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Orthodoxy in Hawaii

2007-06-01T22:14:52Z

MshKlimek:

[[Image:hawaiiorthodox.jpg|right|frame| The Main Altar Cross of the Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii in Honolulu]]
'''Orthodox Christianity in Hawaii''' has a history beginning with the early Russian missions of the 19th century and continuing to the work of multiple Orthodox churches on the various islands that make up the state.

==History of Hawaiian Orthodoxy==
{{orthodoxyinamerica}}
=== Christianity in Hawaii ===
The first Christian service held in Hawaii was a [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] [[Pascha]]l service. Somewhere between 1792 and 1793, while traveling from Far East to what was then Russian America, a Russian trading ship stopped over in the Hawaiian Islands. The Russian Orthodox [[priest]], not wanting to celebrate Pascha at sea, instructed the captain to disembark. The captain then told the priest that he feared the "natives" but was then told, "They will not harm us, for we are Orthodox, and we bear the Light of Christ to illumine their hearts." They disembarked and blessed a temporary [[altar]] under a newly built temple made out of palms and bamboo and adorned with a Znammeny icon of the Mother of God and the Christ Child. It was rumored that as they departed the priest left the icon used in the Paschal Liturgy. The ship's priest promised that, "We shall return and baptize these natives to the [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church]]."

=== First Orthodox Chapels ===
[[Image:Fortelizabeth.jpg|left|frame|Russian Fort Elizabeth as it was in 1815 on the Island of Kauai]]
In 1815, Russians built Hawaii's first Orthodox church; the Russian Orthodox chapel at [[w:Russian Fort Elizabeth|Fort Elizabeth]]. On the Island of Kaua'i, three Russian forts were built: Fort Alexander, Fort Barclay, and Fort Elizabeth. Fort Alexander also housed a small Orthodox chapel, but Fort Elizabeth was the trading base for the new Russian-American Company in Hawaii. When King Kaumuali'i of Kaua'i ceded his kingdom to King Kamehameha the Great in 1816 following the tsar's refusal to annex Kaua'i due to political troubles in Russia, the forts were also ceded, and the Hawaiian Islands become one unified kingdom. The chapels ultimately fell into disrepair after Calvinist missionaries from the United States landed in 1820 after the death of King Kamehameha I.

[[Image:kamehameha.jpg|left|frame|Russian Artist's Sketch of King Kamehameha the Great of Hawaii]]

In 1882, the Hawaiian Kingdom sent a diplomatic delegation to St. Petersburg, Russia, to witness the coronation of Tsar Alexander III. The reports of the Hawaiian special envoy to the Russian court, Colonel Curtis 'Iaukea, about the [[liturgy|liturgical]] services were widely published in Hawaiian-language newspapers. Two years later, Tsar Alexander III sent King Kalakaua the Imperial Order of St. [[Alexander Nevsky]], the highest Russian award, and established a permanent Russian embassy in Hawaii, along with a very small Orthodox chapel. Subsequently, 200 Ukrainians were imported by American sugar planters.

In 1893, Queen Lili'uokalani was deposed by U.S. Marines and American sugar plantation owners, who were mostly the children of American Calvinist missionaries, and a provisional government under the protection of the United States was installed. In 1898, Hawaii was incorporated into the United States despite near universal opposition from native Hawaiians. In the early 1900s, the Russian ambassador was recalled, the embassy was moved to a small office, and the Russian chapel was closed.

St. [[Innocent of Moscow]] also made a brief stop-over in Hawaii during his travels from Asia to Western America.

== Rebirth of Orthodoxy ==
[[Image:korchinsky.gif|left|frame|A photo of Fr. Jakob Korchinsky from the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 23, 1916]]
On [[November 27]], 1910 ([[Julian Calendar|O.S.]], the Feast Day of the Znamenny-[[Kursk Root Icon]] of the Sign of the [[Theotokos|Mother of God]]), with the blessing of the [[bishop]]s of Vladivostok and in America, the first Russian Orthodox [[reader services]] were held by Reader Vasily Pasderin.

In 1915, at the petition of the Russian Orthodox community to the [[Holy Synod]] in Moscow, a priest was dispatched to Hawaii to pastor the large population of faithful. On [[Christmas]] ([[December 25]], O.S.), Protopresbyter Jakob Korchinsky celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] at Saint Andrew's Episcopal Cathedral in Honolulu, and he established permanent liturgical services. Thus Orthodoxy was re-established in Hawaii.

[[Image:episcopal.jpg|right|thumb|100px|St. Andrew's Episcopal as it appears today in downtown Honolulu]]
Fr. Jakob, a well-known [[missionary]] priest, established churches in Canada, the United States, Alaska, and Australia. He was murdered in [[Odessa]] shortly after the [[w:Russian Orthodox Church#Russian revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] in Russia, but has not yet been officially recognized as a martyr.

In subsequent years, the Russian Orthodox church in Hawaii shipped or flew priests to Hawaii to care for the dwindling Orthodox population, becoming part of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] (ROCOR). [[Archimandrite]] Innokenty Dronov of Hilo, a contemporary of St. [[Jonah of Manchuria]] and St. [[John Maximovitch|John of Shanghai and San Francisco]] and Metropolitan [[Meletius of Harbin]], served the entire Orthodox Christian flock on all the Hawaiian Islands throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Fr. Innokenty had a large following of [[Church of Japan|Japanese Orthodox]] Christians. He frequently returned to the [http://www.wadiocese.com Diocese in San Francisco] to report to Archbishops [[Apollinary (Koshevov) of San Francisco|Apollinary (Koshevov)]] and [[Tikhon (Troitsky) of San Francisco|Tikhon (Troitsky)]] and for medical reasons. He is now purportedly buried on the Big Island of Hawaii.
[[Image:innokenty.jpg|left|frame|Fr. Innokenty in front of the Old Apostles Episcopal church in Hilo in 1937]]

== Multiple jurisdictions ==
Up until the 1960s, the Russian Orthodox Church was the only Orthodox jurisdiction in the Hawaiian Islands. Following the 1960s, parishes from three separate Orthodox jurisdictions established themselves in the Islands: [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek]], [[Serbian Orthodox Church in the USA and Canada|Serbian]], and [[OCA]]. At one point there were as many as five different Orthodox jurisdictions in the Hawaiian Islands. Despite this multiplicity of jurisdictions, all Orthodox churches in Hawaii are in communion with one another and have friendly relations. (See also: [[Orthodoxy in America]], [[Diaspora]].)

===The Russian Orthodox Church (ROCOR)===
In the late 1960s, a group of Russian Orthodox Christians parted ways with the local Greek community and joined the Russian Orthodox Church in Hawaii under the Omophorion of Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles; they formed the St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] Russian Orthodox Mission. In the early 1980s, this mission parish was later re-[[consecrate|consecrated]] under the heavenly protection of the [[Mother of God]] and is now known as the Holy [[Theotokos]] of [[Iveron]] Russian Orthodox Church. In the late 1990s, the pastor of the Russian Orthodox community, Father Anatole Lyovin, was [[ordination|ordained]] to serve the Orthodox faithful in Hawaii. Currently this parish is without a permanent structure, but there are plans to build the first Russian Orthodox [[church]] in Honolulu.

Fr. Anatole also oversees the Russian Orthodox mission communities on Kauai and the Big Island of Hawaii. These Russian communities are under the spiritual care of Archbishop [[Kyrill (Dmitrieff) of San Francisco]] (ROCOR).

===The Greek Orthodox Church (GOARCH)===
In the mid 1960s, a Greek Orthodox community established a Greek Orthodox mission under the auspices of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese]]. This community became known as the Ss. [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] and [[Helen]] Greek Orthodox Church. The current (and temporary) pastor of the Greek Orthodox community in Hawaii is Fr. Demetrius Dogias, who was assigned to the parish in Honolulu in 2007.

In the 1990s, on the Island of Maui, a Greek Orthodox mission was established. This mission is served by clergy of Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church in Honolulu. These two Greek communities are under the care of Metr. [[Gerasimos (Michaleas) of San Francisco]] (GOARCH).

===The Serbian Orthodox Church===
In the early 1990s, a Serbian community established an Orthodox mission dedicated to St. [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar of Kosovo]]. The Serbian mission later became inactive, and its remaining members joined the local Russian and Greek churches. There has been a recent interest within the Serbian Orthodox community in Hawaii to re-establish this mission. In recent months, visiting clergy (including the Serbian Bishop [[Maxim (Vasilijevic) of Western America]]) have come from the mainland to minister to them.

===The Antiochian Orthodox Church===
In 2003, the short-lived St. Paul the Apostle [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Orthodox]] Mission was established in Honolulu at Fort Shafter Army Base. The rector of this mission was Fr. Isaiah Gillette, a chaplain with the military. Following Fr. Isaiah's transfer to Texas, the mission was disbanded.

===The OCA===
[[Image:Bishop Benjamin.jpg|thumb|145px|right|Bishop Benjamin visits the Kona Mission]]
In early 2004, a new Orthodox community under the jurisdiction of the [[OCA]] was established in Kona, Hawaii. Fr. Sergius Naumann served this community for a time until leaving for Alaska. They are currently overseen by Bp. [[Benjamin (Peterson) of San Francisco]] of the [[Diocese of the West (OCA)|Diocese of the West]] and other clergy from the mainland. This mission is under the supervision of Archpriest George Gray.

==Parishes in Hawaii==
*Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii - [http://www.orthodoxhawaii.org Official website]
*Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church - [http://www.ssconhelhi.goarch.org Official Website]
*St. Lazar Serbian Orthodox Mission Parish - [http://www.westsrbdio.org/latest_news/visit_to_Hawaii.html News site] (No Official Website)
*Maui Greek Orthodox Mission Parish - [http://www.mauigreekorthodoxmission.com Official Website]
*OCA Mission in Kona - [http://www.oca.org/DIRlisting.asp?SID=9&KEY=OCA-WE-KONOCX Official website]

==See also==
* [[List of parishes in Hawaii (USA)|Orthodox Parishes in Hawaii]]

==External links==
*[http://www.iveron.org/hawaii Orthodox Christianity in the Hawaiian Islands]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodoxinhawaii/ A Yahoogroup dedicated to Orthodox Christianity in Hawaii]
*[[Wikipedia:Russian Fort Elizabeth]]

==Sources==
* Archimandrite Avgustin (Nikitin); "Gavraiskie ostrova i Rossiia (Obzor tserkovnykh sviazei i kontaktov" - (Saint-Petersburg; Minneapolis 2002)

[[Category:Jurisdictions]]
[[Category:Church History|Hawaii]]

Eucharist

2007-06-01T09:46:36Z

MshKlimek: /* Eucharistic Liturgies */

[[Image:Covered Vessels 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]'''Eucharist''' comes from the Greek meaning ''giving thanks''. Other names for the Eucharist include: the '''''Holy Gifts''''', '''''Communion''''', and the '''''Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ'''''. [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] believe that the Real Presence of God (not merely a sign) is present after the [[consecration]] of the Gifts.

{{spirituality}}

== Background ==
The Eucharist is the center of life in the Orthodox Church because the Church is primarily a eucharistic community. The Eucharist is the completion of all of the Church's other sacraments and the source and the goal of all of the Church's doctrines and institutions.

The majority of scholars of the Last Supper do not believe that it was a Passover meal, a position consistent with the account given by the [[Gospel of John|Gospel of Saint John]]. A minority believe that it was a seder or Passover meal, a position consistent with the Synoptic Gospels. However, as Enrico Mazza has argued, the minority view "remains a theological interpretation. The historical fact is that the Last Supper was not a Passover celebration and, consequently, that its liturgy was not that of the Jewish Passover" (''The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation'' [Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999] pp. 25-26).

==For the remission of sins and unto life everlasting==
Before the reception of Holy Communion the following prayer is generally recited by all. It is each person's act of personal commitment to Christ, their promise of faith in Him and the Sacred Mysteries of His Church.

:''I believe, O Lord, and I confess that Thou art truly the Christ, the Son of the Living God, who camest into the world to save sinners, of whom I am the first (see [[I Timothy|1 Tim]] 1:15).''

:''I believe also that this is truly Thine own most pure Body, and that this is truly Thine own most precious Blood. Therefore I pray Thee: Have mercy upon me and forgive me my transgressions, committed in word and deed, whether consciously or unconsciously. ''

:''And make me worthy to partake without condemnation of Thy most pure Mysteries, for the remission of sins and unto life everlasting.''

:''Of Thy Mystical Supper, O Son of God, accept me today as a communicant. For I will not speak of Thy Mystery to Thine enemies, neither like [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]] will I give Thee a kiss; but like the thief will I confess Thee: "Remember me, O Lord, in Thy Kingdom."''

:''May the communion of Thy Holy Mysteries be neither to my judgment, nor to my condemnation, 0 Lord, but to the healing of soul and body.''

The faithful receive Holy Communion on a spoon. They are given both the consecrated bread (NIKA) and the sanctified wine. The communion of the faithful is always from the gifts offered and sanctified at the given Divine Liturgy. All who are [[Preparation for Holy Communion|prepared]] members of the Church through the [[sacrament]]s of [[baptism]] and [[chrismation]], including small children and infants, may partake of Holy Communion.

