OrthodoxWiki - User contributions [en]

User:Sîmbotin

2024-01-10T06:27:29Z

Sîmbotin: update

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{{user ro}}
{{user fr-3}}
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Hello everyone!

My name is Adrian Sîmbotin; I live in Bucharest, Romania.

I would like to contribute, my best as far as possible, to OrthodoxWiki.

This is my user page in ro.orthodoxwiki→ [https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin].

God help us!

[[fr:Utilisateur:Sîmbotin]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Sîmbotin]]

Philopater Mercurius

2023-11-11T18:42:00Z

Sîmbotin: +icon

[[Image:StAbouSaifain.jpg|thumb|[[Coptic]] [[icon]] of St. Philopater Mercurius ''Abu-Saifain'']]
[[Image:St Mercurius - Byzantine icon.jpg|thumb|200 px|Byzantine fresco with Saint Mercurius. Ohrid, 1295]]
The holy [[martyr]] '''Philopater Mercurius''' lived in the third century. He is also known as the [[saint]] with the two swords (transliterated Arabic: ''Abu-Saifain''), and was martyred on 25 [[Coptic Calendar|Hatour]] ([[December 4|4 December]]), 250 A.D.

== Biography ==
St. Mercurius was born around 225 A.D. in Cappadocia (Eastern Asia Minor). His parents were [[convert]]s to Christianity and they called him "Philopater" or "Philopatyr" (a Greek name which means 'Lover of the Father'). They reared him in a Christian manner. When he grew to adulthood (at the age of 17), he enlisted in the Roman army during the days of Emperor Decius, the [[paganism|pagan]]. The Lord gave Philopater the strength and the courage, and he gained a great reputation among his superiors as a swordsman and a good tactician for many battles. They called him Mercurius and he grew very close to the Emperor.

When the Berbers rose up against the city, Decius went out to fight them, but when he saw how many they were, he became terrified. St. Mercurius assured him saying, "Do not be afraid, because God will destroy our enemies and will bring us victory." When he left the Emperor, an [[angel]] appeared to him in the shape of a human being, dressed in white apparel. The angel gave him a sword saying, "When you overcome your enemies, remember the Lord your God." (That is why he is called, 'of the two swords,' ''Abu-Saifain''; one is the military sword and the other is the sword of the Divine power.)

When Emperor Decius conquered his enemies and Mercurius came back victorious, Mercurius was given the title 'Supreme Commander of all the Roman Armies' (in 250 A.D., at the age of 25), and the angel appeared to him and reminded him of what he told him previously, that is, to remember the Lord his God.

Decius, and his soldiers with him, wanted to offer up incense to his idols, but St. Mercurius tarried behind. When they informed the Emperor of what had happened, he called St. Mercurius and expressed his amazement at his abandoning of his loyalty to him. The Emperor reprimanded him for refusing to come and offer incense to the idols. The saint cast his girdle and his military attire down before the Emperor and said to him, "I do not worship anyone except my Lord and my God [[Jesus Christ]]." The Emperor became angry and ordered him to be beaten with whips and stalks.

When the Emperor saw how the people of the city and the soldiers were attached to St. Mercurius, the Emperor feared that they might revolt. So instead, he bound him in iron fetters and sent him to [[Caesarea]] where they cut off his head. He thus completed his holy fight and received the [[Crown]] of Life in the Kingdom of Heaven on 4 December 250 A.D.

After the end of the first persecution, God wanted to reveal the place of the saint's burial. Mercurius appeared to a poor man in the city, and told him that he was Mercurius the martyr of the Lord. "My body is buried in Cappadocia Gardens, under the old house on the way to the royal palace. My body looks as white as snow, because Jesus was present at the time of my martyrdom," said the saint.

The next morning, the man went to dig under that old house. Then he smelled perfume, and at the same time he saw the body of the saint. The news spread quickly and many people came to take a look at the blessed body. They moved it to the village's church until they built a new church bearing his name, and Mercurius' body was buried there with respect and devotion.

A few years later, the [[Church of Armenia|Armenian]] [[Catholicos]] visited Egypt and met with the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Egyptian]] [[Patriarch]]. The latter asked him if Egypt could have part of the [[relics]] of Saint Mercurius to be placed in the church that bears his name in Old Cairo. On 9 [[Coptic Calendar|Baounah]] ([[June 16|16 June]]) part of the blessed body was offered to Egypt.

