established in US territory in San Francisco, California; St. [[Innocent of Alaska]] becomes Metropolitan of Moscow.
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*1867 Alaska purchased by United States from Russia;<ref group="note">[[October 18]] is now celebrated as "[[Alaska Day]]."</ref> Bp. [[Paul (Popov) of Novoarkhangelsk|Paul (Popov)]] succeeds Bp. Peter.
*1870 Diocese of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska formed by the [[Church of Russia]] with Bp. [[John (Metropolsky) of the Aleutians|John (Metropolsky)]] as ruling hierarch.
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*1868 First Russian parish established in US territory in San Francisco, California; [[Innocent of Alaska]] becomes Metropolitan of Moscow.
*1872 See of the Aleutians diocese moved to San Francisco.
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*1870 Diocese of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska formed by the [[Church of Russia]] with Bp. [[John (Mitropolsky) of the Aleutians|John (Mitropolsky)]] as ruling hierarch; [[Nicholas Bjerring]], a Roman Catholic layman, converts to Orthodoxy and becomes priest of a Russian chapel in New York City.
*1876 Bp. [[John (Metropolsky) of the Aleutians|John (Metropolsky)]] recalled to Russia.
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*1871-72 Visit of Russian Grand Duke Alexis to the United States.
*1879 Bp. [[Nestor (Zakkis) of the Aleutians|Nestor (Zakkis)]] succeeds [[John (Metropolsky) of the Aleutians|John (Metropolsky)]].
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*1872 See of the Aleutians diocese moved to San Francisco, placing it outside the [[canonical territory|defined boundaries]] of the diocese (i.e., Alaska).
*1882 Bp. [[Nestor (Zakkis) of the Aleutians|Nestor (Zakkis)]] drowns in the Bering Sea.
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*1876 Bp. [[John (Mitropolsky) of the Aleutians|John (Mitropolsky)]] recalled to Russia.
*1888 Bp. [[Vladimir (Sokolovsky) of the Aleutians|Vladimir (Sokolovsky)]] becomes Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska.
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*1879 Bp. [[Nestor (Zass) of the Aleutians|Nestor (Zass)]] succeeds [[John (Mitropolsky) of the Aleutians|John (Metropolsky)]].
*1891 Fr. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre|Alexis Toth]], a [[Uniate]] priest, petitions to be received along with his parish in Minneapolis into the Russian Church; Bp. Nicholas (Adoratsky) assigned as Bishop of Alaska but is transferred before taking up his post; [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] becomes ruling bishop of the Alaskan diocese
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*1882 Bp. [[Nestor (Zass) of the Aleutians|Nestor (Zass)]] drowns in Bering Sea.
*1892 Fr. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre|Alexis Toth]] and his parish in Minneapolis received into the Russian Church; Carpatho-Russian [[Uniate]] parishes in Illinois, Connecticut, and several Pennsylvania soon follow suit.
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*1883 Fr. [[Nicholas Bjerring]], priest of the Russian chapel in New York City, converts to Presbyterianism.
*1898 Bp. [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] returns to Russia; [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] becomes Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska.
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*1886-1895 In the face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including smallpox, many [[w:Tlingit people|Tlingit people]] (an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America), converted to Orthodox Christianity.<ref>Boyd, Robert Thomas. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=P_FdUPbmwCgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22spirit+of+pestilence%22&ei=sWgQS8bGAqOykAT1pOXcCw#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874].'' Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999. p. 241.</ref><ref group="note">Russian Orthodox missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language. It has been argued that they saw Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life," which was associated with Presbyterianism.<br>
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:*Kan, Sergei. ''Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity Through Two Centuries.'' Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1999. pp.xix-xxii.</ref>
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*1888 Bp. [[Vladimir (Sokolovsky-Avtonomov) of the Aleutians|Vladimir (Sokolovsky)]] becomes Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska.
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*1890-1917 Greek Immigration to USA: widespread unemployment and economic problems led to migrations to the US of 450,000 Greeks, one-fifth of the total population.
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*1891 Fr. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre|Alexis Toth]], a [[Uniate]] priest, petitions to be received along with his parish in Minneapolis into the Russian church; Bp. Nicholas (Adoratsky) assigned as Bishop of Alaska but is transferred before taking up his post; [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] becomes ruling bishop of the Alaskan diocese.
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*1892 Fr. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre|Alexis Toth]] and his parish in Minneapolis received into Russian church; Carpatho-Russian [[Uniate]] parishes in Illinois, Connecticut, and several in Pennsylvania soon follow; first Serbian parish established in Jackson, California; Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox parish founded in New York City; Greek and Russian parishes founded in Chicago; first American-born person ordained, Fr. [[Sebastian Dabovich]].
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*1895 Archim. [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]] arrives in America; Fr. [[John Kochurov]] arrives in America and becomes priest of the Russian parish in Chicago; Fr. [[Anatole (Kamensky) of Irkutsk|Anatole (Kamensky)]] arrives in Alaska; first Syrian parish in Brooklyn, New York, founded by [[Raphael of Brooklyn]]; first clergy conference, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
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*1896 Bp. [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] reports to the [[Church of Russia#The Synodical Church (1700-1917)|Holy Synod of Russia]] that "the commemoration of the Emperor and the Reigning House during the divine services brings forth dismay and apprehension among Orthodox in America of non-Russian background"; [[Alexander Hotovitsky]] appointed as [[rector]] in New York; [http://www.thecathedralnyc.org/cathedral-history Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church] is chartered by a special act of the New York State Legislature, being the first Greek Church founded in New York.
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*1897 Bp. [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] and Fr. [[Sebastian Dabovich]] petition [[Church of Serbia]] to oversee Serbian parishes in America, but are rebuffed due to an inability to support the infrastructure.
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*1898 Bp. [[Nicholas (Ziorov) of Warsaw|Nicholas (Ziorov)]] returns to Russia; [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] becomes Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska; American annexation of Hawaii.
  