==Eucharist as a sacrifice==
The Orthodox Church believes the Eucharist to be a sacrifice. As is heard in the Liturgy, '''"Thine of Thine own we offer to Thee, in all and for all."'''
#At the Eucharist, the sacrifice offered is Christ himself, and it is Christ himself who in the Church performs the act of offering: He is both priest and victim.
#'''We offer to Thee'''. The Eucharist is offered to [[God]] the [[Trinity]] — not just to the [[Father]] but also to the [[Holy Spirit]] and to [[Christ]] Himself. So, what is the sacrifice of the Eucharist? By whom is it offered? and to whom is it offered? In each case the answer is Christ.
#We '''offer for all''': according to Orthodox theology, the Eucharist is a propitiatory sacrifice, offered on behalf of both the living and the dead.

The Church teaches that the sacrifice is not a mere figure or symbol but a true sacrifice. It is not the bread that is sacrificed, but the very Body of Christ. And, the Lamb of God was sacrificed only once, for all time. The sacrifice at the Eucharist consists, not in the real and bloody immolation of the Lamb, but in the transformation of the bread into the sacrificed Lamb.

All the events of Christ's sacrifice, the [[Incarnation]], the Last Supper, the [[Crucifixion]], the [[Resurrection]], and the [[Ascension]] are not repeated in the Eucharist, but they are made present.

==Real, symbolic, or mystical==
The Eucharist is both symbolic and mystical. Also, the Eucharist in the Orthodox Church is understood to be the genuine Body and Blood of Christ, precisely because bread and wine are the mysteries and symbols of God's true and genuine presence and his manifestation to us in Christ.

The mystery of the Holy Eucharist defies analysis and explanation in purely rational and logical terms. For the Eucharist, as Christ himself, is a mystery of the Kingdom of Heaven which, as Jesus has told us, is "not of this world." The Eucharist, because it belongs to God's Kingdom, is truly free from the earth-born "logic" of fallen humanity.

From [[John of Damascus]]: "If you enquire how this happens, it is enough for you to learn that it is through the Holy Spirit ... we know nothing more than this, that the word of God is true, active, and omnipotent, but in its manner of operation unsearchable".

==Reserved Sacrament==
The Eucharist is normally reserved in a [[tabernacle]] on the [[altar table]], although there is no strict rule as to the place of reservation. There are no services of public devotion before the reserved sacrament, nor is there any equivalent to the Roman Catholic functions of Exposition and Benediction. The [[priest]] blesses the people with the sacrament during the course of the Liturgy, but never outside it.

The faithful at the liturgy are never given communion from the reserved gifts; they are kept exclusively for those unable to be attend liturgy for good reasons, usually sickness or infirmity. Holy Communion is always from the gifts, the bread and wine, actually offered at the eucharistic liturgy which is currently being celebrated. Only the Liturgy of Presanctified Gifts uses gifts sanctified at the previous Divine Liturgy.

{{liturgy}}
==Eucharistic Liturgies==
In the Orthodox Church four [[Divine Liturgy |Eucharistic Liturgies]] are "commonly" used.
===Liturgy of St. James===
The Liturgy of St. James is served only in certain places, usually on the [[feast day]] of St. [[Apostle James the Just|James]] the "Brother of the Lord" ([[October 23]]), first [[Bishop]] of [[Church of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. It is the oldest and longest of the liturgies.
===Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great===
The Divine Liturgy of St. [[Basil the Great]] is used on the Sundays of [[Great Lent]], [[Holy Week|Holy Thursday]], the Eves of [[Pascha]], [[Christmas]], and [[Theophany]], and the Feast of St.[[ Basil the Great]] ([[January 1]]). St. Basil shortened and standardized all the variations of liturgies that developed from the time of St. James until the acceptance of Christianity by the Roman Empire.
===Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom===
The most common is the Divine Liturgy of St. [[John Chrysostom]], the liturgy used on all Sundays except those which fall during Great Lent and all holy days on which a Eucharistic liturgy is served except for the eves of Pascha, Christmas and Theophany, Holy Thursday, and the [[feast day]] of St. Basil the Great.
===Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts ===
: ''Main article: [[Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts]]''

The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is a [[Vespers|vesperal]] service during which elements that were previously consecrated are distributed to the faithful. The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is appointed for use on Wednesdays and Fridays during [[Great Lent]] (and certain feast days when they fall on a weekday during Great Lent) because the full celebration of the Eucharistic liturgy is generally prohibited on the weekdays of Great Lent. This service is often attributed to St. [[Gregory the Great]], Bishop of [[Church of Rome|Rome]] in the sixth century.

=="Other" Divine Liturgies==
There are several Divine liturgies that are used in some Orthodox churches frequestnly and in others rarely.

===Divine Liturgy of St. Mark===
The service is the original, traditional liturgy of the Church of Alexandria, used by the great hierarchs of Christ Athanasios, Cyrill, Makarios, Dionysios and others. Manuscript texts of this liturgy date back to the fourth century, but more ancient fragments exist. Although the order of the service has developed over the course of many centuries, we are assured that the author of this liturgy is indeed the Apostle Mark. The most recent text (dating to 1585 during the time of the Greek Patriarch of Alexandria Meletios Pigas) was approved and published by St. Nektarios of Aegina. This liturgy is served once a year in the Greek and Russian Churches.

===Divine Liturgy of Saint Tikhon===
Used by the Western-rite Orthodox of the Antiochian and ROCOR churches.

===Divine Liturgy of Peter the Apostle===
This liturgy is also known as the Sarum Missal, it is used by the Antiochian and ROCOR Western-rite churches.

==See also==

*[[Prosphora]]
*[[Preparation for Holy Communion]]

==Published works==

* Laverdiere, Eugene. ''The Eucharist in the New Testament and in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0814661521)
* [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Zizioulas, John D.]] ''Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries''. (ISBN 1885652518)

==External links==

*[http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/num31.htm Orthodoxy and Transubstantiation]
*[http://goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7077.asp The Holy Eucharist] by Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald from the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] website
*[http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=53 The Orthodox Faith] Fr. Thomas Hopko, Dean Emeritus of St. Vladimir's Seminary, Crestwood, NY.

[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Sacraments]]

Eucharist

2007-06-01T09:40:04Z

MshKlimek: /* Eucharistic Liturgies */

[[Image:Covered Vessels 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px]]'''Eucharist''' comes from the Greek meaning ''giving thanks''. Other names for the Eucharist include: the '''''Holy Gifts''''', '''''Communion''''', and the '''''Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ'''''. [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] believe that the Real Presence of God (not merely a sign) is present after the [[consecration]] of the Gifts.

{{spirituality}}

== Background ==
The Eucharist is the center of life in the Orthodox Church because the Church is primarily a eucharistic community. The Eucharist is the completion of all of the Church's other sacraments and the source and the goal of all of the Church's doctrines and institutions.

The majority of scholars of the Last Supper do not believe that it was a Passover meal, a position consistent with the account given by the [[Gospel of John|Gospel of Saint John]]. A minority believe that it was a seder or Passover meal, a position consistent with the Synoptic Gospels. However, as Enrico Mazza has argued, the minority view "remains a theological interpretation. The historical fact is that the Last Supper was not a Passover celebration and, consequently, that its liturgy was not that of the Jewish Passover" (''The Celebration of the Eucharist: The Origin of the Rite and the Development of Its Interpretation'' [Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999] pp. 25-26).

==For the remission of sins and unto life everlasting==
Before the reception of Holy Communion the following prayer is generally recited by all. It is each person's act of personal commitment to Christ, their promise of faith in Him and the Sacred Mysteries of His Church.

:''I believe, O Lord, and I confess that Thou art truly the Christ, the Son of the Living God, who camest into the world to save sinners, of whom I am the first (see [[I Timothy|1 Tim]] 1:15).''

:''I believe also that this is truly Thine own most pure Body, and that this is truly Thine own most precious Blood. Therefore I pray Thee: Have mercy upon me and forgive me my transgressions, committed in word and deed, whether consciously or unconsciously. ''

:''And make me worthy to partake without condemnation of Thy most pure Mysteries, for the remission of sins and unto life everlasting.''

:''Of Thy Mystical Supper, O Son of God, accept me today as a communicant. For I will not speak of Thy Mystery to Thine enemies, neither like [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]] will I give Thee a kiss; but like the thief will I confess Thee: "Remember me, O Lord, in Thy Kingdom."''

:''May the communion of Thy Holy Mysteries be neither to my judgment, nor to my condemnation, 0 Lord, but to the healing of soul and body.''

The faithful receive Holy Communion on a spoon. They are given both the consecrated bread (NIKA) and the sanctified wine. The communion of the faithful is always from the gifts offered and sanctified at the given Divine Liturgy. All who are [[Preparation for Holy Communion|prepared]] members of the Church through the [[sacrament]]s of [[baptism]] and [[chrismation]], including small children and infants, may partake of Holy Communion.

==Eucharist as a sacrifice==
The Orthodox Church believes the Eucharist to be a sacrifice. As is heard in the Liturgy, '''"Thine of Thine own we offer to Thee, in all and for all."'''
#At the Eucharist, the sacrifice offered is Christ himself, and it is Christ himself who in the Church performs the act of offering: He is both priest and victim.
#'''We offer to Thee'''. The Eucharist is offered to [[God]] the [[Trinity]] — not just to the [[Father]] but also to the [[Holy Spirit]] and to [[Christ]] Himself. So, what is the sacrifice of the Eucharist? By whom is it offered? and to whom is it offered? In each case the answer is Christ.
#We '''offer for all''': according to Orthodox theology, the Eucharist is a propitiatory sacrifice, offered on behalf of both the living and the dead.

The Church teaches that the sacrifice is not a mere figure or symbol but a true sacrifice. It is not the bread that is sacrificed, but the very Body of Christ. And, the Lamb of God was sacrificed only once, for all time. The sacrifice at the Eucharist consists, not in the real and bloody immolation of the Lamb, but in the transformation of the bread into the sacrificed Lamb.

All the events of Christ's sacrifice, the [[Incarnation]], the Last Supper, the [[Crucifixion]], the [[Resurrection]], and the [[Ascension]] are not repeated in the Eucharist, but they are made present.

==Real, symbolic, or mystical==
The Eucharist is both symbolic and mystical. Also, the Eucharist in the Orthodox Church is understood to be the genuine Body and Blood of Christ, precisely because bread and wine are the mysteries and symbols of God's true and genuine presence and his manifestation to us in Christ.

The mystery of the Holy Eucharist defies analysis and explanation in purely rational and logical terms. For the Eucharist, as Christ himself, is a mystery of the Kingdom of Heaven which, as Jesus has told us, is "not of this world." The Eucharist, because it belongs to God's Kingdom, is truly free from the earth-born "logic" of fallen humanity.

From [[John of Damascus]]: "If you enquire how this happens, it is enough for you to learn that it is through the Holy Spirit ... we know nothing more than this, that the word of God is true, active, and omnipotent, but in its manner of operation unsearchable".

==Reserved Sacrament==
The Eucharist is normally reserved in a [[tabernacle]] on the [[altar table]], although there is no strict rule as to the place of reservation. There are no services of public devotion before the reserved sacrament, nor is there any equivalent to the Roman Catholic functions of Exposition and Benediction. The [[priest]] blesses the people with the sacrament during the course of the Liturgy, but never outside it.

The faithful at the liturgy are never given communion from the reserved gifts; they are kept exclusively for those unable to be attend liturgy for good reasons, usually sickness or infirmity. Holy Communion is always from the gifts, the bread and wine, actually offered at the eucharistic liturgy which is currently being celebrated. Only the Liturgy of Presanctified Gifts uses gifts sanctified at the previous Divine Liturgy.

{{liturgy}}
==Eucharistic Liturgies==
In the Orthodox Church four [[Divine Liturgy |Eucharistic Liturgies]] are "commonly" used.
===Liturgy of St. James===
The Liturgy of St. James is served only in certain places, usually on the [[feast day]] of St. [[Apostle James the Just|James]] the "Brother of the Lord" ([[October 23]]), first [[Bishop]] of [[Church of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. It is the oldest and longest of the liturgies.
===Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great===
The Divine Liturgy of St. [[Basil the Great]] is used on the Sundays of [[Great Lent]], [[Holy Week|Holy Thursday]], the Eves of [[Pascha]], [[Christmas]], and [[Theophany]], and the Feast of St.[[ Basil the Great]] ([[January 1]]). St. Basil shortened and standardized all the variations of liturgies that developed from the time of St. James until the acceptance of Christianity by the Roman Empire.
===Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom===
The most common is the Divine Liturgy of St. [[John Chrysostom]], the liturgy used on all Sundays except those which fall during Great Lent and all holy days on which a Eucharistic liturgy is served except for the eves of Pascha, Christmas and Theophany, Holy Thursday, and the [[feast day]] of St. Basil the Great.
===Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts ===
: ''Main article: [[Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts]]''

The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is a [[Vespers|vesperal]] service during which elements that were previously consecrated are distributed to the faithful. The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is appointed for use on Wednesdays and Fridays during [[Great Lent]] (and certain feast days when they fall on a weekday during Great Lent) because the full celebration of the Eucharistic liturgy is generally prohibited on the weekdays of Great Lent. This service is often attributed to St. [[Gregory the Great]], Bishop of [[Church of Rome|Rome]] in the sixth century.

==See also==

*[[Prosphora]]
*[[Preparation for Holy Communion]]

==Published works==

* Laverdiere, Eugene. ''The Eucharist in the New Testament and in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0814661521)
* [[John (Zizioulas) of Pergamon|Zizioulas, John D.]] ''Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries''. (ISBN 1885652518)

==External links==

*[http://www.bringyou.to/apologetics/num31.htm Orthodoxy and Transubstantiation]
*[http://goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7077.asp The Holy Eucharist] by Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald from the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] website
*[http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&ID=53 The Orthodox Faith] Fr. Thomas Hopko, Dean Emeritus of St. Vladimir's Seminary, Crestwood, NY.