Today, the saint's relics are preserved in the [[Coptic]] Orthodox [[church]] and [[convent]] named after him in Old Cairo, Egypt.

On 25 [[Coptic Calendar|Abib]], the Coptic Orthodox Church also celebrates the commemoration of the [[Consecration of a church|consecration]] of the first church named after the great St. Mercurius Abu Saifain.

Countless [[miracle]]s occurred and continue to occur to this day through the [[intercession]] of St. Mercurius.

== Source ==
*[http://www.saintmina-holmdel.org/Synexarium/readday.php?tm=Hatour&td=25 Coptic Orthodox Synexarium (Book of Saints)]

== External links ==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103383 Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia]
*[http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/abusifein.html Philopatyr Marcorios (Abu Sifein)]
*[http://st-takla.org/Saints/Saint-Philopater.html Saint Philopater Mercurius]
*[http://www.philopater.org/ St. Philopatere Mercurius]
*[http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mercurius.htm The Church of Saint Mercurius] by Jimmy Dunn
*[http://www.ains.net.au/~johnh/Album/Saints/St_Mercurius_Convent_1.htm The Convent of St Mercurius in Old Cairo]

[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:3rd-century saints]]

[[el:Μερκούριος, Άγιος]]
[[ro:Mercurie]]

Philopater Mercurius

2023-11-11T18:37:22Z

Sîmbotin: /* External links */ interwiki

[[Image:StAbouSaifain.jpg|thumb|[[Coptic]] [[icon]] of St. Philopater Mercurius ''Abu-Saifain'']]The holy [[martyr]] '''Philopater Mercurius''' lived in the third century. He is also known as the [[saint]] with the two swords (transliterated Arabic: ''Abu-Saifain''), and was martyred on 25 [[Coptic Calendar|Hatour]] ([[December 4|4 December]]), 250 A.D.

== Biography ==
St. Mercurius was born around 225 A.D. in Cappadocia (Eastern Asia Minor). His parents were [[convert]]s to Christianity and they called him "Philopater" or "Philopatyr" (a Greek name which means 'Lover of the Father'). They reared him in a Christian manner. When he grew to adulthood (at the age of 17), he enlisted in the Roman army during the days of Emperor Decius, the [[paganism|pagan]]. The Lord gave Philopater the strength and the courage, and he gained a great reputation among his superiors as a swordsman and a good tactician for many battles. They called him Mercurius and he grew very close to the Emperor.

When the Berbers rose up against the city, Decius went out to fight them, but when he saw how many they were, he became terrified. St. Mercurius assured him saying, "Do not be afraid, because God will destroy our enemies and will bring us victory." When he left the Emperor, an [[angel]] appeared to him in the shape of a human being, dressed in white apparel. The angel gave him a sword saying, "When you overcome your enemies, remember the Lord your God." (That is why he is called, 'of the two swords,' ''Abu-Saifain''; one is the military sword and the other is the sword of the Divine power.)

When Emperor Decius conquered his enemies and Mercurius came back victorious, Mercurius was given the title 'Supreme Commander of all the Roman Armies' (in 250 A.D., at the age of 25), and the angel appeared to him and reminded him of what he told him previously, that is, to remember the Lord his God.

Decius, and his soldiers with him, wanted to offer up incense to his idols, but St. Mercurius tarried behind. When they informed the Emperor of what had happened, he called St. Mercurius and expressed his amazement at his abandoning of his loyalty to him. The Emperor reprimanded him for refusing to come and offer incense to the idols. The saint cast his girdle and his military attire down before the Emperor and said to him, "I do not worship anyone except my Lord and my God [[Jesus Christ]]." The Emperor became angry and ordered him to be beaten with whips and stalks.

When the Emperor saw how the people of the city and the soldiers were attached to St. Mercurius, the Emperor feared that they might revolt. So instead, he bound him in iron fetters and sent him to [[Caesarea]] where they cut off his head. He thus completed his holy fight and received the [[Crown]] of Life in the Kingdom of Heaven on 4 December 250 A.D.

After the end of the first persecution, God wanted to reveal the place of the saint's burial. Mercurius appeared to a poor man in the city, and told him that he was Mercurius the martyr of the Lord. "My body is buried in Cappadocia Gardens, under the old house on the way to the royal palace. My body looks as white as snow, because Jesus was present at the time of my martyrdom," said the saint.

The next morning, the man went to dig under that old house. Then he smelled perfume, and at the same time he saw the body of the saint. The news spread quickly and many people came to take a look at the blessed body. They moved it to the village's church until they built a new church bearing his name, and Mercurius' body was buried there with respect and devotion.