 
==Beyond Alaska (1900-1918)==
 
==Beyond Alaska (1900-1918)==
*1900 Name of Russian mission diocese changed from ''the Aleutian Islands and Alaska'' to ''the Aleutian Islands and North America''.
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*1900 Name of Russian mission diocese changed from ''the Aleutian Islands and Alaska'' to ''the Aleutian Islands and North America'', claiming an expansion of its [[canonical territory|territorial boundaries]].
*1904 [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]] consecrated as Bishop of Brooklyn, becoming the first Orthodox bishop to be consecrated in America; [[Innocent (Pustinsky) of Sitka|Innocent (Pustinsky)]] consecrated as Bishop of Alaska.
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*1901 First Orthodox church in Canada, in Vostok, Alberta.
*1905 [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; Bp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] raised to the rank of archbishop; seminary opened in Minneapolis.
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*1902 Building of St. Nicholas Cathedral in [[Diocese of New York and New Jersey (OCA)|New York]]; first Romanian parish in North America founded in Regina, Saskatchewan.
*1906 Blessing of [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)|St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery]] by hierarchs Tikhon, Raphael and Innocent; 1st All-American Sobor held in Mayfield, PA, at which the name of the Russian mission was declared to be ''The Russian Orthodox Greek-Catholic Church in North America under the Hierarchy of the Russian Church''.
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*1904 [[Innocent (Pustynsky) of Alaska|Innocent (Pustynsky)]] consecrated as Bishop of Alaska; [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael (Hawaweeny)]] consecrated as Bishop of Brooklyn, becoming the first Orthodox bishop to be consecrated in America; first Romanian-American parish founded in Cleveland, Ohio.
*1907 Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] returns to Russia and is succeeded in his see by [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]] as Archbishop of the Aleutians and North America; Uniate Bp. Stephen Ortinsky sent to the US by Rome to stem the tide of Uniate returns to Orthodoxy; Papal decree ''Ea Semper'' issued, mandating all Uniate priests in American be celibate.
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*1905 [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; Bp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] raised to rank of archbishop; seminary opened in Minneapolis; Russian see transferred to [[Diocese of New York and New Jersey (OCA)|New York]]; Fr. [[Sebastian Dabovich]] elevated to [[archimandrite]] and given charge over Serbian parishes by Tikhon; Episcopal priest of nearly 30 years Dr. [[Ingram Irvine]] converted to Orthodoxy, assigned to "English work."
*1909 Bp. [[Innocent (Pustinsky) of Sitka|Innocent (Pustinsky)]] transferred to Russia, succeeded by [[Alexander (Nemolovsky) of the Aleutians|Alexander (Nemolovsky)]] as Bishop of Alaska; death of Fr. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre|Alexis Toth]].
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*1906 Holy Synod of Russia confirms practice of commemorating the American president by name, and not the Russian Tsar, during divine services; blessing of [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)|St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery]] by hierarchs Tikhon, Raphael and Innocent; translation of ''Service Book'' by [[Isabel Hapgood]].
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*1907 [[All-American_Sobor#First_All-American_Sobor|1st All-American Sobor]] held in Mayfield, PA, at which name of the Russian mission was declared to be ''The Russian Orthodox Greek-Catholic Church in North America under the Hierarchy of the Russian Church''; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] returns to Russia and is succeeded by [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]]; Uniate Bp. Stephen Ortinsky sent to the US by Rome to stem the tide of Uniate returns to Orthodoxy; Papal decree ''Ea Semper'' issued, mandating all Uniate priests in American be celibate; first [[Sunday of Orthodoxy]] service in New York; first Bulgarian parish in Madison, Illinois; ordination in Constantinople of first Black American Orthodox priest, the Very Rev. Fr. [[Raphael Morgan]], ''[[Missionary|Priest-Apostolic]] to America and the West Indies.''
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*1908 [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] gives temporary care of American Greek parishes to [[Church of Greece|Greece]]; Fr. [[Theophan Noli]] celebrates first [[Divine Liturgy]] in the Albanian language; first Albanian parish founded in Boston.
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*1909 Bp. [[Innocent (Pustynsky) of Alaska|Innocent (Pustynsky)]] transferred to Russia, succeeded by [[Alexander (Nemolovsky) of the Aleutians|Alexander (Nemolovsky)]] as Bishop of Alaska; death of Fr. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre|Alexis Toth]].
 
*1911 Minneapolis seminary transferred to Tenafly, New Jersey.
 
*1911 Minneapolis seminary transferred to Tenafly, New Jersey.
*1914 Abp. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]] recalled to Russia and made bishop of Kishinev, after having received 72 communities (mainly ex-Uniate Carpatho-Russians) into Orthodoxy during his rule.
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*1912 Formation of first Serbian Orthodox Church congregation in Canada, in Regina (Holy Trinity Serbian Orthodox Church).
*1915 Death of St. [[Raphael of Brooklyn]]; Abp. [[Evdokim (Meschersky) of the Aleutians|Evdokim (Meschersky)]] succeeds Platon.
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*1913 Serbian clergy vote to come under [[Church of Serbia]] but meet with no response.
*1916 Consecration of [[Philip (Stavitsky) of Sitka]]; [[Alexander (Nemolovsky) of the Aleutians|Alexander (Nemolovsky)]] appointed Bishop of Canada with his see in Winnipeg.
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*1914 Abp. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]] recalled to Russia and made bishop of Kishinev, after having received 72 communities (mainly ex-Uniate Carpatho-Russians) into Orthodoxy during his rule; [[Church of Antioch|Antiochian]] Metr. [[Germanos (Shehadi) of Zahle]] comes to US to raise funds for an agricultural school in Syria.
*1917 Ex-Uniate priest [[Stephen (Dzubay) of Pittsburgh|Alexander Dzubay]] consecrated with the name Stephen as Bishop of Pittsburgh; Archim. [[Aftimios Ofiesh|Aftimios (Ofiesh)]] consecrated as Bishop of Brooklyn; St. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
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*1915 Death of [[Raphael of Brooklyn]]; Abp. [[Evdokim (Meschersky) of the Aleutians|Evdokim (Meschersky)]] succeeds Platon; first [[monastery]] for women in Springfield, Vermont.
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*1916 Consecration of [[Philip (Stavitsky) of Alaska]]; [[Alexander (Nemolovsky) of the Aleutians|Alexander (Nemolovsky)]] appointed Bishop of Canada with his see in Winnipeg; organization of [[Syrian Holy Orthodox Greek Catholic Mission in North America]] by [[Germanos (Shehadi) of Zahle|Germanos (Shehadi)]] with founding of St. Mary's Cathedral in Brooklyn, New York; death of Rev. [[Agapius Honcharenko]].
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*1917 Ex-Uniate priest [[Stephen (Dzubay) of Pittsburgh|Alexander Dzubay]] consecrated with the name ''Stephen'' as Bishop of Pittsburgh; Archim. [[Aftimios Ofiesh|Aftimios (Ofiesh)]] consecrated as Bishop of Brooklyn; Abp. [[Tikhon of Moscow|Tikhon (Belavin)]] elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia at the [[All-Russian Church Council of 1917-1918|All Russian Sobor of 1917-1918]].
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*1918-24 Emigration of 70,000 Greeks to the United States.
  