[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Sacraments]]

Category talk:Sacraments

2007-06-01T09:39:05Z

MshKlimek: New page: sacraments is not a good word, "mysteries" is truer and correct title

sacraments is not a good word, "mysteries" is truer and correct title

Orthodoxy in Hawaii

2007-06-01T09:37:44Z

MshKlimek: /* The Russian Orthodox Church (ROCOR) in Hawaii */

[[Image:hawaiiorthodox.jpg|right|frame| The Main Altar Cross of the Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii in Honolulu]]

==History of Hawaiian Orthodoxy==
=== Christianity in Hawaii ===
The first Christian service held in Hawaii was a [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] [[Pascha]]l service. Somewhere between 1792 and 1793, while traveling from Far East to what was then Russian America, a Russian trading ship stopped over in the Hawaiian Islands. The Russian Orthodox [[priest]], not wanting to celebrate Holy [[Pascha]] (Easter) at sea, instructed the captain to disembark. The captain then told the priest that he feared the "natives" but was then told, "They will not harm us, for we are Orthodox, and we bear the Light of Christ to illumine their hearts." They disembarked and blessed a temporary [[altar]] under a newly built temple made out of palms and bamboo and adorned with a Znammeny icon of the Mother of God and the Christ Child. It was rumored that as they departed the Orthodox priest left the icon used in the Paschal Liturgy. The ship's priest promised that, "We shall return and baptize these natives to the [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church]]."

=== First Orthodox Chapels ===
[[Image:Fortelizabeth.jpg|right|frame|Russian Fort Elizabeth as it was in 1815 on the Island of Kauai]]
In 1815, Russians built Hawaii's first [[Orthodox Church]]; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] chapel at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Fort_Elizabeth Fort Elizabeth]. On the Island of Kaua'i, three Russian forts were built: Fort Alexander, Fort Barclay, and Fort Elizabeth. Fort Alexander also housed a small Orthodox chapel, but Fort Elizabeth was the trading base for the new Russian-American Company in Hawaii. When King Kaumuali'i of Kaua'i ceded his kingdom to King Kamehameha the Great in 1816 following the tsar's refusal to annex Kaua'i due to political troubles in Russia, the forts were also ceded, and the Hawaiian Islands become one unified kingdom. The chapels ultimately fell into disrepair after Calvinist missionaries from the United States landed in 1820 after the death of King Kamehameha I.

[[Image:kamehameha.jpg|left|frame|Russian Artist's Sketch of King Kamehameha the Great of Hawaii]]

In 1882, the Hawaiian Kingdom sent a diplomatic delegation to St. Petersburg, Russia, to witness the coronation of Tsar Alexander III. The reports of the Hawaiian special envoy to the Russian court, Colonel Curtis 'Iaukea, about the [[liturgy|liturgical]] services were widely published in Hawaiian-language newspapers. Two years later, Tsar Alexander III sent King Kalakaua the Imperial Order of St. [[Alexander Nevsky|Alexander of Nevsky]], the highest Russian award, and established a permanent Russian embassy in Hawaii, along with a very small Orthodox chapel. Subsequently, 200 Ukrainians were imported by American sugar planters.

In 1893, Queen Lili'uokalani was deposed by U.S. Marines and American sugar plantation owners, who were mostly the children of American Calvinist missionaries, and a provisional government under the protection of the United States was installed. In 1898, Hawaii was incorporated into the United States despite near universal opposition from native Hawaiians. In the early 1900s, the Russian ambassador was recalled, the embassy was moved to a small office, and the Russian chapel was closed.

It is also worth noting, that Saint [[Innocent of Moscow]] made a brief stop-over in Hawaii during his travels from Asia to Western America.

== Rebirth of Orthodoxy ==
[[Image:korchinsky.gif|left|frame|A photo of Fr. Jakob Korchinsky from the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 23, 1916]]
On [[November 27]], 1910 ([[Julian Calendar]]), with the blessing of the [[bishop]]s of Vladivostok and in America, the first Russian Orthodox reader services were held by Reader Vasily Pasderin. November 27 was, and is, the "Feast Day of the Znamenny-[[Kursk Root Icon]] of the Sign of the [[Mother of God]]."

In 1915, at the petition of the Russian Orthodox community to the [[Holy Synod]] of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]], a Russian Orthodox priest was dispatched to Hawaii to pastor the large population of [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] faithful. On Orthodox Christmas (Dec.25/Jan. 7), Protopresbyter Jakob Korchinsky celebrated the Divine Liturgy at Saint Andrew's Episcopal Cathedral in Honolulu, and he established permanent liturgical services. Thus Orthodoxy was re-established in Hawaii. [[Image:episcopal.jpg|right|thumb|100px|St. Andrew's Episcopal as it appears today in downtown Honolulu]] Fr. Jakob, a well-known [[missionary]] priest, established churches in Canada, the United States, Alaska, and Australia. He was murdered in [[Odessa]] shortly after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church#Russian_revolution Bolshevik Revolution] in Russia. This murdered priest has not been officially recognized as a martyred saint....yet.

In subsequent years, the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] Church in Hawaii shipped or flew priests to Hawaii to care for the dwindling Orthodox population. [[Archimandrite]] Innokenty Dronov of Hilo, a contemporary of St. [[Jonah of Manchuria]] and St. [[John Maximovitch|John of Shanghai and San Francisco]] and Metropolitan [[Meletius of Harbin]], served the entire Orthodox Christian flock on all the Hawaiian Islands throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Fr. Innokenty had a large following of [[Church of Japan|Japanese Orthodox]] Christians. He frequently returned to the [http://www.wadiocese.com Diocese in San Francisco] to report to Archbishops +[[Appolinary of San Francisco|APPOLINARY]] and +[[Tikhon (Troitsky) of San Francisco|TIKHON of San Francisco]] and for medical reasons. He is now purportedly buried on the Big Island of Hawaii.
[[Image:innokenty.jpg|left|frame|Fr. Innokenty in front of the Old Apostles Episcopal church in Hilo in 1937]]

== Hawaii, the "Melting Pot" of Orthodoxy ==
Up until the 1960s, the Russian Orthodox Church was the only Orthodox jurisdiction in the Hawaiian Islands. Following the 1960s, parishes from three seperate Orthodox jurisdictions established themselves in the Islands; Greek, Serbian, and OCA. At one point there were as many as five different Orthodox jurisdictions in the Hawaiian Islands. All Orthodox churches in Hawaii are in communion with one another and have friendly relations. (See also: [[Orthodoxy in America]], [[Diaspora]].)

====The Russian Orthodox Church (ROCOR) in Hawaii====
In the late 1960s, a group of Russian Orthodox Christians parted ways with the local Greek community and joined the Russian Orthodox Church in Hawaii under the Omophorion of Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles; they formed the St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] Russian Orthodox Mission Parish. In the early 1980's, this mission parish was later re-[[consecrate|consecrated]] under the heavenly protection of the [[Mother of God]] and is now known as the Holy [[Theotokos]] of [[Iveron]] Russian Orthodox Church. In the late 1990s, the current pastor of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] community, Father Anatole Lyovin was [[ordination|ordained]] to serve the Orthodox faithful in Hawaii. Currently this parish is without a permanent structure, there are plans to build the first [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] [[church]] in Honolulu.

Fr. Anatole also oversees the Russian Orthodox mission communities on Kauai and the Big Island of Hawaii. These Russian communities are under the spiritual care of Archbishop [[Kyrill (Dmitrieff) of San Francisco|+KYRILL of San Francisco]] (ROCOR).

====The Greek Orthodox Church (GOARCH) in Hawaii====
In the mid 1960s, a [[Greek]] Orthodox community established a Greek Orthodox mission under the auspices of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese]]. This community became known as the Saints [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] and [[Helen]] [[Church of Constantinople|Greek Orthodox Church]]. The current (and temporary) pastor of the Greek Orthodox community in Hawaii is Fr. Demetrius Dogias, he was assigned to the Greek church in Honolulu in 2007.

In the 90's, on the Island of Maui, a Greek Orthodox mission was established, this mission is served by clergy of Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church in Honolulu. These two Greek communities are under the care of Met. Gerasimos of San Francisco (GOARCH).

====The Serbian Orthodox Church in Hawaii====
In the early 1990s, a Serbian community established an Orthodox mission dedicated to Saint [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar of Kosovo]]. The Serbian mission later became inactive, and its remaining members joined the local Russian and Greek Orthodox churches. There has been a recent interest within the Serbian Orthodox community in Hawaii to re-establish this mission. In recent months, visiting clergy (including the Serbian Bishop +[[Maxim (Vasilijevic) of Western America|MAXIM]]) have come from the mainland to minister to them.
[[Image:Bishop Benjamin.jpg|thumb|145px|right|Bishop Benjamin visits the Kona Mission]]

====The Antiochian Orthodox Church in Hawaii====
In 2003, the short-lived St. Paul the Apostle Antiochian Orthodox Mission was established in Honolulu at Fort Shafter Army Base. The rector of this mission was Fr. Isaiah Gillette, a chaplain with the military. Following Fr. Isaiah's transfer to Texas, this mission parish was disbanded.

====The OCA in Hawaii====
In early 2004, a new Orthodox community under the jurisdiction of the [[OCA]] was established in Kona, Hawaii. Fr. Sergius Naumann served this community for a time until leaving for Alaska. They are currently overseen by Bishop +BENJAMIN, of the Diocese of the West, and other clergy from the mainland. This mission is under the supervision of Archpriest George Gray.

==Orthodox churches in Hawaii==
*Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii - [http://www.orthodoxhawaii.org Official website]
*Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church - [http://www.ssconhelhi.goarch.org Official Website]
*St. Lazar Serbian Orthodox Mission Parish - [http://www.westsrbdio.org/latest_news/visit_to_Hawaii.html News site] (No Official Website)
*Maui Greek Orthodox Mission Parish - [http://www.mauigreekorthodoxmission.com Official Website]
*OCA Mission in Kona - [http://www.oca.org/DIRlisting.asp?SID=9&KEY=OCA-WE-KONOCX Official website]

==See also==
* [[List of parishes in Hawaii (USA)|Orthodox Parishes in Hawaii]]

==External links==
*[http://www.iveron.org/hawaii Orthodox Christianity in the Hawaiian Islands]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodoxinhawaii/ A Yahoogroup dedicated to Orthodox Christianity in Hawaii]
*[[Wikipedia:Russian Fort Elizabeth]]

==Sources==
* Archimandrite Avgustin (Nikitin); "Gavraiskie ostrova i Rossiia (Obzor tserkovnykh sviazei i kontaktov" - (Saint-Petersburg; Minneapolis 2002)

[[Category:Jurisdictions]]

Talk:Orthodoxy in Hawaii

2007-06-01T09:36:08Z

MshKlimek: very good article

Archived discussion: [[/Jurisdictionalism and Hawaii]]

== very good article ==

very good article it is missing much information though; the name of ship and captain in 1792. i have it somewhere, i have to look for it. i will add it when i find it. very good article.

Orthodoxy in Hawaii

2007-06-01T09:24:21Z

MshKlimek:

[[Image:hawaiiorthodox.jpg|right|frame| The Main Altar Cross of the Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii in Honolulu]]

==History of Hawaiian Orthodoxy==
=== Christianity in Hawaii ===
The first Christian service held in Hawaii was a [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] [[Pascha]]l service. Somewhere between 1792 and 1793, while traveling from Far East to what was then Russian America, a Russian trading ship stopped over in the Hawaiian Islands. The Russian Orthodox [[priest]], not wanting to celebrate Holy [[Pascha]] (Easter) at sea, instructed the captain to disembark. The captain then told the priest that he feared the "natives" but was then told, "They will not harm us, for we are Orthodox, and we bear the Light of Christ to illumine their hearts." They disembarked and blessed a temporary [[altar]] under a newly built temple made out of palms and bamboo and adorned with a Znammeny icon of the Mother of God and the Christ Child. It was rumored that as they departed the Orthodox priest left the icon used in the Paschal Liturgy. The ship's priest promised that, "We shall return and baptize these natives to the [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church]]."

=== First Orthodox Chapels ===
[[Image:Fortelizabeth.jpg|right|frame|Russian Fort Elizabeth as it was in 1815 on the Island of Kauai]]
In 1815, Russians built Hawaii's first [[Orthodox Church]]; the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] chapel at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Fort_Elizabeth Fort Elizabeth]. On the Island of Kaua'i, three Russian forts were built: Fort Alexander, Fort Barclay, and Fort Elizabeth. Fort Alexander also housed a small Orthodox chapel, but Fort Elizabeth was the trading base for the new Russian-American Company in Hawaii. When King Kaumuali'i of Kaua'i ceded his kingdom to King Kamehameha the Great in 1816 following the tsar's refusal to annex Kaua'i due to political troubles in Russia, the forts were also ceded, and the Hawaiian Islands become one unified kingdom. The chapels ultimately fell into disrepair after Calvinist missionaries from the United States landed in 1820 after the death of King Kamehameha I.