A few years later, the [[Church of Armenia|Armenian]] [[Catholicos]] visited Egypt and met with the [[Church of Alexandria (Coptic)|Egyptian]] [[Patriarch]]. The latter asked him if Egypt could have part of the [[relics]] of Saint Mercurius to be placed in the church that bears his name in Old Cairo. On 9 [[Coptic Calendar|Baounah]] ([[June 16|16 June]]) part of the blessed body was offered to Egypt.

Today, the saint's relics are preserved in the [[Coptic]] Orthodox [[church]] and [[convent]] named after him in Old Cairo, Egypt.

On 25 [[Coptic Calendar|Abib]], the Coptic Orthodox Church also celebrates the commemoration of the [[Consecration of a church|consecration]] of the first church named after the great St. Mercurius Abu Saifain.

Countless [[miracle]]s occurred and continue to occur to this day through the [[intercession]] of St. Mercurius.

== Source ==
*[http://www.saintmina-holmdel.org/Synexarium/readday.php?tm=Hatour&td=25 Coptic Orthodox Synexarium (Book of Saints)]

== External links ==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103383 Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia]
*[http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/synexarion/abusifein.html Philopatyr Marcorios (Abu Sifein)]
*[http://st-takla.org/Saints/Saint-Philopater.html Saint Philopater Mercurius]
*[http://www.philopater.org/ St. Philopatere Mercurius]
*[http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mercurius.htm The Church of Saint Mercurius] by Jimmy Dunn
*[http://www.ains.net.au/~johnh/Album/Saints/St_Mercurius_Convent_1.htm The Convent of St Mercurius in Old Cairo]

[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:3rd-century saints]]

[[el:Μερκούριος, Άγιος]]
[[ro:Mercurie]]

Mantiya

2023-10-30T16:49:18Z

Sîmbotin: /* Source */

[[Image:Cornelius.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Metropolitan Cornelius of Tallinn and All Estonia wearing a Mantiya of a Metropolitan]]
A '''mantiya''', [[Church Slavonic]]: мантия; Greek: μανδύας - '''mandyas'''; English: '''mantle''', is a monastic garment in the form of a very full cape which extends to the floor. It is joined at the neck and is worn over the outer garments.

In the [[Orthodox Church]], and Roman Catholic churches of the Byzantine rite, the mantiya is a garment worn only by monastics, including [[bishop]]s, [[hegumen]]s, [[archimandrite]]s, and other monastics, in processions and while attending certain church services, such as [[Vespers]] or [[Matins]]. It is not when vested to celebrate the [[Divine Liturgy]].

==History==
The mantiya was originally a cape worn to ward off the cold. It was first mentioned in the [[Old Testament]], as a garment worn by several prophets including [[Elijah]] and [[Elisha]]. In 2Kings 2:11-14, the mantiya, passing from Elijah the prophet to Elisha his successor, symbolizes the passing of prophetic authority. Ancient [[icon]]s showing [[monk]]s wearing the mantiya attest to their use from the earliest Christian times. The original monastic mantiyas were made of simple material in black, brown, or grey, depending on what was at hand. As time passed, the use of mantiyas of a particular color and style came to be established as specific monastic vesture. Over the years distinguishing colors and ornamentation came to be applied to the mantiya to distinguish monastics of varying positions within the church, while still reminding them of the need for monastic humility.

==Uses==
As a monastic garment, the mantiya is worn by Orthodox monks and [[nun]]s of the Lesser and Great Schemas. In Greek practice the mantiya is use less commonly by those of the Lesser Schema. It is not worn by [[Monastic Ranks|Rassaphores]]. The mantiya worn by a simple monk or nun is black, which is the traditional monastic color, symbolizing mourning over one's [[sin]]s and a reminder of the vow of poverty. It is joined at the neck and hangs down to the feet. In the Russian tradition, the mantiya is usually pleated into 33 pleats for the number of years in the earthly life of [[Jesus]]. It may or may not have a train. Over the centuries, much symbolic meaning has come to be attributed to the mantiya:

:"[The] mantle is a monastic vestment, which covers the whole person with the exception of the head. Its freely flowing lines typify the wings of the Angels; hence it is called "the Angelic vestment." The folds of the Mantle are symbolical of the all-embracing power of God; and also of the strictness, piety and meekness of the monastic life; and that the hands and other members of a monk do not live, and are not fitted for worldly activity, but are all dead."<ref>Isabel F. Hapgood, ''Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church'', (Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese, 1975), p. xxxix.</ref>