 
==Revolution and Rivalry (1918-1943)==
 
==Revolution and Rivalry (1918-1943)==
*1918 The Bolshevik Revolution throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian mission in America.
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*1918 Bolshevik Revolution throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian mission in America; Metr. [[Meletios IV (Metaxakis) of Constantinople|Meletios (Metaxakis) of Athens]] arrives in America to organize Greek parishes; [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] rescinds temporary transfer of Greek parishes in US to [[Church of Greece|Greece]].
*1919 Southern Church Council meets in Stavropol at which Higher Church Administration was formed in Southern Russia.
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*1919 Southern Church Council meets in Stavropol at which Higher Church Administration is formed in Southern Russia; 2nd [[All-American Sobor]] meets in Cleveland, electing [[Alexander (Nemolovsky) of the Aleutians|Alexander (Nemolovsky)]] as its new diocesan bishop, and also electing bishops for the Albanian and Serbian communities, pending approval from Moscow (which never comes); [[Germanos (Shehadi) of Zahle|Germanos (Shehadi)]] receives Ukrainians in Canada.
*1920 St. [[Tikhon of Moscow]] issues [[Ukaz No. 362]]; first session of the Higher Church Administration outside borders of Russia.
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*1920 [[Tikhon of Moscow]] issues [[Ukaz No. 362]]; first session of the Higher Church Administration outside borders of Russia.
*1921 34 [[ROCOR]] bishops meet in synod in Karlovtsy, Serbia, including Metr. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky]], primate of the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Metropolia]].
+
*1921 34 [[ROCOR]] bishops meet in synod in Karlovtsy, Serbia, including Metr. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky]], primate of the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Metropolia]]; death of Fr. [[Ingram Irvine|Ingram Nathaniel Irvine]]; in New York City, [[George Alexander McGuire]] founded the non-canonical ''"African Orthodox Church"'' (AOC), envisaged as a home for blacks of the protestant Episcopal persuasion who wanted ecclesiastical independence.
*1924 4th All-American Sobor of the [[OCA|Metropolia]] votes to establish "temporary self-government," breaking administrative ties with Moscow.
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*1922 [[Church of Greece]] transfers control of its parishes to the [[Church of Constantinople]]; founding of [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]]; [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Metropolia]] convenes [[All-American_Sobor#Third_All-American_Sobor|3rd All-American Sobor]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
*1926 Metr. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]] of the Metropolia breaks ties with the [[ROCOR]] synod.
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*1924 4th [[All-American Sobor]] of the [[OCA|Metropolia]] votes to establish "temporary self-government," breaking administrative ties with Moscow; [[Victor (Abo-Assaley) of New York|Victor (Abo-Assaley)]] consecrated as first Antiochian Archbishop of New York and All North America; [[Stephen (Dzubay) of Pittsburgh|Stephen (Dzubay)]] returns to [[Unia]]; Ukrainians in Canada join [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]].
*1927 ROCOR synod sends epistle to American parishes [[suspension|suspending]] Platon and his [[clergy]]; founding of the [[American Orthodox Catholic Church]] by the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Metropolia]].
+
*1926 Metr. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]] of the Metropolia breaks ties with [[ROCOR]] synod; founding of Serbian diocese.
*1933 Metr. [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky]] refuses to pledge loyalty to Moscow, which declares the Metropolia to be in [[schism]] and establishes the [[Russian Exarchate of North America|Exarchate of Moscow on American soil]].
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*1927 ROCOR synod sends epistle to American parishes [[suspension|suspending]] Platon and his [[clergy]]; founding of [[American Orthodox Catholic Church]] by the [[Orthodox Church in America|Russian Metropolia]] under [[Aftimios Ofiesh]]; founding of [[Federated Russian Orthodox Clubs]] (FROC) in Pittsburgh; consecration of [[Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab) of Brooklyn|Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab)]].
*1935 "Temporary Regulations of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad" signed by [[ROCOR]] synod in Karlovtsy, Serbia, including Metr. [[Theophilus (Pashkovsky) of San Francisco|Theophilus (Pashkovsky)]] of the Metropolia, thus renewing relations; [[ROCOR]] is divided into four regions, including North America with Theophilus as the regional primate.
+
*1928 Ukrainian diocese established; consecration of [[Sophronios (Beshara) of Los Angeles|Sophronios (Beshara)]].
*1936 Metr. [[Anthony (Bashir) of New York|Anthony (Bashir)]] consecrated for the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of New York]]; on the same day ([[April 19]]), Metropolia bishops consecrate rival Abp. [[Samuel (David) of Toledo|Samuel (David)]] for the Syrians, thus solidifying a developing [[schism]] in the Antiochian faithful in the US (the "Russi-Antaaki" split).
+
*1929 [[Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America (OCA)|Romanian Orthodox Episcopate]] established.
*1937 6th All-American Sobor of the [[OCA|Metropolia]] declares itself to report to [[ROCOR]] in matters of faith; [[Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (Brookline, Massachusetts)|Holy Cross Theological School]] founded in Pomfret, Connecticut.
+
*1930 Abp. [[Joasaph (Skorodumov) of Canada and Argentina|Joasaph (Skorodumov)]] ("The Enlightener of Canada") becomes the founding bishop of the Canadian Diocese of [[ROCOR]]; [[Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab) of Brooklyn|Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab)]] leaves [[American Orthodox Catholic Church|AOCC]] and returns to [[OCA|Metropolia]], re-establishing Brooklyn diocese.
*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; Abp. [[Samuel (David) of Toledo]] excommunicated by the [[Church of Antioch]] for disobedience to canonical order.
+
*1931 [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople|Athenagoras (Spyrou)]] becomes primate of [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese]].
*1941 [[Church of Antioch]] restores Abp. [[Samuel (David) of Toledo]] to communion and declares his diocese to be the [[Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Toledo and Dependencies]].
+
*1932 Consecration of [[Joseph (Zuk) of New Jersey|Joseph (Zuk)]] and [[Ignatius (Nichols) of Washington|Ignatius (Nichols)]] (first American convert bishop).
 +
*1933 [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]] refuses to pledge loyalty to Moscow, which declares Metropolia to be in [[schism]] and establishes [[Russian Exarchate of North America|Exarchate of Moscow on American soil]]; marriage of [[Aftimios Ofiesh]]; death of [[Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab) of Brooklyn|Emmanuel (Abo-Hatab)]]; Platon grants [[canonical release]] to Syrian parishes remaining under Metropolia to come under [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]]; [[Germanos (Shehadi) of Zahle|Germanos (Shehadi)]] returns to Lebanon; consecration of [[Leonty (Turkevich) of New York|Leonty (Turkevich)]]; marriage and [[apostasy]] of [[Ignatius (Nichols) of Washington|Ignatius (Nichols)]] (first with [[Living Church]] and then independently).
 +
*1934 Death of [[Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York|Platon (Rozhdestvensky)]]; [[Theophilus (Pashkovsky) of San Francisco]] elected primate of [[OCA|Metropolia]] at [[All-American_Sobor#Fifth_All-American_Sobor|5th All-American Sobor]] in Cleveland, Ohio; death of [[Sophronios (Beshara) of Los Angeles|Sophronios (Beshara)]]; death of [[Germanos (Shehadi) of Zahle|Germanos (Shehadi)]] in Lebanon; Abp. [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople|Athenagoras (Spyrou)]] establishes the ''[http://www.goarch.org/archdiocese/departments/observer/ Orthodox Observer]''.
 +
*1935 "Temporary Regulations of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad" signed by [[ROCOR]] synod in Karlovtsy, Serbia, including [[Theophilus (Pashkovsky) of San Francisco|Theophilus (Pashkovsky)]] of the Metropolia, thus renewing relations; [[ROCOR]] divided into four regions, including North America with Theophilus as the regional primate.
 +
*1936 [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]] consecrated for [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of New York]]; on the same day ([[April 19]]), three Metropolia bishops consecrate rival [[Samuel (David) of Toledo|Samuel (David)]] for the Syrians, thus solidifying the developing [[schism]] in the Antiochian faithful in the US (the "Russi-Antaaki" split).
 +
*1937 [[All-American_Sobor#Sixth_All-American_Sobor|6th All-American Sobor]] of [[OCA|Metropolia]] declares itself to report to [[ROCOR]] in matters of faith; [[Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (Brookline, Massachusetts)|Holy Cross Theological School]] founded in Pomfret, Connecticut; Ukrainian diocese established by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]].
 +
*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded; Metr. [[Samuel (David) of Toledo]] excommunicated by the [[Church of Antioch]] for disobedience to canonical order; Bulgarian diocese established; [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese|Carpatho-Russian diocese]] established by [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] with second wave of Uniat returns to Orthodoxy.
 +
*1939 Consecration of [[Alexander Turner]] by [[Ignatius (Nichols) of Washington|Ignatius (Nichols)]].
 +
*1941 [[Church of Antioch]] restores [[Samuel (David) of Toledo]] to communion and declares his diocese to be the [[Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Toledo and Dependencies]].
  