[[Image:kamehameha.jpg|left|frame|Russian Artist's Sketch of King Kamehameha the Great of Hawaii]]

In 1882, the Hawaiian Kingdom sent a diplomatic delegation to St. Petersburg, Russia, to witness the coronation of Tsar Alexander III. The reports of the Hawaiian special envoy to the Russian court, Colonel Curtis 'Iaukea, about the [[liturgy|liturgical]] services were widely published in Hawaiian-language newspapers. Two years later, Tsar Alexander III sent King Kalakaua the Imperial Order of St. [[Alexander Nevsky|Alexander of Nevsky]], the highest Russian award, and established a permanent Russian embassy in Hawaii, along with a very small Orthodox chapel. Subsequently, 200 Ukrainians were imported by American sugar planters.

In 1893, Queen Lili'uokalani was deposed by U.S. Marines and American sugar plantation owners, who were mostly the children of American Calvinist missionaries, and a provisional government under the protection of the United States was installed. In 1898, Hawaii was incorporated into the United States despite near universal opposition from native Hawaiians. In the early 1900s, the Russian ambassador was recalled, the embassy was moved to a small office, and the Russian chapel was closed.

It is also worth noting, that Saint [[Innocent of Moscow]] made a brief stop-over in Hawaii during his travels from Asia to Western America.

== Rebirth of Orthodoxy ==
[[Image:korchinsky.gif|left|frame|A photo of Fr. Jakob Korchinsky from the Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 23, 1916]]
On [[November 27]], 1910 ([[Julian Calendar]]), with the blessing of the [[bishop]]s of Vladivostok and in America, the first Russian Orthodox reader services were held by Reader Vasily Pasderin. November 27 was, and is, the "Feast Day of the Znamenny-[[Kursk Root Icon]] of the Sign of the [[Mother of God]]."

In 1915, at the petition of the Russian Orthodox community to the [[Holy Synod]] of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox Church]], a Russian Orthodox priest was dispatched to Hawaii to pastor the large population of [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] faithful. On Orthodox Christmas (Dec.25/Jan. 7), Protopresbyter Jakob Korchinsky celebrated the Divine Liturgy at Saint Andrew's Episcopal Cathedral in Honolulu, and he established permanent liturgical services. Thus Orthodoxy was re-established in Hawaii. [[Image:episcopal.jpg|right|thumb|100px|St. Andrew's Episcopal as it appears today in downtown Honolulu]] Fr. Jakob, a well-known [[missionary]] priest, established churches in Canada, the United States, Alaska, and Australia. He was murdered in [[Odessa]] shortly after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church#Russian_revolution Bolshevik Revolution] in Russia. This murdered priest has not been officially recognized as a martyred saint....yet.

In subsequent years, the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] Church in Hawaii shipped or flew priests to Hawaii to care for the dwindling Orthodox population. [[Archimandrite]] Innokenty Dronov of Hilo, a contemporary of St. [[Jonah of Manchuria]] and St. [[John Maximovitch|John of Shanghai and San Francisco]] and Metropolitan [[Meletius of Harbin]], served the entire Orthodox Christian flock on all the Hawaiian Islands throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Fr. Innokenty had a large following of [[Church of Japan|Japanese Orthodox]] Christians. He frequently returned to the [http://www.wadiocese.com Diocese in San Francisco] to report to Archbishops +[[Appolinary of San Francisco|APPOLINARY]] and +[[Tikhon (Troitsky) of San Francisco|TIKHON of San Francisco]] and for medical reasons. He is now purportedly buried on the Big Island of Hawaii.
[[Image:innokenty.jpg|left|frame|Fr. Innokenty in front of the Old Apostles Episcopal church in Hilo in 1937]]

== Hawaii, the "Melting Pot" of Orthodoxy ==
Up until the 1960s, the Russian Orthodox Church was the only Orthodox jurisdiction in the Hawaiian Islands. Following the 1960s, parishes from three seperate Orthodox jurisdictions established themselves in the Islands; Greek, Serbian, and OCA. At one point there were as many as five different Orthodox jurisdictions in the Hawaiian Islands. All Orthodox churches in Hawaii are in communion with one another and have friendly relations. (See also: [[Orthodoxy in America]], [[Diaspora]].)

====The Russian Orthodox Church (ROCOR) in Hawaii====
In the late 1960s, a group of Russian Orthodox Christians parted ways with local Greek community and joined the Russian Orthodox Church in Hawaii under the Omophorion of Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles; they formed the St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] Russian Orthodox Mission. In the early 1980's, this mission parish was later re-[[consecrate|consecrated]] under the heavenly protection of the [[Mother of God]] and is now known as the Holy [[Theotokos]] of [[Iveron]] Russian Orthodox Church. In the late 1990s, the current pastor of the [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] community, Father Anatole Lyovin was [[ordination|ordained]] to serve the Orthodox faithful in Hawaii. Currently this parish is without a permanent structure, there are plans to build the first [[Church of Russia|Russian Orthodox]] [[church]] in Honolulu.

Fr. Anatole also oversees the Russian Orthodox mission communities on Kauai and the Big Island of Hawaii. These Russian communities are under the spiritual care of Archbishop [[Kyrill (Dmitrieff) of San Francisco|+KYRILL of San Francisco]] (ROCOR).

====The Greek Orthodox Church (GOARCH) in Hawaii====
In the mid 1960s, a [[Greek]] Orthodox community established a Greek Orthodox mission under the auspices of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Archdiocese]]. This community became known as the Saints [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] and [[Helen]] [[Church of Constantinople|Greek Orthodox Church]]. The current (and temporary) pastor of the Greek Orthodox community in Hawaii is Fr. Demetrius Dogias, he was assigned to the Greek church in Honolulu in 2007.

In the 90's, on the Island of Maui, a Greek Orthodox mission was established, this mission is served by clergy of Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church in Honolulu. These two Greek communities are under the care of Met. Gerasimos of San Francisco (GOARCH).

====The Serbian Orthodox Church in Hawaii====
In the early 1990s, a Serbian community established an Orthodox mission dedicated to Saint [[Lazar of Serbia|Lazar of Kosovo]]. The Serbian mission later became inactive, and its remaining members joined the local Russian and Greek Orthodox churches. There has been a recent interest within the Serbian Orthodox community in Hawaii to re-establish this mission. In recent months, visiting clergy (including the Serbian Bishop +[[Maxim (Vasilijevic) of Western America|MAXIM]]) have come from the mainland to minister to them.
[[Image:Bishop Benjamin.jpg|thumb|145px|right|Bishop Benjamin visits the Kona Mission]]

====The Antiochian Orthodox Church in Hawaii====
In 2003, the short-lived St. Paul the Apostle Antiochian Orthodox Mission was established in Honolulu at Fort Shafter Army Base. The rector of this mission was Fr. Isaiah Gillette, a chaplain with the military. Following Fr. Isaiah's transfer to Texas, this mission parish was disbanded.

====The OCA in Hawaii====
In early 2004, a new Orthodox community under the jurisdiction of the [[OCA]] was established in Kona, Hawaii. Fr. Sergius Naumann served this community for a time until leaving for Alaska. They are currently overseen by Bishop +BENJAMIN, of the Diocese of the West, and other clergy from the mainland. This mission is under the supervision of Archpriest George Gray.

==Orthodox churches in Hawaii==
*Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii - [http://www.orthodoxhawaii.org Official website]
*Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church - [http://www.ssconhelhi.goarch.org Official Website]
*St. Lazar Serbian Orthodox Mission Parish - [http://www.westsrbdio.org/latest_news/visit_to_Hawaii.html News site] (No Official Website)
*Maui Greek Orthodox Mission Parish - [http://www.mauigreekorthodoxmission.com Official Website]
*OCA Mission in Kona - [http://www.oca.org/DIRlisting.asp?SID=9&KEY=OCA-WE-KONOCX Official website]

==See also==
* [[List of parishes in Hawaii (USA)|Orthodox Parishes in Hawaii]]

==External links==
*[http://www.iveron.org/hawaii Orthodox Christianity in the Hawaiian Islands]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodoxinhawaii/ A Yahoogroup dedicated to Orthodox Christianity in Hawaii]
*[[Wikipedia:Russian Fort Elizabeth]]

==Sources==
* Archimandrite Avgustin (Nikitin); "Gavraiskie ostrova i Rossiia (Obzor tserkovnykh sviazei i kontaktov" - (Saint-Petersburg; Minneapolis 2002)

[[Category:Jurisdictions]]

Talk:List of parishes in Hawaii (USA)

2007-06-01T08:58:18Z

MshKlimek: New page: i live in hawaii and remember in 1965 when there was only two orthodox churches. i go to greek church but it is good to see Orthodoxy growing. i have never been to churches in other isla...

i live in hawaii and remember in 1965 when there was only two orthodox churches. i go to greek church but it is good to see Orthodoxy growing. i have never been to churches in other islands. it is still strange to see anatole as a priest we helped establish the greek church.

Seraphim Rose

2007-06-01T08:54:34Z

MshKlimek:

{{orthodoxyinamerica}}
Hieromonk '''Seraphim (Rose)''', né '''Eugene Dennis Rose''' ([[August 13]], 1934-[[September 2]], 1982) was a [[hieromonk]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] in the United States, whose writings have helped spread Orthodox Christianity throughout modern America and the West and are also quite popular in Russia. Although not formally [[Glorification|glorified]] (canonized), he is (some say prematurely) celebrated by some Orthodox Christians as a [[saint]] in [[icon|iconography]], [[liturgy]], and [[prayer]].

==Early life==
Born to Frank and Esther Rose in San Diego, Eugene was raised in California, where he would remain his entire life. He was baptized in the Methodist faith at fourteen years old, but later became an atheist, losing all belief in God. Rated at genius level in high school in formal IQ testing, in San Francisco he entered a beatnik phase in his life and practiced Buddhism.

In the summer of 1955, between his junior and senior years at college, Eugene met Finnish-born Jon Gregerson, through whom he came into initial contact with the Orthodox faith. Eugene came out as [[homosexuality|homosexual]] to a close friend from college after his mother discovered letters penned between her son and Walter Pomeroy, a friend from high school. Eugene later shed his identity as a gay man as he slowly accepted Orthodoxy, eventually ending his lengthy relationship with Gregerson.[http://www.pomona.edu/Magazine/PCMSP01/saint.shtml]

==Orthodoxy==
While studying under Alan Watts at the American Academy of Asian Studies after graduating from Pomona College in 1956, Eugene discovered the writings of René Guenon. Through Guenon's writings, Eugene was inspired to seek out an authentic, grounded spiritual faith tradition. Gregerson, a practicing Russian Orthodox Christian at the time, introduced Eugene to Orthodoxy. Just as Gregerson was choosing to abandon his Orthodoxy, Eugene was inspired to learn more about the faith. This culminated in Eugene's decision to enter the Church through [[chrismation]] in 1962.

Eugene and another Orthodox Christian, [[Herman Podmoshensky|Gleb Podmoshensky]], later formed a community of Orthodox [[booksellers]] and [[Magazines and Publications|publishers]] called the [[St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood (Platina, California)|St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood]]. The community eventually decided to flee urban modernity into the wildrness of northern California to become [[monasticism|monks]] in 1966. At his [[tonsure]] in 1970, Eugene took the name "Seraphim" after St. Seraphim of Sarov.

Following his [[ordination]] as [[hieromonk]], Fr. Seraphim began writing several books, including ''[[God's Revelation to the Human Heart]]'', ''[[Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future]]'', and ''[[The Soul After Death]]''. He also founded the magazine ''[[The Orthodox Word]]'', still published today by the Brotherhood. The collective body of work that Fr. Seraphim published was quickly proliferated throughout America upon Fr. Seraphim's death and later in Russia and Eastern Europe upon the fall of atheist Communism in those countries.

As a monk, Fr. Seraphim developed a close relationship with St. [[John Maximovitch]], then [[bishop]] of San Francisco for the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia|Russian Church Abroad]].

==Teachings==
Fr. Seraphim, as a [[convert]] and eventually a hieromonk in the Russian Church Abroad, is regarded by many as a bastion of sound Orthodox teaching in a time when many American [[jurisdiction]]s, and even factions within the Russian Church Abroad itself, were allegedly introducing new and/or erroneous teachings or practices. In ''Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future'', Fr. Seraphim highlighted what he and others saw as dangerous trends in both the secular and ecclesiastical worlds—namely, modernism and ecumenism (though the book mainly deals with religious movements invading America and outside Orthodoxy).

It was during this time also that [[Holy Transfiguration Monastery (Brookline, Massachusetts)]] began to distort the official positions of the Synod of the Russian Church Abroad. Fr. Seraphim with his fellow monastic, Fr. [[Herman (Podmoshensky)]], used their own tiny printing press to transmit the uncompromised teachings of the Church on a number of issues such as [[evolution]], [[life after death]], and pre-[[Great Schism|Schism]] western [[saint|saints]].

One major issue of contention between Fr. Seraphim and Holy Transfiguration Monastery was the presence of [[grace]] within the allegedly Soviet-compromised hierarchy of the [[Church of Russia|Moscow Patriarchate]]. Fr. Seraphim refuted the extremist views of this monastery and consistently affirmed that Moscow, though ailing, still had grace.

Throughout his life, Fr. Seraphim stressed an "Orthodoxy of the heart," which he felt was absent in much of the ecclesiastical life in America.

One of his more controversial books is ''[[The Soul After Death]]'', which includes the promulgation of the so-called [[Aerial Toll-Houses]] doctrine regarding the soul's journey after its departure from the body. This teaching has drawn much criticism from others within the Orthodox Church, who describe it as [[gnosticism|gnostic]].