:"[The mantle] is called 'the garment of incorruption and purity' [in the text of the [[Tonsure]] ceremony], and the absence of sleeves is to remind the monk that he is debarred from worldly pursuits. The mantle is given him in token of the 'exalted angelic state' which he assumes."<ref> Archpriest D. Sokolof, A Manual of the Orthodox Church's Divine Services, Jordanville, NY, Printshop of St. Job of Pochaev, Holy Trinity Monastery, 2001, p165</ref>

===Schema monks/nuns===
The mantiya is bestowed upon a monk when he becomes as Stavrophore (Lesser Schema). The mantiya is bestowed a second time if he becomes a Schemamonk (Greater Schema). An Hegumen ([[Abbot]]) or Hegumenia (Abbess) wears the simple monastic mantle. When an Orthodox monk or nun dies, they are vested in their religious habit. A strip of cloth is torn from the bottom of their mantiya and is used to bind their body three times: around the chest, around the waist, and around the feet.

===Archimandrites===
The mantiya worn by an archimandrite is joined in front at the bottom as well as at the neck, and has "tablets" or "pectorals" (Greek: πόματα, ''pómata''; Slavonic: ''skrizhali'')—large rectangular pieces of red or green cloth sewn onto the corners of the mantiya (i.e., two at the neck and two at the feet). The upper two tablets (those at the neck) are embroidered with crosses. The tablets symbolize the fact that the Archimandrites are to guide the brethren according to the commandments of God. The four tablets are symbolic of the [[Old Testament|Old]] and the [[New Testament]]s, and of the Four [[Gospels]]. When an archimandrite dies, his mantiya is laid on his coffin in place of a funeral pall.

===Bishops===
There is an episcopal mantiya that is not worn with the other episcopal vestments while celebrating the [[Divine Liturgy]], but when the bishop formally enters the church beforehand, or when a bishop is formally attending (i.e., presiding over) a service in which he is not serving. Bishops use other colors than black: for bishops - red or purple; for [[archbishop]]s - purple; for [[metropolitan]]s - blue; and for [[patriarch]]s in the Russian tradition - green.<ref>Different national churches have different traditions regarding the colors worn by bishops. In the Greek tradition, it is common for all bishops, regardless of rank, to wear a red mantle.</ref>

In the Russian tradition, the episcopal mantiya is characteristically decorated with red and white horizontal ribbons, called "rivers" or "streams" (Greek: ποταμοί, ''potamoí''; Slavonic: ''Istochniki''), symbolizing the word of God going out into the entire world (Ezekiel 47:1-12, John 7:38, Revelation 22:1). In the Greek tradition, these rivers are normally gold.

The tablets on the Bishop's mantiya may be more finely embroidered or made of more costly material than those on the mantiya of an archimandrite. The upper tablets (those at the neck) may be embroidered with [[icon]]s and those at the feet may be embroidered with the bishop's monogram. The episcopal tablets symbolize the four Gospels which must be the focus of a bishop's teachings. The episcopal mantiya always has a train on it<ref>There may be some parallel between the development of the episcopal mantle and the cappa magna used in the Roman Catholic Church.</ref> and may have small bells attached as well, recalling the bells attached to the Robe of the High Priest (Exodus 28:33-34).

In general, when a bishop celebrates any service other than the Divine Liturgy (or when he is attending, but not celebrating Liturgy), he will wear the mantiya with [[Epitrachelion]], [[Epimanikia|Cuffs]] and [[Omophorion]] (the latter being worn outside the mantiya). He will also stand on an [[Orlets]]. When a bishop dies, his mantiya is laid on his coffin in place of a funeral pall.

==References==
<references/>

==Source==
*[[Wikipedia: Mandyas]]

[[Category: Vestments]]

[[ro:Mantie]]

Abercius of Hierapolis

2023-10-22T04:22:03Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Abercius of Hierapolis.jpg‎‎|right|200px]]
'''Abercius of Hierapolis''' (Greek: Αβέρκιος), also '''Abercius Marcellus''', was an apologist and [[bishop]] of [[Hierapolis (Turkey)‎|Hierapolis]] in Phrygia during the second century and at the time of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. St. Abercius is commemorated on [[October 22]].