 
==Emergence of American Orthodoxy (1943-1970)==
 
==Emergence of American Orthodoxy (1943-1970)==
*1943 Founding of [[Federated Orthodox Greek Catholic Primary Jurisditions in America]], a proto-[[SCOBA]] body.
+
*1943 Founding of [[Federated Orthodox Greek Catholic Primary Jurisdictions in America]], a proto-[[SCOBA]] body.
*1946 7th All-American Sobor of the [[OCA|Russian Metropolia]] breaks all ties with the [[ROCOR]], splitting American Russian Orthodoxy in two; [[Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (Brookline, Massachusetts)|Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology]] moved to Brookline, Massachusetts.
+
*1946 [[All-American_Sobor#Seventh_All-American_Sobor|7th All-American Sobor]] of [[OCA|Russian Metropolia]] breaks ties with [[ROCOR]]; [[Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology (Brookline, Massachusetts)|Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology]] moved to Brookline, Massachusetts; the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]] (UOCC) opened [[St. Andrew's College (Winnipeg, Manitoba)|St. Andrew’s College]] in Winnipeg.
*1951 Arrival of Fr. [[Alexander Schmemann]] in the United States from Paris, taking up teaching duties at [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]].
+
*1947 Death of [[Ignatius (Nichols) of Washington|Ignatius (Nichols)]].
*1955 Founding of the [[Council of Eastern Orthodox Churches of Central Massachusetts]].
+
*1950 [[ROCOR]] moves headquarters to New York; [[Leonty (Turkevich) of New York|Leonty (Turkevitch)]] becomes primate of Metropolia at [[All-American_Sobor#Eighth_All-American_Sobor|8th All-American Sobor]] in New York City; [[w:National Council of Churches|National Council of Churches]], USA, is organized.
*1958 Death of Metr. [[Samuel (David) of Toledo]].
+
*1951 [[Michael (Konstantinides) of America|Michael (Konstantinides)]] heads [[GOA]]; independent Romanian diocese established; arrival of Fr. [[Alexander Schmemann]] in the United States from Paris, taking up teaching duties at [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]].
*1960 Founding of the [[Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas]] (SCOBA).
+
*1954 Recognition of Toledo archdiocese by [[Church of Antioch]].
*1961 Consecration of Antiochian Abp. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]].
+
*1955 Orthodoxy officially recognized as major faith by U.S. government;<ref>''[http://www.goarch.org/archbishop/michael/timeline Timeline of Archbishop Michael].'' Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.</ref> founding of [[Council of Eastern Orthodox Churches of Central Massachusetts]]; [[All-American_Sobor#Ninth_All-American_Sobor|9th All-American Sobor]] of Metropolia held in New York City.
*1962 Antiochian Toledo archdiocese recognized by the [[Church of Antioch]] as equal to the New York archdiocese.
+
*1956 Dr. Constantine Cavarnos founds the [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ibmgs/index.html  Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies] in Belmont, Massachusetts.
*1966 Death of Metr. [[Anthony (Bashir) of New York|Anthony (Bashir)]]; election and consecration of [[Philip (Saliba) of New York|Philip (Saliba)]] as Metropolitan of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Syrian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of New York]]; founding of [[Hellenic College (Brookline, Massachusetts)]].
+
*1957 Abp. [[Michael (Konstantinides) of America|Michael (Konstantinides)]] offered the first Orthodox prayer at a U. S. Presidential inauguration in January 20, 1957.
 +
*1958 Death of [[Samuel (David) of Toledo]]; reception of [[Society of Clerks Secular of St. Basil]] into Antiochian New York Archdiocese, forming [[Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate]].
 +
*1959 [[All-American_Sobor#Tenth_All-American_Sobor|10th All-American Sobor]] of the Metropolia was held in New York City; Abp. [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America|Iakovos (Coucouzis)]] is elected and enthroned as Primate of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese of North and South America]].
 +
*1960 Founding of [[Standing Conference of the Canonical Orthodox Bishops in the Americas]] (SCOBA); [[Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America (OCA)|Romanian Orthodox Episcopate]] received into the Metropolia.
 +
*1961 Consecration of [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]]; first ever visit of a Greek Orthodox Patriarch to Canada, as Patr. [[Benedict of Jerusalem]] begins a North-American tour to raise funds for the restoration of the shrines in the [[Holy Land]].
 +
*1962 Antiochian Toledo archdiocese recognized by the [[Church of Antioch]] as equal to the New York archdiocese.
 +
*1963 Autonomous Serbian diocese created; [[All-American_Sobor#Eleventh_All-America_Sobor|11th All-American Sobor]] held in New York City; beginning of rapprochement between Metropolia and Moscow Patriarchate; arguing that the Metropolia's 1924 declaration of "temporary self-government" amounted to a canonical declaration of [[autocephaly]], ''Toward an American Orthodox Church'' published by St. Vladimir's professor Alexander Bogolepov, galvanizing the Metropolia to seek autocephaly; Abp. [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America|Iakovos (Coucouzis)]] vigorously supported the passage of the [[w:Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act of 1964]] that was introduced by President John F. Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11, 1963; the United States Supreme Court handed down a landmark ruling that ended government-sponsored prayer in American public schools (Abington School District v. Schempp).
 +
*1964 [[Bulgarian Diocese in Exile]] established under the [[ROCOR]].
 +
*1965 [[SCOBA]] appeals to mother churches to allow concrete steps to be taken toward American Orthodox unity; at [[All-American_Sobor#Twelfth_All-American_Sobor|12th All-American Sobor]], [[Ireney (Bekish) of New York|Ireney (Bekish)]] chosen to succeed [[Leonty (Turkevich) of New York|Leonty (Turkevich)]] as [[primate]] of [[OCA|Metropolia]]; North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation founded; Abp. [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America|Iakovos (Coucouzis)]] marched next to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the [[w:Selma to Montgomery marches |Selma to Montgomery marches]], captured on the cover of LIFE Magazine, March 26, 1965.
 +
*1966-80 About 160,000 more Greeks emigrated to the US, tapering off considerably from the 1980s onwards.
 +
*1966 Death of Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]]; election and consecration of [[Philip (Saliba) of New York|Philip (Saliba)]] as Metropolitan of [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Syrian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of New York]]; founding of [[Hellenic College (Brookline, Massachusetts)]]; death of [[John Maximovitch]]; death of [[Aftimios Ofiesh]]; Fr. [[Alexander Schmemann]] travels to Constantinople to intercede for Metropolia but is rebuffed; first founding of [[OISM]].
 +
*1967 Consecration of [[Theodosius (Lazor) of Washington|Theodosius (Lazor) of Sitka]]; [[Church of Constantinople]] orders [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese]] to suspend communion with [[OCA|Metropolia]]; [[All-American_Sobor#Thirteenth_All-American_Sobor|13th All-American Sobor]] of Metropolia held in New York City.
 +
*1968 Meeting between Metropolia representatives and Moscow Patriarchate in Upsala, Sweden, discussing [[autocephaly]] for the Metropolia; Synod of Bishops of Metropolia decides to start official exploratory negotiations with MP.
 +
*1969 Consecration of [[Dmitri (Royster) of Dallas|Dmitri (Royster)]] (seen by many to be first convert bishop); official autocephaly meetings of Metropolia with Moscow Patriarchate take place in New York City, Tokyo and Geneva; Metr. [[Philaret (Voznesensky) of New York]] issues the first of a series of "Sorrowful Epistles" (1969,1971,1975) to the primates of the local Orthodox Churches, condemning forays into [[ecumenism]].
  