[[Image:Father Seraphim (Rose).jpg|left|thumb|200px|Picture of Father Seraphim Rose on Mount Yolla Bolly ([[October 11|Oct. 11]], 1981), holding an [[Icon]] of the [[Holy Trinity]].]]

==Death==
After feeling acute pains for several days while working in his cell in 1982, Fr. Seraphim was taken by his fellow monks to a hospital for treatment. When he reluctantly arrived at Mercy Medical Center in Redding, California, he was declared in critical condition and fell into semi-consciousness. After exploratory surgery was completed, it was discovered that a blood clot had blocked a vein supplying blood to Fr. Seraphim's intestine, which had become a mass of non-functioning dead tissue. Fr. Seraphim slipped into a coma after a second surgery. Hundreds of people came to visit the hospital and celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy|liturgy]] regularly in the chapel, praying for a miracle to save their beloved father's life. Reaction from throughout the world was great, with thousands of prayers said for the ailing hieromonk. He died on [[September 2]], 1982.

After being dead for several days and while lying in repose in a pauper's coffin at his wilderness monastery, visitors claimed that Fr. Seraphim did not succumb to decay and rigor mortis. His body remained supple while several claimed he smelled of roses. A cause for glorification was begun after Fr. Seraphim's burial. He eventually informally attained the title of ''Blessed'' after several miracles were attributed to him and now he awaits glorification into sainthood by an Orthodox [[synod]].

==Books==
===As Author===
*''God's Revelation to the Human Heart''. Platina: Saint Herman Press, 1988. (ISBN 0938635034)
*''Nihilism: The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age''. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1994. (ISBN 1887904069) (as Eugene Rose)
:*Second Edition: Hieromonk Damascene (Christensen) (ed.), 2001.
*''Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future''. Platina: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1975. (ISBN 188790400X)
*''The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church''. Platina: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1983. (ISBN 0938635123)
*''The Soul After Death: Contemporary "After-Death" Experiences in the Light of the Orthodox Teaching on the Afterlife''. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1988. (ISBN 093863514X)
*''The Apocalypse: In the Teachings of Ancient Christianity''. Platina: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1985. (ISBN 0938635670)
*''Genesis, Creation and Early Man''. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 2000. (ISBN 1887904026)
* ''Blessed John the Wonderworker: A Preliminary Account of the Life and Miracles of Archbishop John Maximovitch''. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1987. (ISBN 0938635018)
* ''Letters from Father Seraphim''. Nikodemos Orthodox Publication Society. (ISBN 1879066084)

===As Editor or Translator===
* ''Vita Patrum'', by St. Gregory of Tours. (Foreword by Seraphim Rose. This introductory material runs more than 100 pages.) Platina: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1988. (ISBN 0938635239)
* ''The Apocalypse of St. John: An Orthodox Commentary'', by Archbishop Averky Taushev. (Introduction by Seraphim Rose). Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1998. (ISBN 0938635670)
*''The Orthodox Veneration of the Mother of God'', by St. [[John Maximovitch|John of Shanghai (Maximovitch)]]. Includes an introduction by Fr. Seraphim on the theology of Archbishop (now Saint) John. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1978. (ISBN 0938635689)
* ''Little Russian Philokalia, vol. 1'', by St. Seraphim of Sarov. St. Xenia Skete Press, 1997. (ISBN 0938635301)
*''Little Russian Philokalia, vol. 2'', by Abbot Nazarius of Valaam. St. Xenia Skete Press, 1997. (ISBN 093863531X)
* ''Little Russian Philokalia, vol. 4'', by St. Paisius Velichkovsky. : St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1994. (ISBN 0938635336)
* ''The Sin of Adam and Our Redemption: Seven Homilies'', by St. Symeon the New Theologian. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1979. (ASIN B0006DY97Q)
* ''The First-Created Man: Seven Homilies by St. Symeon the New Theologian'', by St. Symeon the New Theologian. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1994. (ISBN 0938635115). '''(Apparently somewhat different than the above, as it is 40 pages longer.)'''
* ''The Path to Salvation: A Manual of Spiritual Transformation'', by St. Theophan the Recluse. St. Xenia Skete Press, 1997. (ISBN 1887904514)
*''[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/restoration.aspx The Restoration of the Orthodox Way of Life]'', by Archbishop Andrew of New-Diveyevo. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1976. (ASIN B0006Y3F1G)
* ''The Northern Thebaid: Monastic Saints of the Russian North'', compiled and translated by Fr. Seraphim Rose and Abbot Herman Podmoshensky. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1995. (ISBN 0938635379)
* ''Contemporary Ascetics of Mount Athos, Vol. 2'', by Abbot Cherubim, translated by Nun Thaisia Simonsson. Platina: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1992 (2nd Rev edition). (ISBN 0938635573)

===Biographies===
*Christensen, Hieromonk Damascene. ''Father Seraphim Rose: His Life and Works''. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 2003. (ISBN 1887904077) (greatly revised edition of ''Not of This World'')
*Christensen, Monk Damascene. ''Not of This World: The Life and Teaching of Fr. Seraphim Rose''. Platina: St. Herman Press, 1993. (ISBN 0938635522)
*[http://www.cathyscott.com/rose.htm Scott, Cathy]. ''Seraphim Rose: The True Story and Private Letters.'' Regina Orthodox Press, 2000. (ISBN 1928653014). '''N.B.: The author is Fr. Seraphim Rose's niece.'''

==External links==
*[http://www.fatherseraphimrose.org/ Father Seraphim Rose Foundation]
*[http://www.pomona.edu/Magazine/PCMSP01/saint.shtml Biographical article from Pomona College Magazine]
*[http://www.angelfire.com/pa3/OldWorldBasic/FrSeraphim.html Father Seraphim Rose: Biography and Online Bookshop]
*[http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/Orthodox_Elders/Various/Fr._Seraphim_Rose/ Photos of Fr. Seraphim Rose]
*[http://deathtotheworld.com/seraphimrose/index.html Death to the World : Father Seraphim Rose of Platina]

===Criticism & debate===
*[http://www.new-ostrog.org/gnostic/ The Toll-House Myth: The Neo-Gnosticism of Fr. Seraphim Rose], by Fr. Michael Azkoul
*[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/tollhouse_debate.aspx The Debate Over Aerial Toll-Houses], Extract from the Minutes of the Session of the Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside or Russia (1980)
*[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/tollhouse_pomaz.aspx On the Question of the "Toll-Houses": Our War is not Against Flesh and Blood], by Fr. Michael Pomazansky
*[http://www.new-ostrog.org/return_tollhouses.html The Return of the Tollhouses], by Fr. Michael Azkoul

===Writings===
*[http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/charismatic_revival_s_rose_e.htm Charismatic Revival as a Sign of the Times]
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/nihilism.html Nihilism: The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age ]
*[http://www.stxenia.org/frsrose/ortham.shtml Orthodoxy in America: Its Historical Past and Present]
*[http://www.desertwisdom.org/dttw Death to the World - A Compendium of Fr. Seraphim Rose's writings on-line.]

[[Category:American Saints]]
[[Category:Modern Writers]]
[[Category:Monastics]]
[[Category:Priests]]

Talk:Church of Russia

2007-06-01T08:51:00Z

MshKlimek: New page: this article is missing much information

this article is missing much information

Talk:Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia

2007-06-01T08:47:33Z

MshKlimek: Good for him

==Elevation to Metropolitan==

I was surprised someone else heard of this as well. [[User:Hellenica|Hellenica]] 20:53, March 31, 2007 (PDT)

== Good for him ==

He is my old comrade from Berkeley. Tim and I would chuckle that his jurisdiction consisted of one small parish. he is one of the must humble and kind man i have ever met. i knew Athenagoras and john maximovitch and tim is right up there with them. i still call him tim after all these years.

Talk:Iakovos (Coucouzis) of America

2007-06-01T08:35:18Z

MshKlimek: New page: Several of these pictures are copyrighted. Who gave permission to use them? I know that one of the photographs was taken by a friend of mine named Nikos did he give his permission?

Several of these pictures are copyrighted. Who gave permission to use them? I know that one of the photographs was taken by a friend of mine named Nikos did he give his permission?

Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist (Maldon, Essex)

2007-06-01T08:29:39Z

MshKlimek:

{{monastery|
name=Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St. John the Baptist|
jurisdiction=[[Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]]|
type=Stavropegic Double Monastery|
founded=1959|
superior=Elder Kyrillos|
size=24 monastics|
hq=Tolleshunt Knights, Maldon, Essex, England|
language=English, with French & Greek|
music=[[Russian Chant]]|
calendar=[[Revised Julian Calendar|Revised Julian]]|
feasts=[[January 7|St John the Baptist]]|
website=none advertised
}}
The '''Patriarchal [[Stavropegic]] Monastery of St John the Baptist''' is a [[monastic]] community for both men and women, directly under the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]]. It is located in Tolleshunt Knights, Maldon, Essex, England.

The community was founded in 1959 by Elder [[Sophrony (Sakharov)]], under the jurisdiction of His Eminence Metropolitan [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony]], Metropolitan of [[Diocese of Sourozh|Sourozh]] and ruling [[Church of Russia|Russian]] bishop in England, with six monastics from a number of nations; soon after, in 1965, the Monastery moved under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.

The community consists of men and women living the monastic tradition of a Christ-centered prayer life for the monastic members. Currently, the majority of the community are nuns (~15-20), with a smaller number of monks.




==Daily life==
When founding the monastery, Elder Sophrony wanted to be sure that his community would not just have outward conformity, but have its focus on inner asceticism. The [[typikon]] of the monastery, consisting of repetition of the [[Jesus Prayer]] for approximately 4 hours per day and [[Divine Liturgy]] three or four times per week, found inspiration in Elder Sophrony's experience in the Athonite desert, and precedent in Athonite skete practise, St [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus]] and St [[Paisius Velichkovsky]].

Also, another distinctive part of this monastery is that it is a double monastery; that is, the community has both [[monks]] and [[nuns]]. This is rare, but is not unheard of, in Orthodox monasticism.

==History==
The Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of St John the Baptist had its beginnings largely in the person of Elder Sophrony. After his departure from Mt Athos and his subsequent move to Paris, he was to live in a Russian old-age home, assisting the priest. Soon, two men would seek out Elder Sophrony, desiring the monastic life. They were allowed to live at the old-age home, using the repetition of the Jesus Prayer in lieu of liturgic books and eating the food that the old-age inhabitants didn't eat. There were also a few nuns living at the old-age home at this time.

In 1958, Elder Sophrony had six people living around him, seeking the monastic life. Realising that such a situation could not continue, he went to Tolleshunt Knights, Maldon, Essex, England to inspect a property; in the spring of 1959, the new Community of St John the Baptist was formed at the same property, under Metropolitan [[Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh|Anthony]]'s omophorion. The monastery, from its beginnings, had both monks and nuns, due to Elder Sophrony being unable to oversee two separate communities.

The Monastery of St John the Baptist moved under the omophorion of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1959, becoming Patriarchal; later, the monastery would also be titled 'Stavropegic'.

===Repose of Elder Sophrony===
The monastery had been informed that the only way that it could bury people on its property was to build an underground crypt, which it proceeded to build, and to which Elder Sophrony said that he would not repose until the crypt was ready. Then, having been told of the expected completion date of 12 July, Elder Sophrony stated that he "would be ready". On the 11th, Elder Sophrony reposed; and on the 14th was his funeral and burial, attended by monastics from around the world. Mother Elizabeth, the eldest nun, reposed soon after on the 24th, according to Elder Sophrony's words that he would repose first, and she would repose soon after.

==Cycle of services==
''Saturday'': 7:00am - Hours and Divine Liturgy
::5:00-9:00pm - Vigil

''Sunday'': 10:15am - Hours and Divine Liturgy
::3:00pm - Vespers and and Paraklesis, followed by talks in Greek, English

''Daily'': 6.00-8:30am and 5:30-8:00pm - Repetition of the Jesus Prayer

''Tuesday'': 7:00am - Hours and Divine Liturgy

''Feastdays'': Vigil on the preceding evening; Hours and Divine Liturgy in the morning.

==Publishing==
One of the motivating factors behind Elder Sophrony's move to France was the publishing of St Silouan's books; when Elder Sophrony moved to England, the monastery became the publisher of these works. In 1973, a more complete translation of the life of St Silouan, titled ''Monk of Mt Athos'', was published; followed in 1975 by ''Wisdom of Mt Athos'', a collation of the writings of St Silouan. After this, Elder Sophrony began to publish books of his own, beginning with ''His Life is Mine'' in 1977 and then ''We Shall See Him As He Is'' in 1985. In 1987, the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate glorified St Silouan the Athonite.

===Books published by the Monastery===
* ''Monk of Mt Athos'', by Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), 1973.
* ''Wisdom of Mt Athos'', by Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), 1975.
* ''His Life is Mine'', by Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), 1977.
* ''We Shall See Him As He Is'', by Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), 1985.
* ''Service of Our Father among the Saints Nectarius: Bishop of Pentapolis'', by Gerasimos Mikragiannaniteis
* ''Conversations with Children: Communicating our Faith'', by Sister Magdalen, 2001.