==Life==
Little is known of the life of St. Abercius. That he was the [[bishop]] of Heiropolis in the area called Phrygia Salutaris is known. An epitaph, that is attributed to him, on a stele now in the Vatican and known as the "Inscriptions of Abercius", bears witness in his comments on the dazzling seal of [[Baptism]] that unites Christians everywhere.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription_of_Abercius] However, later interpretations of the "Inscription", written in Greek, introduced embellishments and vagueness of detail that led to debate through the centuries concerning their authenticity.

Abercius is said to have evangelized extensively throughout Syria, Cilicia, and Mesopotamia traveling even to Rome, visiting cities and villages, healing the sick and preaching the Kingdom of God. It is upon these great works that he is referred to as one Equal-to-the-Apostles. During his time in Rome, Abercius is said to have been imprisoned by Marcus Aurelius.

After returning to Hieropolis, St. Abercius reposed about 167.

==Works==
Works ascribed to St. Abercius include:
:An Epistle to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
:A Book of Discipline addressed to his clergy; which is lost.
:The ''Inscription of Abercius'', preserved in the Vatican Museum.

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=[[Papias of Hierapolis|Papias]]|
title=Bishop of Hierapolis|
years=c.155-167|
after=?}}
{{end box}}

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103022 OCA:St. Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles]
*[[Wikipedia:Abercius_of_Hieropolis]]
*[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1074 St. Abercius Marcellus]

==See also==
* [[Missionary]]

==External link==
*[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=October&day=22 Saint Abercius, Equal to the Apostles] from the ''Prologue from Ochrid'' by Bishop [[Nikolai Velimirovic]]

[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:2nd-century bishops]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category: Bishops of Hierapolis]]
[[Category:2nd-century saints]]

[[ro:Averchie al Ierapolei]]

Amphilochius of Pochaev

2023-04-29T05:26:40Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Amfilohie de la Poceaev.jpg|right|200px]]
Our venerable and God-bearing Father '''Amphilochius of Pochaev''' (also ''Amphilochios of Pochayiv'') was an [[ascetic]] [[hieromonk]] and spiritual struggler of the twentieth century who was noted for his ability to heal the sick. He is remembered on [[April 29]] or [[January 1]].

==Life==
He was born Yakov Holovatiuk on [[November 27]], 1894, to Varnava and Anna Holovatiuk in the Ukrainian village of Malaya Ilovitsa. He was one of ten children in the family. Varnava, his father, took any work that was available, including making shoe-lasts and sleighs. Varnava also was an experienced setter of broken bones, and during Yakov's youth he helped his father setting broken bones.

In 1912, Yakov served his compulsory military service as a field medic. During World War I, he helped in rescuing wounded companions from the battlefield. Captured by the Germans, he was sent to the Alps where he spent three years as a prisoner working for a farmer. After he escaped in 1919, he returned to his native village. In Malaya Ilovitsa, he resumed his life as a peasant and cared for the sick who came to him for help.

In 1925, Yakov entered the [[Pochaev Lavra of the Dormition of the Theotokos|Pochaev Lavra]] as a [[novice]]. At the [[monastery]] he performed his duties industriously and with humility. He was [[tonsure]]d a [[monk]], with the name ''Joseph'', on [[July 8]], 1932, by [[Metropolitan]] Dionisy of Warsaw and All Poland. On [[September 21]], 1933, he was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[hierodeacon]] by Bishop Anthony. On [[September 27]], 1936, he was ordained a [[hieromonk]].

Among the tasks and obediences performed by Fr. Joseph at the [[lavra]], he became well known for his skill setting broken bones, such that suffering people were brought to him from all over the district. To limit the disturbance to the brethren of the lavra by all the people coming to Fr. Joseph for treatment, he moved, with the blessing of the prior, to a small house in the monastery cemetery. Here, he lived with Hieromonk Irinarch for the next twenty years. On some days he would receive up to 500 people who were looking for physical and spiritual healing. He dedicated his entire being to serving God and used his God-given gifts to help his neighbor.

In the world of eastern Europe after World War II, he was attacked one night by a group of partisans who burst into his [[cell]], demanding food. After finishing their meals, the group requested that the [[elder]] escort them away from the small hut. Upon reaching the gate, the leader of the partisans told him he was to be shot. Facing imminent death, the elder took the news with utter [[humility]], asking only that he be given ten minutes to pray. Granted the time, he read the "[[Lord's Prayer|Our Father]]," "O Theotokos," "[[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed|I believe]]," and began the prayer for the departure of the soul, when a distraught Fr. Irinarch burst out of the hut, concerned about Fr. Joseph's long absence, and, seeing the machine gun pointed at the elder, knocked the gun down and began pleading with them to show mercy to the elder. Heeding Fr. Irinarch's pleas, the group of partisans then left without any further threats.