 
==Union and Division (1970-1994)==
 
==Union and Division (1970-1994)==
*1970 Russian Metropolia reconciles with the [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]], changing its name to the [[Orthodox Church in America]] (OCA), an act accepted by some Orthodox autocephalous churches worldwide, but [[Byzantine response to OCA autocephaly|condemned as uncanonical by the majority]], including all four ancient [[patriarchate]]s and the [[Church of Greece]]; [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] ceases all official contact with the [[OCA]] and declares it uncanonical; the [[Russian Exarchate of North America]] is dissolved, but the majority of its parishes remain under the Church of Russia; [[glorification]] of St. [[Herman of Alaska]].
+
*1970 Russian Metropolia reconciles with the [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]]; [[All-American_Sobor#Fourteenth_All-American_Sobor|14th All-American Sobor]]/[[All-American_Council#First_All-American_Council|1st All-American Council]] accepts autocephaly [[Tomos]] and approves new name of [[Orthodox Church in America]] (OCA); [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] ceases all official contact with the [[OCA]] and declares it uncanonical; [[Russian Exarchate of North America]] is dissolved, but the majority of its parishes remain under the Church of Russia; [[glorification]] of [[Herman of Alaska]] in separate services by the [[ROCOR]] and the [[OCA]].
*1971 [[ROCOR]] denounces [[Church of Russia|Moscow]]'s grant of [[autocephaly]] to the Metropolia; OCA receives rebel ROCOR [[parish]] in Australia.
+
*1971 [[ROCOR]] denounces [[Church of Russia|Moscow]]'s grant of [[autocephaly]] to the Metropolia; OCA receives rebel ROCOR [[parish]] in Australia; [[Albanian Archdiocese (OCA)|Albanian Archdiocese]] received into the OCA at [[All-American_Council#Second_All-American_Council|2nd All-American Council]] held at St. Tikhon's Monastery, South Canaan, PA.  
*1972 [[OCA]] receives the Mexican National Catholic Church, creating its [[Exarchate of Mexico (OCA)|Exarchate of Mexico]] and adding another parallel Orthodox jurisdiction in Mexico.
+
*1972 [[OCA]] receives the Mexican National Catholic Church, creating its [[Exarchate of Mexico (OCA)|Exarchate of Mexico]].
*1974 [[OCA]] Metropolitan [[Ireney (Bekish) of New York]] goes into semi-retirement, while his duties are taken up by Archbishop [[Sylvester (Haruns) of Montreal]].
+
*1973 The [[All-American_Council#Third_All-American_Council|3rd All-American Council]] of OCA held in Pittsburgh, PA.
*1975 "Russi-Antaaki" division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Metr. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]] by the uniting of the two Syrian archdioceses into one [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]], led by Metr. Philip.
+
*1974 [[All-Diaspora_Councils#III_All-Diaspora_Council|3rd All-Diaspora Council]] of ROCOR held in Jordanville, New York; [[OCA]] Metr. [[Ireney (Bekish) of New York]] goes into semi-retirement, while his duties are taken up by Abp. [[Sylvester (Haruns) of Montreal]].
*1976 Reception into the [[OCA]] of the [[ROCOR]]'s [[Bulgarian Diocese in Exile]] and its hierarch, Bishop [[Kyrill (Yonchev) of Pittsburgh|Kyrill (Yonchev)]].
+
*1975 "Russi-Antaaki" division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Metr. [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]] by union of two Syrian archdioceses into one [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]], led by Metr. Philip; [[All-American_Council#Fourth_All-American_Council|4th All-American Council]] of OCA held in Cleveland, Ohio.
*1977 [[OCA]] holds its 5th All-American Council in Montreal, electing [[Theodosius (Lazor) of Washington|Theodosius (Lazor)]] as its metropolitan, replacing the retiring [[Ireney (Bekish) of New York|Ireney (Bekish)]].
+
*1976 Reception into [[OCA]] of [[ROCOR]]'s [[Bulgarian Diocese in Exile]] and its hierarch, Bishop [[Kyrill (Yonchev) of Pittsburgh|Kyrill (Yonchev)]].
*1981 [[OCA]] primatial see transferred from New York to Washington.
+
*1977 [[OCA]] holds its [[All-American_Council#Fifth_All-American_Council|5th All-American Council]] in Montreal, electing [[Theodosius (Lazor) of Washington|Theodosius (Lazor)]] as metropolitan, replacing the retiring [[Ireney (Bekish) of New York|Ireney (Bekish)]]; [[glorification]] in Russia of [[Innocent of Alaska]].
*1982 Calendar [[schism]] in [[Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania (OCA)|OCA Diocese of E. Pennsylvania]]; [[ROCOR]] receives multiple parishes in the area.
+
*1978 Founding of [[Antiochian Village]] by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York|Philip (Saliba)]].
*1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center.
+
*1980 The [[All-American_Council#Sixth_All-American_Council|6th All-American Council]] of  OCA held in Detroit, Michigan.
*1987 Majority of the [[parish]]es of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]] are received into the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York|Philip (Saliba)]], becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM).
+
*1981 The [http://www.pahh.com/paoi/ Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute] (PAOI) is founded in Berkeley, California; [[OCA]] [[primate|primatial]] see transferred from New York to Washington.
*1990 Contact between [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and the [[OCA]] resumes.
+
*1982 Calendar [[schism]] in [[Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania (OCA)|OCA Diocese of E. Pennsylvania]], [[ROCOR]] receiving multiple parishes in the area.
*1992 Founding of [[International Orthodox Christian Charities]] (IOCC).
+
*1983 [[All-American_Council#Seventh_All-American_Council|7th All-American Council]] of OCA was held Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
 +
*1985 Founding of [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; murder of Father [[John (Karastamatis) of Santa Cruz]].
 +
*1986 [[All-American_Council#Eighth_All-American_Council|8th All-American Council]] of OCA held in Washington, D.C.
 +
*1987 Majority of [[parish]]es of the [[Evangelical Orthodox Church]] received into [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]] by Metr. [[Philip (Saliba) of New York|Philip (Saliba)]], becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission (AEOM).
 +
*1988 Healing of schism between two Serbian dioceses.
 +
*1989 [[Glorification]] in Russia of [[Tikhon of Moscow]]; [[Ephraim of Philotheou|Elder Ephraim]] begins founding [[Mount Athos|Athonite]]-style monasteries in North America; [[All-American_Council#Ninth_All-American_Council|9th All-American Council]] of OCA held in Saint Louis, Missouri. 
 +
*1990 Contact between [[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]] and [[OCA]] resumes.
 +
*1992 Founding of [[International Orthodox Christian Charities]] (IOCC); [[All-American_Council#Tenth_All-American_Council|10th All-American Council]] of OCA held in Miami, Florida; about 60 theologians from the Eastern Orthodox Church and Evangelical groups met at Wheaton college to discuss differences and similarities between their Christian groups, as speakers from both sides sketched their views of Scripture, tradition, and authority in church life.<ref>Loconte, Joe. ''"Peering over the Orthodox-evangelical crevasse."'' '''Christianity Today'''. 9 Nov. 1992: 63.</ref>
  