==Famous inhabitants==
[[Image:Kyrill.jpg|thumb|Archimandrite Kyrillos]]
*[[Sophrony (Sakharov)|Elder Sophrony]], the first Abbot, 1959-1993.
*Archimandrite Kyrillos, second abbot, 1993-present.
*Archimandrite [[Zacharias (Zacharou)|Zacharias]], disciple of Elder Sophrony for 27 years at [[St. Panteleimon's Monastery (Athos)|St. Panteleimon's Monastery]], [[Mount Athos|Mt. Athos]]. [http://www.orthodoxtapes.org/st_silouan.htm]
*Archimandrite [[Nicholas (Sakharov)|Nicholas V Sakharov]], nephew of Elder Sophrony, author of ''I Love Therefore I Am''.
*Sister Magdalen, noted speaker, author of ''Children in the Church Today'' & ''Conversations with Children: Communicating our Faith''. [http://www.christthesavioroca.org/SrMagdalen.html], [http://www.stgeorgecathedral.net/youth/index.html]
*Sister Maria, mosaic iconographer. [http://www.mosaicmatters.co.uk/features/sistermaria.htm]

==Sources==
*''I Love Therefore I Am'', by Hmk Nicholas V Sakharov.

==External links==
*Lee Carson and Scott McDermott's Trip to England, [http://people.vanderbilt.edu/~scott.a.mcdermott/11.16.htm November 16, St. John the Baptist Monastery, Tolleshunt Knights, Essex].
*[http://www.orthodox.clara.net/monastic_tale.htm A Taste of Monastic Life], report by Dwynwen East on a pilgrimage done on 17-20 September 2003.
*CD recording of the [http://www.liturgica.com/cart/musicInfo.jsp?catNo=AB070&hostname=afr Service of St Silouan the Athonite], chanted in Greek by [[Simonopetra Monastery (Athos)|Simonopetra Monastery]], Mt Athos; copyrighted by St John the Baptist Monastery, Essex.

[[Category:British Monasteries]]
[[Category:Monasteries]]
[[ro:Mănăstirea Stavropighie Patriarhală a Sf. Ioan Botezătorul (Maldon, Essex)]]

User talk:MshKlimek

2007-06-01T08:24:34Z

MshKlimek: /* Duplicate Accounts */

{{welcome}}

==Duplicate Accounts==
Hi MshKlimek, I noticed you've created two accounts - we don't allow double accounts here in order to keep the confusion down as much as possible. I saw that this one is more recent, so I've blocked the other and marked it as a duplicate. Let me know if you'd like things the other way around. Welcome again! — [[User:FrJohn|<b>FrJohn</b>]] ([http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/User_talk:FrJohn&action=edit&section=new talk])

What do you mean? i dont understand what you mean?

Category talk:Saints

2007-06-01T08:08:59Z

MshKlimek: Greek saints?

Should we find a way to separate out "Saints by Date" and "Saints by Name"? Maybe also "Saints by Location"? It would be clearer if we separated them, but what is the best way to do this? Thanks, [[User:FrJohn|FrJohn]]

: I would think that most of this is automatically taken care of by the internal Search function of the wiki. As far as dates are concerned, there is the [[Church Calendar]] article and of course the Search function does that, too. --[[User:ASDamick|Rdr. Andrew]] 16:03, 18 Jan 2005 (CST)

== Greek saints? ==

Where is article for Greek saints?

Timeline of Church History

2007-06-01T08:05:41Z

MshKlimek: /* Modern era (1821-present) */

The '''History of the Church''' is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of [[Jesus Christ]] to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic [[Holy Tradition]] of the [[Orthodox Church]].



==Apostolic era (33-100)==
*33 The [[Holy Spirit]] descends on the day of [[Pentecost]], filling the followers of [[Jesus Christ]] with power from on high.
*34 St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] founds the See of Antioch.
*37 St. [[Joseph of Arimathea]] travels to Britain and lands in Glastonbury.
*49 Apostolic Council of Jerusalem rules that Gentiles do not have to become Jews before becoming Christians.
*50 The [[Apostle Matthew]] finishes the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in Aramaic.
*62 Martyrdom of [[Apostle James the Just]], the Lord's brother and bishop of Jerusalem.
*63 St. [[Aristobulus]] consecrated as first Bishop of Britain.
*64-67 Persecution of Christians by Emperor Nero.
*64 Martyrdom of the [[Apostle Paul]] in Rome.
*67 Martyrdom of the [[Apostle Peter]] in Rome; [[Apostle Linus]] elected first [[bishop]] of Rome.
*68 Suicide of Emperor Nero.
*69 St. [[Ignatius of Antioch]] consecrated to the [[bishop|episcopacy]] in Antioch.
*70 [[Apostle Mark]] writes his [[Gospel of Mark|Gospel]]; the Temple in Jerusalem is destroyed by the Romans; expulsion of the Christians from the synagogues.
*71 [[Apostle Mark]] introduces Christianity to Egypt.
*75 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed ''Palaestina'' by the Romans.
*80 [[Gospel of Luke]] written by the [[Apostle Luke]]; Jewish historian (and former general) [[Josephus]] writes the ''Antiquities''.
*85 [[Acts of the Apostles]] is composed by the [[Apostle Luke]].
*95 [[Apostle John]] writes the [[Book of Revelation]].
*96-98 Persecution of Christians under Emperor Domitian.
*96 [[Gospel of John]] written by [[Apostle John|that apostle]] as a supplement and further theological illumination of the [[Synoptic Gospels]].
*100 Death of the [[Apostle John]] the Theologian.

==Ante-Nicene era (100-325)==
*107 Martyrdom of [[Ignatius of Antioch]].
*130 [[Conversion]] of [[Justin Martyr]].
*132 Jews, led by Bar Kochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome.
*135 [[Christmas]] instituted as a [[feast day|holy day]] in Rome.
*136 Emperor Hadrian crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to ''Aelia Capitolina''; first recorded use of the title ''Pope'' for the bishop of Rome by Pope [[Hyginus of Rome|Hyginus]].
*144 Excommunication of [[Marcion]] for his [[heresy|heretical]] rejection of the [[Old Testament]] and for his semi-[[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] teachings, particularly [[Docetism]].
*150 St. [[Justin Martyr]] describes the [[Divine Liturgy]].
*155 Martyrdom of [[Polycarp of Smyrna]].
*156 Beginning of [[Montanism]].
*165 Martyrdom of [[Justin Martyr|Justin]].
*180 St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]] writes ''Against Heresies''.
*190 [[Pantaenus]] founds the [[Alexandrian school|Catechetical School at Alexandria]].
*197 [[Quartodeciman]] controversy.
*200 Martyrdom of St. [[Irenaeus of Lyons]].
*203 Emperor Septimus Severus issues an edict against Christianity and [[Judaism]].
*206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity.
*215 Conversion of [[Tertullian]] to [[Montanism]].
*225 Death of [[Tertullian]].
*232 Heraclas becomes Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria on the death of Demetrius.
*246 [[Paul of Thebes]] retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the first Christian hermit.
*249-251 Persecution under the Emperor Decius.
*251-253 Persecution under Emperor Gaius.
*253-260 Persecution under Emperor Valerian.
*260 [[Paul of Samosata]] begins his heretical preaching against the divinity of Christ.
*264 Excommunication of [[Paul of Samosata]].
*284 [[Diocletian]] ascends the Roman imperial throne, and begins the most severe persecution against the Christians. During his reign, an estimated 1 million [[martyr]]s are slain for Christ.
*285 St. [[Anthony the Great]] flees to the desert to pursue a life of prayer.
*301 St. [[Gregory the Illuminator]] converts King Tiridates I of Armenia to the Christian faith.
*304 [[Alban]], protomartyr of Britain, killed by Roman authorities.
*310 Armenia becomes the first Christian nation.
*311 Rebellion of the [[Donatism|Donatists]] in Carthage.
*312 Conversion of [[Constantine the Great]], who defeats Maxentius at the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] and becomes Emperor of the West.
*313 The [[Edict of Milan]] is issued by St. [[Constantine the Great]] and his co-emperor Licinius, officially declaring religious freedom in the Roman Empire and specifically naming toleration for Christianity.
*314 Condemnation of [[Donatism]] as a heresy.
*318 Publication of "De incarnatione" by St Athanasius. This influenced the condemnation of the teaching of [[Arius]]
*318 St. [[Pachomius the Great]], a disciple of [[Anthony the Great]], organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt, founding cenobitic [[monasticism]].
*320 Expulsion of [[Arius]] by St. [[Alexander of Alexandria]].
*323 [[Constantine the Great]] builds a church on the site of the martyrdom of St. [[Apostle Peter|Peter]] in Rome.

==Nicene era (325-451)==
*325 [[First Ecumenical Council]] held in Nicea, condemning [[Arianism]], setting the [[Paschalion]], and issuing the first version of the [[Nicene Creed]].
*326 Discovery of the [[True Cross]] by the Empress St. [[Helen]]a.
*326 King Miraeus of Georgia becomes Christian.
*328 [[Athanasius the Great]] becomes bishop of Alexandria.
*329 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] ordains St. [[Frumentius]] (Abba Selama) to the [[priest]]hood and commissions him to apostolic work in Ethiopia.
*330 Amoun and [[Macarius the Great]] found monasteries in the Egyptian desert.
*336 St [[Athanasius the Great]] of Alexandria goes into exile in Treves until 338. He told the Europeans about the rule of St [[Pachomius the Great]], thus awakening interest in [[monasticism]] in Europe
*340 Conversion of [[Wulfila]] to [[Arianism]], subsequently missionizing the Goths with his heretical doctrine.
*348 Death of St. [[Pachomius the Great]].
*350 St. [[Ninian]] establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland, beginning the missionary effort to the Picts.
*356 Death of St. [[Anthony the Great]].
*358 [[Basil the Great]] founds the monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for Eastern [[monasticism]].
*360 St. [[Martin of Tours]] founds first French monastery at Liguge.
*361 [[Julian the Apostate]] becomes Roman emperor.
*367 St. [[Athanasius of Alexandria]] writes his [[Pascha]]l letter, listing for the first time the [[canon]] of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Holy Scriptures]].
*373 Death of St [[Athanasius the Great]], Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.
*374 Election of [[Ambrose of Milan|Ambrose]] to the episcopacy of Milan.
*375 St. [[Basil the Great]] writes ''On the Holy Spirit'', confirming the divinity of the [[Holy Spirit]].
*376 Visigoths converted to [[Arianism|Arian]] Christianity.
*380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor St. [[Theodosius the Great]].
*381 [[Second Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, condemning [[Pneumatomachianism|Macedonianism/Pneumatomachianism]] and [[Appollinarianism]], declaring the divinity of the Holy Spirit, confirming the previous [[Ecumenical Council]], and completing the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]].
*395 St. [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] becomes bishop of Hippo.
*398 St. [[John Chrysostom]] becomes [[Archbishop]] of Constantinople.
*400 Translation of the [[Holy Scriptures]] into Latin as the [[Vulgate]] by St. [[Jerome]].
*401 St. [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes the ''Confessions''.
*403 Abduction of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to serve as a slave; he escapes a while later and returns to Britain.
*407 Death of [[John Chrysostom]] in exile.
*410 Fall of Rome to the Visigoths.
*411 [[Pelagius]] condemned at a council in Carthage.
*412 St [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]] succeeds his uncle Theophilus as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.
*415 [[Pelagius]] cleared at a [[synod]] in Jerusalem and a provincial synod in Diospolis (Lydda); St. [[John Cassian]] founds convent at Marseilles.
*416 Councils in Carthage and Milevis condemn [[Pelagius]] and convince Pope Innocent I of Rome to excommunicate him.
*418 A council in Carthage anathematizes [[Pelagianism]] by way of endorsing [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]] anthropology.
*426 St. [[Augustine of Hippo]] writes ''The City of God''.
*428 [[Nestorius]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.
*431 [[Third Ecumenical Council]] held in Ephesus, condemning [[Nestorianism]] and [[Pelagianism]], confirming the use of the term ''[[Theotokos]]'' to refer to the Virgin Mary; the council also grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Cyprus]]; [[Palladius]] is sent by the Pope of Rome as a missionary bishop to Ireland.
*432 Return of [[Patrick of Ireland|Patrick]] to Ireland to begin missionary work.
*433 The [[Formulary of Peace]] completes the work of the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] by reconciling [[Cyril of Alexandria]] with [[John of Antioch]].
*444 Death of St [[Cyril of Alexandria|Cyril]], Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.
*445 Founding of the monastery at Armagh in northern Ireland.
*449 The "robber synod" of Ephesus. Dioscurus was chairman, with an order from the Emperor to acquit Eutyches.
*450 First monasteries established in Wales.