During the days of Khrushchev's persecutions of the Church of the late 1950s and 1960s, [[monasticism|monastics]] were evicted from their monasteries and not allowed to return. In 1962, the elder, leading a group of monks, successfully defended the Holy Trinity Cathedral at the lavra. However, after having defended the church, Fr. Joseph was taken away in the middle of the night to a psychiatric hospital where he was placed in the ward for the most "agitated" patients. Here he was "treated" with medications that caused a massive edema of his whole body. Pleas by his spiritual children for his release went for naught. After three months the chief of medicine asked if Fr. Joseph could heal others in the ward, to which he answered yes. After rejecting his request for the Holy [[Gospels]], a [[cross]], and [[vestments]] so that he could serve a [[Moleben]] with [[Holy water|Blessing of the Waters]], he was returned to the ward.

Fr. Joseph's release was gained through intervention by Svetlana Alleluieva, Joseph Stalin's daughter, whom Fr. Joseph had once healed of a spiritual illness. Through her efforts he was released and returned to his home village to live with one of his relatives.

With his return home, suffering people began seeking him out again. This conflicted the local authorities, worried about the flood of people coming to the village to seek the elder's blessing. The authorities finally persuaded one of his relatives to their position. The relative, tricking Fr. Joseph, took him on a tractor into the swamps beyond the village. In an isolated spot the elder was beaten and then thrown in the cold December water nearby to die. Some eight hours later some of the elder's spiritual children found him still alive and took him to Pochaev Lavra, where he was immediately tonsured into the [[schema]] with the name ''Amphilochius'', honoring the holy Hierarch [[Amphilochius of Iconium]] ([[November 23]]). Through God's mercy Schema-monk Amphilochius recovered. Since he did not have a residence permit to live at the lavra, he soon returned to his village.

In the village he continued serving a Moleben with a Blessing of the Waters each day in his yard, helping the sick, and maintained an ascetic life. The elder found time for everyone.

On [[January 1]], 1971, the ascetic, Schema-monk Amphilochius, reposed in the Lord. On [[April 23]], 2002, the Pochaev Elder Schema-abbot Amphilochius was [[glorification|glorified]] a saint.

==Source==
*''Parish Life'', Bulletin of the Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Washington, DC, May 2008

==External links==
*[[w:Amphilochius of Pochayiv|Wikipedia: Amphilochius of Pochayiv]]
*[http://www.unicorne.org/ORTHODOXY/articles/saints_icons/saints_new/volyn.htm Saints of Orthodox Volyn]

[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Russian Saints]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Saints]]
[[Category:Modern Saints]]
[[Category:20th-century saints]]

[[ro:Amfilohie de la Poceaev]]

User:Sîmbotin

2023-02-01T10:33:27Z

Sîmbotin: update

{{Userboxtop}}
{{user ro}}
{{user fr-3}}
{{user en-2}}
{{user it-1}}
{{Userboxbottom}}
Hello everyone!

My name is Adrian Sîmbotin; I live in Bucharest, Romania.

I would like to contribute, my best as far as possible, to OrthodoxWiki.

I have over fourteen years of activity and over 170,000 contributions at [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83 Romanian Wikipedia].

This is my user page on ro.Wiki → [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin], and this is my user page on ro.orthodoxwiki→ [https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin].

God help us!

[[fr:Utilisateur:Sîmbotin]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Sîmbotin]]

User:Sîmbotin

2023-02-01T10:32:35Z

Sîmbotin: too little

{{Userboxtop}}
{{user ro}}
{{user fr-3}}
{{user en-2}}
{{user it-1}}
{{Userboxbottom}}
Hello everyone!

My name is Adrian Sîmbotin; I live in Bucharest, Romania.

I would like to contribute, my best as far as possible, to OrthodoxWiki.

I have over twelve years of activity at [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83 Romanian Wikipedia].

This is my user page on ro.Wiki → [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin], and this is my user page on ro.orthodoxwiki→ [https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin].

God help us!