 
==Ligonier and Beyond (1994-present)==
 
==Ligonier and Beyond (1994-present)==
*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at the [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]" and pledges to work together in missions; [[glorification]] of St. [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre]]; [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center]] becomes a [[SCOBA]] agency and changes to its current name.
+
*1994 Bicentennial of Orthodox Christianity in North America (1794-1994); [[Ligonier Meeting]] held; [[glorification]] of [[Alexis of Wilkes-Barre]] by OCA; [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center|OCMC]] becomes [[SCOBA]] agency and changes to its current name; glorification in Russia of [[John Kochurov]] and [[Alexander Hotovitsky]]; glorification by [[ROCOR]] of [[John Maximovitch]]; ''[http://www.orthodoxwomensnetwork.org/index.cfm Women's Orthodox Ministries and Education Network]'' (WOMEN) incorporated.
*1996 Allegedly forced retirement of Greek Archbishop [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America]], being replaced by [[Spyridon (Papageorge) of Chaldea|Spyridon (Papageorge)]].
+
*1995 Death of Bp. [[Gerasimos (Papadopoulos) of Abydos]]; [[All-American_Council#Eleventh_All-American_Council|11th All-American Council]] of OCA held in Chicago, Illinois.
*1998 [[Ben Lomond Schism]] in the (formerly [[Evangelical Orthodox Church|EOC]]) [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian]] parish of Ss. Peter and Paul (Ben Lomond, California) gains national attention; multiple [[clergy]] are [[laicization|laicized]] and/or [[excommunication|excommunicated]].
+
*1996 Retirement of Greek Abp. [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America]], being replaced by [[Spyridon (Papageorge) of Chaldea|Spyridon (Papageorge)]]; [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of America]] joins [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA]], coming under [[Constantinople]].
*1999 Retirement of [[Spyridon (Papageorge) of Chaldea|Spyridon (Papageorge)]], Greek Archbishop of America, being replaced by [[Demetrios (Trakatellis) of America|Demetrios (Trakatellis)]]; reception of dissident group from the [[Ben Lomond Schism]] by the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem in North and South America|Jerusalem Patriarchate]], including re-ordination of some of the excommunicated and/or deposed clergy.
+
*1997 Visit by [[Ecumenical Patriarch]] [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople]] to US.
*2000 [[Glorification]] of St. [[Raphael of Brooklyn]] at [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] by the [[OCA]].
+
*1998 Ben Lomond crisis in (formerly [[Evangelical Orthodox Church|EOC]]) [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian]] parish of Ss. Peter and Paul (Ben Lomond, California); SCOBA's Social & Moral Issues Commission (SMIC) established; the Holy Synod of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] formally accepted the [http://www.stirene.org/contact-us.html Monastery of St. Irene Chrysovalantou] in Astoria NY as a Sacred Patriarchal and Stavropegial Institution, as well as its founders Metr. [[Paisios (Loulourgas) of Tyana]] and Bp. [[Vikentios (Malamatenios) of Apameia]] (formerly of the [[Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece]]).
*2002 Retirement of [[Theodosius (Lazor) of Washington|Theodosius (Lazor)]] and election of [[Herman (Swaiko) of Washington and New York|Herman (Swaiko)]] as Metropolitan of the [[OCA]].
+
*1999 Retirement of [[Spyridon (Papageorge) of Chaldea|Spyridon (Papageorge)]], Greek Archbishop of America, being replaced by [[Demetrios (Trakatellis) of America|Demetrios (Trakatellis)]]; reception of dissident group from Ben Lomond crisis by the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem in North and South America|Jerusalem Patriarchate]], including re-ordination of some of the excommunicated and/or deposed clergy; [[All-American_Council#Twelfth_All-American_Council|12th All-American Council]] of OCA held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
*2003 The [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] is granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by the [[Church of Antioch]], establishing 9 new [[diocese]]s in North America and promoting its [[auxiliary bishop]]s to diocesan ones.
+
*2000 [[Glorification]] of [[Raphael of Brooklyn]] at [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Monastery (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] by the [[OCA]] jointly with Antiochian hierarchs; reception of multiple former parishes of the [[Holy Order of MANS|Holy Order of MANS/Christ the Saviour Brotherhood]] into the patriarchal [[Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Diocese of the USA, Canada and Australia|Bulgarian diocese]].
*2004 Consecration in Damascus of 3 new diocesan bishops for the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]], [[Thomas (Joseph) of Oakland]], [[Mark (Maymon) of Toledo]], and [[Alexander (Mufarrij) of Ottawa]].
+
*2001 Second meeting of most bishops associated with [[SCOBA]]; the 2001 data from Statistics Canada gives a total of 433,815 Orthodox in Canada.<ref>Subdeacon Kevin Wigglesworth. ''[http://www.cjoc.ca/pdf/Vol5-W-2Stats.pdf Statistics of Orthodox Christianity in Canada].'' The Canadian Journal of Orthodox Christianity. Volume V, No 1, Winter 2010. p.33.</ref>
*2005 Death of Archbishop [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America|Iakovos (Coucouzis)]]; consecration of [[Alejo (Pacheco Vera) of Mexico City]], [[auxiliary bishop]] of the [[OCA]] Exarchate of Mexico; OCA's New York [[diocese]] subsumed into its Diocese of Washington, creating the [[Diocese of Washington and New York (OCA)|Diocese of Washington and New York]].
+
*2002 Retirement of [[Theodosius (Lazor) of Washington|Theodosius (Lazor)]] and election of [[Herman (Swaiko) of Washington and New York|Herman (Swaiko)]] as Metropolitan of the [[OCA]] at [[All-American_Council#Thirteenth_All-American_Council|13th All-American Council]] held in Orlando, Florida.
 +
*2003 [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] is granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]], establishing 9 new [[diocese]]s in North America and promoting its [[titular bishop]]s to diocesan ones; after years of inactivity, refounding of [[OISM]].
 +
*2004 Consecration in Damascus of 3 new diocesan bishops for the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese]], [[Thomas (Joseph) of Charleston and Oakland]], [[Mark (Maymon) of Toledo]], and [[Alexander (Mufarrij) of Ottawa]].
 +
*2005 Death of Abp. [[Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America|Iakovos (Coucouzis)]]; consecration of [[Alejo (Pacheco y Vera) of Mexico City ]], [[auxiliary bishop]] of the [[OCA]] Exarchate of Mexico; OCA's New York [[diocese]] subsumed into its Diocese of Washington, creating [[Diocese of Washington and New York (OCA)|Diocese of Washington and New York]] at [[All-American_Council#Fourteenth_All-American_Council|14th All-American Council]] held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
 +
*2006 [[Fourth All-Diaspora Council]] of the [[ROCOR]] votes to restore [[full communion]] with [[Moscow Patriarchate]]; four priests and one deacon who departed the Antiochian Archdiocese during the Ben Lomond crisis return to Antioch; major financial scandal made public in the [[OCA]]; third meeting of most [[SCOBA]] bishops agrees to work together on canonical and pastoral questions.
 +
*2007 [[OISM]] holds first meeting at a [[ROCOR]] seminary, [[Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary (Jordanville, New York)|Holy Trinity Orthodox Seminary]]; restoration of [[full communion]] between [[ROCOR]] and [[Moscow Patriarchate]] with incorporation of ROCOR as semi-autonomous entity of the patriarchate.
 +
*2008 [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem in North and South America|Jerusalem jurisdiction]] transferred to [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese]], forming [[Vicariate for Palestinian-Jordanian Communities in the USA|Vicariate for Palestinian/Jordanian Communities in the USA]]; Metr. [[Herman (Swaiko) of Washington and New York|Herman (Swaiko)]] retired by OCA amidst financial scandal; [[Jonah (Paffhausen) of Washington and New York|Jonah (Paffhausen)]] elected primate of OCA; [[All-American Council#Fifteenth All-American Council|Fifteenth All-American Council]] held in Pittsburgh, PA.
 +
*2009 [[Church of Georgia]] names Metr. [[Dimitri (Shiolashvili) of Batumi and Lazeti]] as bishop for North America; visit of Abp. [[Demetrios (Trakatellis) of America|Demetios (Trakatellis)]] to [[ROCOR]] headquarters, the first visit of a Greek archbishop in more than 40 years; [[Orthodox Christian Mission Center|OCMC]] opens training center; Fourth Pre-Conciliar Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland mandates "Episcopal Assemblies" for various regions of the world, including North America; OCA reestablishes dioceses for [[Diocese of Washington (OCA)|Washington]] and [[Diocese of New York and New Jersey (OCA)|New York and New Jersey]]; visit to US of Ecumenical Patr. [[Bartholomew I (Archontonis) of Constantinople|Batholomew I (Archontonis)]].
 +
*2010 Consecration of Bp. [[Michael (Dahulich) of New York]]; formation of [[Episcopal Assembly of North and Central America]], with 55 Bishops in attendance; [[ROCOR]] marks its 90th anniversary; the Ministry of Education of the Hellenic Republic formally recognized [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] as an accredited institution of Higher Education, equal in standing to the schools of theology in the universities of Greece and the EU’s member states; [[Toronto Orthodox Theological Academy (Toronto, Ontario)]] and [[w:Saint Paul University|Saint Paul Catholic Pontifical University]] in Ottawa sign cooperation agreement as twin institutions within the Province of Ontario.<ref>Pravoslavie.ru. ''[http://www.pravoslavie.ru/english/43542.htm Toronto Orthodox Theological Academy & Saint Paul University sign cooperation agreement].'' 16/12/2010.</ref><ref group="note">[[w:Saint Paul University|Saint Paul University]] in Ottawa is the home of the the ''"[http://www.sheptytskyinstitute.ca/?page_id=2 Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies]",'' named after the primate of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, [[w:Andrey Sheptytsky|Andrey Sheptytsky]] (1865-1944); it specializes in Eastern Christian Studies with special but not exclusive emphasis on the tradition of the [[Christianization of Kievan Rus'|Church of Kyiv]].</ref>
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*2011 Second gathering of the [[Episcopal Assembly of North and Central America]], convened May 25-27 in Chicago, with 45 Bishops in attendance; [[All-American Council|Sixteenth All-American Council]] of the OCA was held in Bellevue, Washington; For the first time in nearly 70 years, the primates and hierarchs of the [[ROCOR and OCA|OCA and ROCOR]] concelebrate the Divine Liturgy.
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*2012  [[Jonah (Paffhausen) of Washington and New York|Jonah (Paffhausen)]] primate of [[OCA]] requests retirement; [[Tikhon (Mollard) of Washington|Tikhon (Mollard)]] elected primate of OCA at the [[All-American_Council#Seventeenth_All-American_Council|17th All-American Council]] held in Parma, Ohio; Third Annual Meeting of the [[Episcopal Assembly of North and Central America]], from September 10-12, in Chicago, with 43 Bishops in attendance.
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==See also==
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*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]
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*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Britain]]
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*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in China]]
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*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece]] 
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*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]] 
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*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]
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*[[Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations]]
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==Notes==
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<small><references group="note" /></small>
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==References==
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<small><div><references/></div></small>
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==External link==
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*[http://orthodoxhistory.org/ OrthodoxHistory.org], website of the [[Society for Orthodox Christian History in the Americas]] (SOCHA)
  