==Byzantine era (451-843)==
*451 [[Fourth Ecumenical Council]] meets at Chalcedon, condemning [[Eutychianism]] and [[Monophysitism]], affirming that Christ has two natures; this eventually led to a [[schism]], with the [[Church of Alexandria]] being divided into Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian factions, with a similar schism occurring in the [[Church of Antioch]] along with it.
*452 Proterios, who was appointed Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria to replace Dioscuros (who had been deposed at the Council of Chalcedon) convened a synod in Alexandria to try to reconcile the Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian groups.
*466 [[Church of Antioch]] elevates the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of Catholicos of Kartli, thus rendering the [[Church of Georgia]] [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].
*477 Bishop Timothy ("the Wild Cat") of Alexandria, who opposed the Council of Chalcedon, exiled the Orthodox bishops from Egypt.
*484 Founding of the Monastery of St. Sabbas in the Judean wilderness; Synod of Beth Papat in Persia declares the [[Nestorianism|Nestorian doctrine]] as the official theology of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], centered in Edessa.
*488 Death of Peter the Fuller, the non-Chalcedonian Patriarch of Antioch.
*490 St. [[Brigid of Kildaire|Brigid]] founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland.
*521 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] is born.
*529 The pagan University of Athens is closed, and replaced by a Christian university in Constantinople.
*529 St. [[Benedict of Nursia]] founds the monastery of Monte Cassino and codifies Western [[monasticism]]; [[Council of Orange]] condemns [[Pelagianism]].
*533 Mercurius is elected Pope of Rome and takes the name of [[John II of Rome|John II]], the first pope to change his name upon election.
*533 Foundation of the Diocese of Selefkia in Central Africa by the Emperor Justinian.
*534 Roman Empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals.
*537 Construction of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople begun by Emperor St. [[Justinian|Justinian the Great]].
*541 [[Jacob Baradeus]], bishop of Edessa, organizes the [[Oriental Orthodox|Non-Chalcedonian Church]] in western Syria (the "Jacobites"), which spreads to Armenia and Egypt (the "Copts").
*544 Founding of the monastery at Clonmacnoise in Ireland by St. [[Ciaran of Clonmacnoise|Ciaran]].
*546 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds the monastery of Derry in Ireland.
*553 [[Fifth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople in an attempt to reconcile the Chalcedonians with the non-Chalcedonians— the ''Three Chapters'' of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]], [[Theodoret of Cyrrhus]], and [[Ibas of Edessa]] are condemned for their pro-[[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] nature, and [[Origen]] and his writings are also condemned.
*556 St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] founds the monastery of Durrow in Ireland.
*563 Consecration of [[Hagia Sophia (Constantinople)|Hagia Sophia]] in Constantinople; St. [[Columba of Iona|Columba]] arrives on [[Iona]] and establishes his [[monastery]] there.
*569 Final schism between the Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in Egypt. Henceforth there were two Popes and Patriarchs of Alexandria: the Greek Orthodox Patriarch and the Coptic Orthodox Patriarch. The Coptic Patriarch later moved to Cairo. The Chalcedonians (Greek Orthodox) were also called "Melkites".
*570 Birth of Mohammed, founder of [[Islam]].
*580 Monte Cassino is sacked by the Lombards and the monks flee to Rome.
*589 At the [[Council of Toledo]] in Spain, the [[Filioque]] is added to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]] in an attempt to combat [[Arianism]].
*590 Irish missionary St. [[Columbanus]] founds monasteries in France (Luxeuil in Burgundy).
*596 St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends St. [[Augustine of Canterbury|Augustine]] along with forty other monks to southern Britain to convert the pagans.
*601 [[Augustine of Canterbury]] converts King St. [[Ethelbert of Kent]] and establishes the see of Canterbury.
*615 Death of [[Columbanus]] in Italy.
*627 Pope St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]] sends Paulinus to found the see of York and convert King St. [[Edwin of Northumbria]].
*635 [[Lindisfarne]] sees the establishment of the monastery that would convert northern England by the missionary saint [[Aidan of Lindisfarne|Aidan]], a monk from [[Iona]]; Cynegils, king of Wessex, converts to Christianity.
*636 Capture of [[Jerusalem]] by the Muslim Arabs.
*638 Arabs allow Jews to return to Jerusalem.
*639 Muslim conquest of Syria.
*641 The capture of the great city of Alexandria by Muslim Arabs.
*642 Muslim conquest of Egypt.
*650 Final defeat of [[Arianism]] as Lombards convert to Orthodox Christianity.
*657 Founding of [[Whitby Abbey]] in Yorkshire, England.
*662 Death of St Maximus the Confessor.
*663 Emperor Constans II is the last Eastern emperor to set foot in Rome.
*664 [[Synod of Whitby]] held in northern England, harmonizing Celtic and Roman liturgical practices in England; [[Iona|Ionian]] monk [[Wilfrid of York|Wilfrid]] appointed as Archbishop of York.
*668 St. [[Theodore of Tarsus]] is appointed as archbishop of Canterbury.
*670 Composition of ''Caedmon's Hymn'' by St. [[Caedmon]] of Whitby.
*680-681 [[Sixth Ecumenical Council]] is held in Constantinople, condemning [[Monothelitism]] and affirming the [[Christology]] of St. [[Maximus the Confessor]], affirming that Christ has both a natural (human) will and a divine will. Patriarch [[Sergius of Constantinople]] and Pope [[Honorius of Rome]] are both explicitly [[anathema]]tized for their support of the Monothelite [[heresy]].
*685 First monastics come to [[Mount Athos]].
*687 Destruction of [[Whitby Abbey]] by Danish raiders.
*692 [[Quinisext Council]] (also called the ''Penthekte Council'' or the ''Council in Trullo'') is held in Constantinople, issuing [[canon]]s which are seen as completing the work of the Fifth and Sixth [[Ecumenical Councils]], and declaring the [[Church of Jerusalem]] to be a [[patriarchate]].
*698 Muslim conquest of Carthage.
*716 Monastery at [[Iona]] conforms to Roman liturgical usage.
*716 St [[Boniface]]'s first missionary journey to Frisia.
*726 Emperor [[Leo the Isaurian]] starts his campaign against the [[iconography|icons]].
*731 The Venerable [[Bede]] completes the ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]''.
*732 Muslim invasion of Europe is stopped by the Franks at the Battle of Tours.
*754 [[Iconoclastic Council]] is held in Constantinople under the authority of Emperor [[Constantine V Copronymus]], condemning icons and declaring itself to be the Seventh Ecumenical Council.
*754 Death of St Boniface, the Apostle of Germany.
*780 Death of St John of Damascus.
*787 [[Seventh Ecumenical Council]] is held in Nicea, condemning [[Iconoclasm]] and affirming the [[veneration]] of the [[iconography|holy icons]], declaring that worship is due to God alone, and that the honor paid to icons passes to its prototype.
*800 [[Charlemagne]] is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by [[Leo III of Rome]] on [[Christmas]] day.
*793 Sack of Lindisfarne. Viking attacks on England begin.
*826 St. [[Ansgar]] arrives in Denmark and begins preaching; King Harald Klak of Denmark converts to Christianity.
*836 Death of St Theodore the Studite.
*843 The [[Triumph of Orthodoxy]] occurs on the first Sunday of [[Great Lent]], restoring the [[iconography|icons]] to the churches.

==Late Byzantine era (843-1453)==
*846 Muslim raid of Rome.
*852 St. [[Ansgar]] founds the churches at Hedeby and Ribe in Denmark.
*858 St. [[Photius the Great]] becomes patriarch of Constantinople.
*861 Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]] depart from Constantinople to [[Church_of_Russia#Conversion_of_the_Slavs|missionize the Slavs]]; council presided over by papal legates held in Constantinople which confirms St. [[Photius the Great]] as patriarch.
*862 Ratislav of Moravia converts to Christianity.
*863 First translations of [[Holy Scripture|Biblical]] and liturgical texts into [[Church Slavonic]] by Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]].
*863 The Venetians steal relics of St Mark from Alexandria.
*864 Prince [[Boris of Bulgaria]] is [[baptism|baptized]].
*867 Council in Constantinople held, presided over by [[Photius the Great|Photius]], which anathematizes Pope [[Nicholas I of Rome]] for his attacks on the work of Greek missionaries in Bulgaria and the use by papal missionaries of the heretical [[Filioque]]; Pope Nicholas dies before hearing the news of his excommunication; [[Basil the Macedonian]] has Emperor [[Michael III]] murdered and usurps the Imperial throne, reinstating Ignatius as patriarch of Constantinople.
*869-870 The [[Robber Council of 869-870]] is held, deposing St. [[Photius the Great]] from the Constantinopolitan see and putting the rival claimant Ignatius on the throne, declaring itself to be the "Eighth Ecumenical Council."
*870 Conversion of Serbia.
*877 Death of St. [[Ignatius I of Constantinople]], who appoints St. [[Photius the Great|Photius]] to succeed him.
*879-880 The [[Eighth Ecumenical Council]] is held in Constantinople, confirming [[Photius the Great|Photius]] as Patriarch of Constantintople, anathematizing additions to the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed]], and declaring that the prerogatives and jurisdiction of the Roman pope and the Constantinopolitan patriarch are essentially equal; this council is reluctantly accepted by Pope [[John VIII of Rome]].
*883 Muslims burn the monastery of Monte Cassino.
*885 [[Mount Athos]] gains political autonomy.
*885 Death of St Methodius, apostle to the Slavs.
*911 Russian envoys visit Constantinople to ratify a treaty, sent by Oleg, Grand Prince of Rus'.
*912 Normans become Christian.
*957 St [[Olga of Kiev|Olga]] is baptised in Constantinople.
*962 Denmark becomes a Christian nation with the [[baptism]] of King Harald Blaatand ("Bluetooth").
*963 St. [[Athanasius of Athos]] establishes the first major monastery on [[Mount Athos]], the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]].
*973. Moravia assigned to the Diocese of Prague, putting the West Slavic tribes under the jurisdiction of the German Church.
*988 [[Baptism of Rus']] begins with the conversion of St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]].
*995 St. [[Olaf of Norway]] proclaims Norway to be a Christian kingdom.
*1000 Christianization of Greenland and Iceland.
*1008 Conversion of Sweden.
*1009 Patriarch [[Sergius II of Constantinople]] removes the name of Pope [[Sergius IV of Rome]] from the diptychs of the [[Church of Constantinople]], because the pope had written a letter to the patriarch including the [[Filioque]]; Muslims destroy the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem.
*1014 [[Filioque]] used for the first time in Rome by Pope [[Benedict VIII of Rome|Benedict VIII]] at the coronation of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.
*1015 Death of St [[Vladimir of Kiev]], Prince of Rus', apostle of the Russians and Ruthenians.
*1017 Danish king Canute converts to Christianity.
*1022 Death of St Simeon the New Theologian.
*1051 [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves]] founded.
*1054 Cardinal [[Humbert]] excommunicates [[Michael Cerularius]], Patriarch of Consantinople, a major centerpoint in the formation of the [[Great Schism]] between East and West.
*1059 Errors of Berengar of Tours conemned in Rome. The term "transsubstantiation" begins to come in to use, ascribed to Peter Damian (1007-1072).
*1066 Normans invade England flying the banner of the Pope of Rome, defeating King [[Harold of England]] at the Battle of Hastings, beginning the reformation of the church and society there to align with Latin continental ecclesiology and politics.
*1071 Turkish capture of Jerusalem.
*1073 Hildebrand becomes Pope [[Grgeory VII of Rome|Gregory VII]] and launches the "Gregorian" reforms (celibacy of the clergy, primacy of the papacy over the empire, right of the Pope to depose emperors).
*1075 Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem.
*1088 Founding of monastery of St. [[Apostle John|John the Theologian]] on Patmos.
*1095 Launching of the First Crusade.
*1096 Persecution of Jews by Crusaders.
*1098 Anselm of Canterbury completes his "Cur Deus homo", marking a radical divergence of Western theology of the atonement from that of the East.
*1098 Crusaders capture Antioch.
*1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem.
*1119 Order of Knights Templar founded.
*1144 Bernard of Clairvaux calls for a Second Crusade to rescue the besieged Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and Louis VII of France and Konrad III of Germany join the Crusaders, but they are defeated by the Muslims. Muslims take Christian stronghold of Edessa.
*1180 Last formal, canonical acceptance of Latins to communion at an Eastern altar in Antioch.
*1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem.
*1189 Third Crusade is led by King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Philip Augustus II of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
*1204 Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade [[Sacking of Constantinople|sack Constantinople]], laying waste to the city and stealing many holy [[relics]] and other items; [[Great Schism]] generally regarded as having been completed by this act.
*1235 Death of St Sava of Serbia.
*1237 Golden Horde (Mongols) begin [[Church_of_Russia#Mongol_Tartars_over_Russia_.281237-1448.29|subjugation of Russia]].
*1240 Mongols sack Kiev. Prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky) defeats the Swedish army at the Battle of the Neva.
*1242 Prince Alexander Nevsky's Novgorodian force defeats the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Lake Peipus, a major defeat for the Catholic crusaders.
*1258 Michael Paleologus seizes the throne of the Nicaean Empire, founding the last Roman (Byzantine) dynasty. He begins the reconquest of the Greek peninusla from the Latins.
*1261 End of Latin occupation of Constantinople.
*1268 Egyptian Mamelukes capture Antioch.
*1291 Fall of Acre. End of crusading in the Holy Land.
*1336 Meteora in Greece is established as a center of Orthodox [[monasticism]].
*1341-1351 Three sessions of the [[Ninth Ecumenical Council]] held in Constantinople, affirming the [[hesychasm|hesychastic]] theology of St. [[Gregory Palamas]] and condemning the rationalistic philosophy of [[Barlaam of Calabria]].
*1344 Death of Amda Syon, Emperor of Ethiopia.
*1349 Prince Stephen Dushan of Serbia assumes the title of Tsar (Caesar).
*1354 Ottoman Turks make first settlement in Europe, at Gallipoli.
*1359 Death of St [[Gregory Palamas]], Athonite monk and Archbishop of Thessalonica.
*1379 Western "Great Schism" ensues, seeing the simultaneous reign of three Popes of Rome.
*1383 St Stephen of Perm, missionary to the Zyrians, consecrated bishop.
*1389 Serbs are defeated by Ottoman Turks of Sultan Murad I at the battle of Kosovo Polje.
*1396 First English Bible translated by John Wyclif.
*1417 End of Western "Great Schism" at the Council of Constance.
*1439 Ecclesiastical reunion with the West is attempted at the [[Council of Florence]], where only St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] refuses to capitulate to the demands of the delegates from Rome.
*1448 [[Church of Russia]] declares its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Constantinople falls]] to the invasion of the Ottoman Turks. End of the Roman Empire in the East.