[[fr:Utilisateur:Sîmbotin]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Sîmbotin]]

Juliana of Nicomedia

2022-12-21T06:50:35Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Juliana of Nicomidia.jpg|right|190 px]]
The Holy Virgin [[Martyr]] '''Juliana of Nicomedia''' was the daughter of Africanus, a famous [[pagan]], who, after secretly accepting [[baptism]] as a Christian, refused marriage to a pagan senator. After rejecting the urging of her father and betrothed to accept marriage, she remained firm in her faith and was imprisoned, severely beaten, and then finally beheaded during the reign of Emperor Maximianus. She is remembered on [[December 21]].

==Life==
Traditionally, Juliana was born in the city of [[Nicomedia]] and as a child was betrothed to Elusius, a senator and advisor to the Roman emperor. Juliana was endowed with a profound intellect and goodness of soul. As she grew up she recognized the delusion and deception of the pagan faith and was baptized secretly. As the time for her marriage to Elusius arrived, she refused to be married. She continued to refuse to obey her father when he urged her not to break the marriage agreement and was severely beaten by her father. Continuing to disobey her father, he turned Juliana over to Elusius. Elusius pleaded with Juliana to marry him, even promising that he would not require her to abandon her Christian faith. Juliana continued to refuse and declared that she would rather be put to death.

With her steadfast refusal, Juliana was imprisoned and horribly beaten publicly before a large crowds of people. Juliana received healing and new strength from God after each beating. Finally, recognizing the futility of trying to separate the holy virgin from her heavenly Bridegroom, Elusius sentenced her to death. The holy Martyr Juliana was beheaded in the year 304.

Of the large crowds that witnessed her courage and steadfast faith during her punishment 500 men and 150 women came to confess Christ and were all beheaded, thus [[baptism|baptized]] in their own blood.

==Translation==
An alleged [[Translation (relics)|translation]] of the [[relics]] of the martyred Juliana of Nicomedia from Nicomedia to Campania in Italy appears to have led to an association of the name of the martyred Juliana with Juliana of Cumae.

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=103601 OCA: St Juliana]
*[http://www.antiochian.org/node/17099 AOCA: St Juliana]
*[http://www.goarch.org/en/Chapel/saints.asp?contentid=347 GOARCH: St Juliana]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08555a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St Juliana]
*[http://www.haverford.edu/engl/engl301/Juliana/juliana.htm St Juliana]
*[[w: Juliana of Nicomedia]]

[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category: Martyrs]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Iuliana din Nicomidia]]

Theodoret of Cyrrhus

2022-11-30T18:28:34Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Theodoret of Cyr.png|right|220px]]
'''Theodoret of Cyrus''' or '''Cyrrhus''', (c. 393 – c. 457) was an influential author, theologian, and Christian [[bishop]] of Cyrrhus, Syria (423-457). He played a pivotal role in many early [[Byzantine]] church controversies that led to various ecumenical acts and schisms.

==Life==
According to Tillemont, he was born at Antioch in 393, and died either at Cyrrhus ("about a two-days' journey east of Antioch" or eighty Roman miles), or at the [[monastery]] near Apamea (fifty-four miles southeast of Antioch) about 457.

The following facts about his life are gleaned mainly from his ''Epistles'' and his ''Religious History'' (''Philotheos historia''). His mother having been childless for twelve years, his birth was promised by a [[hermit]] named Macedonius on the condition of his dedication to God, whence the name Theodoret ("gift of God"). He was brought up under the care of the ascetics and acquired a very extensive classical knowledge, and, according to [[Photius the Great|Photius]], a style of Attic purity. That he was a personal disciple of [[Theodore of Mopsuestia]] and heard the orations of [[John Chrysostom]] is improbable.

At a young age he became a ''[[lector]]'' among the [[clergy]] of Antioch, then resided a while in a monastery, was a cleric at Cyrrhus, and in 423 became bishop over a [[diocese]] about forty miles square and embracing 800 parishes, but with an insignificant town as its [[see]] city. Theodoret, supported only by the appeals of the intimate hermits, himself in personal danger, zealously guarded purity of the doctrine. He converted more than 1,000 [[Marcionite]]s in his diocese, besides many [[Arianism|Arians]] and Macedonians; more than 200 copies of Tatian's ''Diatessaron'' he retired from the churches; and he erected churches and supplied them with [[relics]].

His philanthropic and economic interests were extensive and varied: he endeavored to secure relief for the people oppressed with taxation; he divided his inheritance among the poor; from his episcopal revenues he erected baths, bridges, halls, and aqueducts; he summoned rhetoricians and physicians, and reminded the officials of their duties. To the persecuted Christians of Persian Armenia he sent letters of encouragement, and to the Carthaginian Celestiacus, who had fled the rule of the Vandals, he gave refuge.