  
 
[[Category:Church History]]
 
[[Category:Church History]]
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[[Category:Timelines|America]]
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[[ro:Ortodoxia în America (cronologie)]]

Revision as of 16:49, September 26, 2014

This article forms part of the series
Orthodoxy in America
Orthodox us.gif
History
American Orthodox Timeline
American Orthodox Bibliography
Byzantines on OCA autocephaly
Ligonier Meeting
ROCOR and OCA
People
Saints - Bishops - Writers
Jurisdictions
Antiochian - Bulgarian
OCA - Romanian - Moscow
ROCOR - Serbian

Ecumenical Patriarchate:
Albanian - Carpatho-Russian
Greek - Ukrainian
Palestinian/Jordanian

Monasteries
Seminaries
Christ the Saviour
Holy Cross
Holy Trinity
St. Herman's
St. Tikhon's
St. Sava's
St. Sophia's
St. Vladimir's
Organizations
Assembly of Bishops
AOI - EOCS - IOCC - OCEC
OCF - OCL - OCMC - OCPM - OCLife
OISM - OTSA - SCOBA - SOCHA
Groups
Amer. Orthodox Catholic Church
Brotherhood of St. Moses the Black
Evangelical Orthodox Church
Holy Order of MANS/CSB
Society of Clerks Secular of St. Basil
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The History of Orthodoxy in America is complex and resists any easy categorizations or explanations.

Early Visits and Missions (530-1900)