==Post-Imperial era (1453-1821)==
*1455 Gutenberg makes the first printed [[Bible]].
*1480 Spanish Inquisition.
*1492 Millennian speculation in Moscow. The Church calendar ended in 1492, and many were convinced that it marked the end of the seventh and last millennium in the world's history.
*1503 Council at which controversy arose between St Nil Sorsky and St Joseph of Volokalamsk about monastic landholding. Joseph's party were known as the Possessors and the Trans-Volga hermits as the [[Church_of_Russia#Non-Possessors|Nonpossessors]].
*1517 St Maximus the Greek invited to Russia to translate the Greek service books and correct the Russian ones.
*1517 Martin Luther nails his ''Ninety-Five Theses'' to the door at Wittenburg, sparking the Protestant Reformation; Ottomans conquer Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria, when Joakim the Athenian was Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1526 Nonpossessors attack Tsar Vassily (Basil) III for divorcing his wife, and are driven underground.
*1534 King Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England.
*1536 Publication of John Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian religion".
*1540 Death of Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia.
*1541 Portuguese expeditionary force arrives in Ethiopia.
*1542 Ethiopians and Portuguese defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Gran of Adal, thus neutralising Adal threat to Ethiopia.
*1547 Council of Trent held to answer the Protestant Reformation.
*1551 Council of the Hundred Chapters in Russia.
*1552 Death of St Basil the blessed, Fool for Christ, critic of Ivan IV Grozny, for whom St Basil's Cathedral in Red Square is named.
*1555 Archbishop Gurian missionary in Kazan (until 1564).
*1564 Jesuits arrive in Poland.
*1569 Martyrdom of St Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow, at the hands of Ivan IV Grozny.
*1575 [[Church of Constantinople]] grants [[autonomy]] to [[Church of Sinai]].
*1581 Ostrozhsky Bible printed by Prince Kurbsky and Ivan Fedorov.
*1582 Institution of the Gregorian Calendar by Pope Gregory XIII.
*1589 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Russia]] recognized; the [[primate]] of the [[Church of Russia]] is styled as "[[patriarch]]."
*1596 At the [[Union of Brest-Litovsk]], several million Ukrainian and Byelorussian Orthodox Christians, living under Polish rule, leave the [[Church of Russia]] and recognize the Pope of Rome, without giving up their Byzantine liturgy and customs, creating the [[Uniate]] church.
*1627 Pope and Patriarch Cyril Lukaris of Alexandria presented the famous "Codex Alexandrinus" to King Charles I of England for "safe keeping".
*1642 The [[Council of Jassy]] (Iaşi) revises [[Peter Moghila]]'s confession to remove overtly Roman Catholic theology. Also confirms the canonicity of certain of the deuterocanonical books.
*1652-1658 Patriarch [[Nikon of Moscow]] revises liturgical books to bring them into conformity with the Greek liturgical customes, leading to the excommunication of dissenters, who become known as the [[Old Believers]].
*1647 An Orthodox Church is erected in Tunisia.
*1652 A school and hospital were established in Old Cairo by Patriarch Joannikios.
*1685 Orthodoxy introduced in Beijing, China by the [[Church of Russia]].
*1715 Metropolitan Arsenios of Thebaid sent to England by Pope and Patriarch Samuel of Alexandria to negotiate with non-juror Anglican bishops (those who had refused to take the oath to William and Mary).
*1724 [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite]] schism, many faithful from the [[Church of Antioch]] become [[Uniate]]s.
*1767 A community of Orthodox Greeks establishes itself in New Smyrna, Florida.
*1768 Jews are massacred during riots in Russia-occupied Poland.
*1782 First publication of the ''[[Philokalia]]''; [[autonomy]] of [[Church of Sinai]] confirmed by [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1794 Missionaries, including St. [[Herman of Alaska]], arrive at Kodiak Island, bringing Orthodoxy to Russian Alaska.
*1811 [[Autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]] revoked by the Russian imperial state after Georgia's annexation, making it subject to the [[Church of Russia]].

==Modern era (1821-present)==
*1821 Greek independence declared on the Day of [[Annunciation]] ([[March 25]]).
*1829 The Treaty of Adrianople ends the Greek War of Independence, culminating in the creation of the modern Greek state.
*1832 [[Church of Serbia]] becomes ''de facto'' [[autocephaly|autocephalous]].
*1833 [[Church of Greece]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1848 ''[[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]]'' sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the Orthodox Church, condemning the [[Filioque]] as heresy, declaring the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to be [[heresy|heretical]], [[schism]]atic, and in [[apostasy]], repudiating [[Ultramontanism]] and referring to the Photian Council of 879-880 as the "[[Eighth Ecumenical Council]]."
*1850 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Greece]].
*1854 [[Immaculate Conception]] declared dogma by [[Roman Catholic Church]].
*1870 [[Papal Infallibility]] declared [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] dogma necessary for salvation by the First Vatican Council.
*1864 First Orthodox [[parish]] established on American soil in New Orleans, Louisiana, by Greeks.
*1865 [[Church of Romania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1871 [[Nicholas of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] establishes Orthodox mission in Japan.
*1872 Council in Jerusalem declares [[phyletism]] to be a [[heresy]]; [[Church of Bulgaria]] gains ''de facto'' [[autocephaly]] by a decree of the Sultan.
*1879 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Serbia]].
*1881 Wave of anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia causes mass migrations of Jews (2.5 million Jews settle in the United States, thousands settle in Palestine).
*1885 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Romania]].
*1898 Last Greek patriarch of [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] deposed.
*1899 Restoration of Arabs to the [[Church of Antioch|Patriarchal throne of Antioch]].
*1905 Seat of Orthodox bishop in America moved from San Francisco to New York, as immigration from Eastern Europe and the reception of ex-[[Uniate]]s shifts the balance of Orthodox population to eastern North America.
*1908 Fr Nikodemos Sarikas sent to Johannesburg, Transvaal, by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the first Orthodox priest there. After a short time he left for German East Africa (later Tanzania) because of the opposition of Johannesburg Greeks to mission among Africans.
*1917 [[Church of Georgia]]'s [[autocephaly]] restored ''de facto'' by the political chaos in Russia.
*1918 The Bolshevik Revolution throws the [[Church of Russia]] into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Orthodox mission in America; St. [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas Romanov]], Tsar of Russia is martyred together with his wife St. [[Alexandra Romanov|Alexandra]] and children.
*c1921 The [[Church of Constantinople]] renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, and the Patriarch of Alexandria is henceforth known as the Pope and Patriarch of [[Church of Alexandria|Alexandria and all Africa]]; [[Greek Archdiocese of America]] is formed.
*1922 [[Church of Albania]] declares its [[autocephaly|independence]] from the [[Church of Constantinople]]; formation of [[ROCOR]].
*1923 [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]] granted [[autonomy]] by the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*1924 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Poland]].
*1924 Bishop Daniel William Alexander convenes a meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the African Orthodox Church in New York under George McGuire.
*1925 [[Church of Romania]] becomes a [[patriarchate]].
*1925 First Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptised in Tanganyika by Fr Nikodemos Sarikas.
*1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated a bishop of the African Orthodox Church. Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established.
*1931 Reception of the [[Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe]] into the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], led by Metr. [[Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris]].
*1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to Uganda to meet Reuben Spartas, and establish African Orthodox Church there.
*1934 Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, and establishes African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna.
*1937 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Albania]].
*1938 [[St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York)]] and [[St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania)]] founded.
*1943 [[Church of Russia]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]]; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna.
*1945 [[Church of Bulgaria]]'s [[autocephaly]] generally recognized; library of early Christian texts is discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; [[Church of Russia]] claims jurisdiction over the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]].
*1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria. The Holy Synod of the [[Church of Alexandria]] officially recognises and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda.
*1947 [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] are discovered near Qumran in Egypt.
*1948 [[Church of Russia]] re-grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of Poland]] (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II).
*1951 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autocephaly]] to the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]].
*1957 [[Church of Russia]] grants [[autonomy]] to the [[Church of China]].
*1958 Creation of [[Western Rite Vicariate]] in the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] with the reception of multiple [[Western Rite]] parishes into Orthodoxy.
*1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major liturgical and theological reforms for the [[Roman Catholic Church]], including the abolition of the ancient [[Tridentine Mass]] and the introduction of the Novus Ordo.
*1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople]] mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054.
*1967 [[Church of Macedonia]] declares its [[autocephaly]], making it independent of the [[Church of Serbia]]. To date, this declaration has not been recognised by any other Orthodox Church.
*1970 [[Orthodox Church in America]] reconciles with the [[Church of Russia]] and is granted [[autocephaly]]. The Church of Russia grants autonomy to the [[Church of Japan]].
*1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metropolitan [[Philip (Saliba) of New York]] and Archbishop [[Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo]].
*1989 [[Church of Constantinople]] recognizes the [[autocephaly]] of the [[Church of Georgia]].
*1994 [[Ligonier Meeting]] in Western Pennsylvania at the [[Antiochian Village]] held by the majority of Orthodox hierarchs in North America votes to do away with the notion of Orthodox Christians in America being a "[[diaspora]]."
*1998 [[Church of Constantinople]], not recognizing Russia's right to issue a [[tomos]] of [[autocephaly]] in 1951, issues its own tomos for the [[Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia]].
*2003 The [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America]] is granted "self-rule" (similar but not identical to [[autonomy]]) by the [[Church of Antioch]].
*2004 Pope John Paul II returns the [[relics]] of Ss. [[John Chrysostom]] and [[Gregory the Theologian]] to the [[Church of Constantinople]].
*2007 Restoration of [[full communion]] between [[Moscow Patriarchate]] and [[ROCOR]].

==Notes==
*Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
*The division of Church History into separate eras as we do here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though we have tried to group periods according to major watershed events.
*This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the [[Orthodox Church]], though a number of non-Orthodox events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy.

==See also==
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in America]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand]]
*[[Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan]]

==Published works==

The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:

'''From an Orthodox perspective'''

* [[Kallistos (Ware) of Diokleia|Ware, Timothy]]. ''The Orthodox Church: New Edition''. (ISBN 0140146563)

'''From a [[Heterodox]] perspective'''

* Boer, Harry R. ''A Short History of the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802813399)
* Cairns, Earle E. ''Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0310208122)
* Chadwick, Henry. ''The Early Church''. (ISBN 0140231994)
* Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. ''Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith''. (ISBN 0789446057)
* Eusebius Pamphilus; Cruse, C.F. (translator). ''Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History''. (ISBN 1565633717)
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 1: From the Beginnings to the Council of Chalcedon''. (ISBN 0687171822)
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 2: From Augustine to the Eve of the Reformation''. (ISBN 0687171830)
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century''. (ISBN 0687171849)
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 1: The Early Church to the Reformation''. (ISBN 0060633158)
* Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day''. (ISBN 0060633166)
* Hall, Stuart G. ''Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church''. (ISBN 0802806295)
* Hastings, Adrian, ed. ''A World History of Christianity''. (ISBN 0802848753)
* Hussey, J. M. ''The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire: Oxford History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 0198264569)
* Jones, Timothy P. ''Christian History Made Easy''. (ISBN 1890947105)
* Noll, Mark A. ''Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity''. (ISBN 080106211X)
* [[Jaroslav Pelikan|Pelikan, Jaroslav]]. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600)''. (ISBN 0226653714)
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653730)
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 3: The Growth of Medieval Theology (600-1300)''. (ISBN 0226653749)
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 4: Reformation of Church and Dogma (1300-1700)''. (ISBN 0226653773)
* Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700)''. (ISBN 0226653803)
* Schaff, Philip. ''History of the Christian Church''. (ISBN 156563196X)
* Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., ed. ''A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D. With an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies''. (ISBN 1565630572)
* Walton, Robert C. ''Chronological and Background Charts of Church History''. (ISBN 0310362814)

==External link==

*[http://saintignatiuschurch.org/timeline.html A Timeline of Church History] provided by [http://saintignatiuschurch.org/ St. Ignatius of Antioch Orthodox Christian Church]

===History of Orthodox Christianity===
A 3-part series by GOTelecom - QuickTime format

* [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt1-DSL.mov Part 1: Beginnings] - Journey begins with the founding of the Church, the spread of Christianity to "nations" by the Apostles, the Gospel and the institution of Sacraments
* [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt2-DSL.mov Part 2: Byzantium] - After the stabilization of the Church, the journey continues through the period of the Nicene Creed, Patristic Scriptures, Divine Liturgy and Icons. During this same period, however, the official division of East and West is witnessed and concludes with a gradual rift in matters of faith, dogma, church customs, politics and culture
* [http://realserver.goarch.org/en/gotelecom/history_pt3-DSL.mov Part 3: A Hidden Treasure] - The Church becomes the only institution perceived by Greeks as the preserver of their national identity during 400 years of Turkish rule. By the end of the 19th century, a worldwide Orthodox community is born and the Church expands its influence to major social and philanthropic concerns

[[Category:Church History]]
[[Category:Featured Articles]]

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