  • 530 St. Brendan the Navigator lands in Newfoundland, Canada, establishing a short-lived community of Irish monks.
  • 1738 Conversion of Col. Philip Ludwell III of Virginia at Russian church in London.
  • 1741 Divine Liturgy celebrated on a Russian ship off the coast of Alaska.
  • 1767 Community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Spanish Florida.
  • 1787 The US Constitution is drafted in Philadelphia, embodying the ideal of secular government with deliberate separation of "church and state" (First Amendment).
  • 1794 Missionaries, including Herman of Alaska, arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska.
  • 1796 Martyrdom of Juvenaly of Alaska.
  • 1799 Ioasaph (Bolotov) consecrated in Irkutsk as first bishop for Alaska, but dies in a shipwreck during his return.
  • 1803 Louisiana Purchase expands American territory beyond Mississippi River.
  • 1804 The double-headed eagle became a motif widely used in Tlingit art, after the Russian-Tlingit Battle of Sitka in 1804, when Aleksandr Baranov, the first governor of colonial Russian Alaska and manager of the Russian-America Company, presented the Kiks.adi Sitka Tlingit leaders with a large medallion on which was found the Russian imperial symbol.[1]
  • 1816 Martyrdom of Peter the Aleut near San Francisco.
  • 1817 Russian colony of Fort Ross established 60 miles from San Francisco.
  • 1819 Various Spanish territories ceded to United States, including Florida.
  • 1824 Fr. John Veniaminov comes to Unalaska, Alaska.
  • 1825 First native priest, Jacob Netsvetov.
  • 1834 Fr. John Veniaminov moves to Sitka, Alaska; liturgy and catechism translated into Aleut.
  • 1830 Saints Peter and Paul Russian Orthodox Church is founded on Saint Paul Island (Alaska), in the Bering Sea.[2]
  • 1836 Imperial ukaz regarding Alaskan education issued from Czar Nicholas I that students were to become faithful members of the Orthodox Church, loyal subjects of the Czar, and loyal citizens; Fr. John Veniaminov returns to Russia.
  • 1837 Death of Herman of Alaska on Spruce Island.
  • 1840 Consecration of Fr. John Veniaminov as bishop with the name Innocent.
  • 1841 Return of Innocent of Alaska to Sitka; sale of Fort Ross property to an American citizen; pastoral school established in Sitka.
  • 1843 First mission school for the Eskimos was established at Nushagak by Russian-Greek Orthodox Church.[3]
  • 1844 Formation of seminary in Sitka.[note 1]
  • 1845 Former Republic of Texas joins United States.
  • 1846 Pacific Northwest received by United States via treaty with United Kingdom.
  • 1848 Consecration of St. Michael Cathedral in Sitka; Pacific Southwest won from Mexico by United States.
  • 1850 Alaskan episcopal see and seminary moved to Yakutsk, Russia.
  • 1858 Peter (Lysakov) consecrated as auxiliary bishop for Alaska with Innocent's primary see moved to Yakutsk.
  • 1864 Holy Trinity Church, first Orthodox parish established on United States soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
  • 1865 First Divine Liturgy celebrated in New York City, by Fr. Agapius Honcharenko.
  • 1867 Alaska purchased by United States from Russia;[note 2] Bp. Paul (Popov) succeeds Bp. Peter.
  • 1868 First Russian parish established in US territory in San Francisco, California; Innocent of Alaska becomes Metropolitan of Moscow.
  • 1870 Diocese of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska formed by the Church of Russia with Bp. John (Mitropolsky) as ruling hierarch; Nicholas Bjerring, a Roman Catholic layman, converts to Orthodoxy and becomes priest of a Russian chapel in New York City.
  • 1871-72 Visit of Russian Grand Duke Alexis to the United States.
  • 1872 See of the Aleutians diocese moved to San Francisco, placing it outside the defined boundaries of the diocese (i.e., Alaska).
  • 1876 Bp. John (Mitropolsky) recalled to Russia.
  • 1879 Bp. Nestor (Zass) succeeds John (Metropolsky).
  • 1882 Bp. Nestor (Zass) drowns in Bering Sea.
  • 1883 Fr. Nicholas Bjerring, priest of the Russian chapel in New York City, converts to Presbyterianism.
  • 1886-1895 In the face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including smallpox, many Tlingit people (an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America), converted to Orthodox Christianity.[4][note 3]
  • 1888 Bp. Vladimir (Sokolovsky) becomes Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska.
  • 1890-1917 Greek Immigration to USA: widespread unemployment and economic problems led to migrations to the US of 450,000 Greeks, one-fifth of the total population.
  • 1891 Fr. Alexis Toth, a Uniate priest, petitions to be received along with his parish in Minneapolis into the Russian church; Bp. Nicholas (Adoratsky) assigned as Bishop of Alaska but is transferred before taking up his post; Nicholas (Ziorov) becomes ruling bishop of the Alaskan diocese.
  • 1892 Fr. Alexis Toth and his parish in Minneapolis received into Russian church; Carpatho-Russian Uniate parishes in Illinois, Connecticut, and several in Pennsylvania soon follow; first Serbian parish established in Jackson, California; Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox parish founded in New York City; Greek and Russian parishes founded in Chicago; first American-born person ordained, Fr. Sebastian Dabovich.
  • 1895 Archim. Raphael (Hawaweeny) arrives in America; Fr. John Kochurov arrives in America and becomes priest of the Russian parish in Chicago; Fr. Anatole (Kamensky) arrives in Alaska; first Syrian parish in Brooklyn, New York, founded by Raphael of Brooklyn; first clergy conference, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
  • 1896 Bp. Nicholas (Ziorov) reports to the Holy Synod of Russia that "the commemoration of the Emperor and the Reigning House during the divine services brings forth dismay and apprehension among Orthodox in America of non-Russian background"; Alexander Hotovitsky appointed as rector in New York; Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church is chartered by a special act of the New York State Legislature, being the first Greek Church founded in New York.
  • 1897 Bp. Nicholas (Ziorov) and Fr. Sebastian Dabovich petition Church of Serbia to oversee Serbian parishes in America, but are rebuffed due to an inability to support the infrastructure.
  • 1898 Bp. Nicholas (Ziorov) returns to Russia; Tikhon (Belavin) becomes Bishop of the Aleutians and Alaska; American annexation of Hawaii.

Beyond Alaska (1900-1918)

Revolution and Rivalry (1918-1943)

Emergence of American Orthodoxy (1943-1970)

Union and Division (1970-1994)

Ligonier and Beyond (1994-present)

See also

Notes

  1. In 1844, St. Innocent (Veniaminov) organized the first Orthodox theological school in North America at Sitka, inaugurating a golden age of Orthodox educational ministry and mission in Alaska. This lasted until the catastrophe of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, when the last Russian-sponsored parochial school in Alaska closed.
  2. October 18 is now celebrated as "Alaska Day."
  3. Russian Orthodox missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language. It has been argued that they saw Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life," which was associated with Presbyterianism.
    • Kan, Sergei. Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity Through Two Centuries. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1999. pp.xix-xxii.
  4. Saint Paul University in Ottawa is the home of the the "Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies", named after the primate of the Ukrainian Catholic Church, Andrey Sheptytsky (1865-1944); it specializes in Eastern Christian Studies with special but not exclusive emphasis on the tradition of the Church of Kyiv.

References

  1. Two Views of Double-Headed Eagles. Northwest Coast Archaeology. Posted on March 1, 2010. Retrieved: 2013-10-06.
  2. SS. Peter and Paul Church. Orthodox Church in America (OCA) - Parishes. Retrieved: 2013-10-06.
  3. Alaska Native History - Timeline - Alaskool. Alaskool (Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage). Retreived: 2013-10-06.
  4. Boyd, Robert Thomas. The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999. p. 241.
  5. Timeline of Archbishop Michael. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
  6. Loconte, Joe. "Peering over the Orthodox-evangelical crevasse." Christianity Today. 9 Nov. 1992: 63.
  7. Subdeacon Kevin Wigglesworth. Statistics of Orthodox Christianity in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Orthodox Christianity. Volume V, No 1, Winter 2010. p.33.
  8. Pravoslavie.ru. Toronto Orthodox Theological Academy & Saint Paul University sign cooperation agreement. 16/12/2010.

External link