==The Nestorian controversy==
Theodoret stands out prominently in the [[christology|christological]] controversies aroused by [[Cyril of Alexandria]]. Theodoret shared in the petition of [[John I of Antioch]] to [[Nestorius]] to approve of the term ''theotokos'' ("mother of God"), and upon the request of John wrote against Cyril's ''[[anathema]]s''.

He may have prepared the Antiochian symbol which was to secure the emperor's true understanding of the [[Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed|Nicene Creed]], and he was a member and spokesman of the deputation of eight from Antioch called by the emperor to [[Chalcedon]]. To the condemnation of Nestorius he could not assent. John, reconciled to Cyril by the emperor's order, sought to bring Theodoret to submission by entrenching upon his [[eparchy]].

Theodoret was determined to preserve the peace of the Church by seeking the adoption of a formula avoiding the unconditional condemnation of Nestorius, and toward the close of 434 strove earnestly for the reconciliation between the Eastern churches. But Cyril refused to compromise and when he opened his attack (437) upon [[Diodorus of Tarsus]] and Theodore, John sided with them and Theodoret assumed the defense of the Antiochian party (c. 439). [[Domnus II]], the successor of John, took him as his counselor. After the death of Cyril, adherents of the Antiochian theology were appointed to bishoprics. [[Irenaeus of Tyre]] the friend of Nestorius, with the cooperation of Theodoret, became bishop of Tyre, in spite of the protests of [[Dioscorus of Alexandria]], Cyril's successor, who now turned specially against Theodoret; and, by preferring the charge that he taught two sons in [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], he secured the order from the court confining Theodoret to Cyrrhus.

Theodoret now composed the ''Eranistes'' (see below). In vain were his efforts at court at self-justification against the charges of Dioscurus, as well as the countercharge of Domnus against [[Eutyches]] of [[Apollinarism]]. The court excluded Theodoret from the [[Second Council of Ephesus]] in 449 because of his antagonism to Cyril. Here, because of his ''Epistle 151'' against Cyril and his defense of Diodorus and Theodore, he was condemned without a hearing and [[excommunication|excommunicated]] and his writings were directed to be burned. Even Domnus gave his assent.

Theodoret was compelled to leave Cyrrhus and retire to his [[monastery]] at Apamea. He made an appeal to Pope [[Leo the Great]], but not until after the death of [[Theodosius II]] in 450 was his appeal for a revocation of the judgments against him granted by imperial edict. He was ordered to participate in the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]], which created violent opposition. He was first to take part only as accuser, yet among the bishops. Then he was constrained ([[October 26]], 451) by the friends of Dioscurus to pronounce the ''anathema'' over Nestorius. His conduct shows (though hindered from a statement to that effect) that he performed this with his previous reservation; namely, without application beyond the teaching of two sons in Christ and the denial of the ''theotokos''. Upon this he was declared [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] and rehabilitated.

The only thing known concerning him following the Council of Chalcedon is the letter of Leo charging him to guard the Chalcedonian victory (''PG'', lxxxiii. 1319 sqq.). With Diodorus and Theodore he was no less hated by the [[Monophysitism|Monophysite]]s than Nestorius himself, and held by them and their friends as a [[heretic]]. The [[Three-Chapter Controversy]] led to the condemnation of his writings against Cyril in the [[Fifth Ecumenical Council|Second Council of Constantinople]] (553).

==Works==
===Exegetical===
In literature Theodoret devoted himself first of all to [[exegesis]]. The [[Holy Scripture]] was his only authority, and his representation of orthodox doctrine consists of a collocation of Scripture passages. The genuineness and relative chronology of his commentaries is proven by references in the latter to the earlier. The commentary on the ''[[Song of Songs]]'', written while he was a young bishop, though not before 430, precedes ''[[Psalms]]''; the commentaries on the prophets were begun with ''[[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]'', followed by ''[[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]]'', and then the ''[[Minor Prophets]]''. Next that on the ''Psalms'' was completed before 436; and those on ''[[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]'', ''[[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]'', and the ''[[Pauline Epistles]]'' (including ''[[Book of Hebrews|Hebrews]]''), before 448. Theodoret's last exegetical works were the interpretations of difficult passages in the ''[[Octateuch]]'' and ''Quaestiones'' dealing with the books of ''[[Book of Samuel|Samuel]]'', ''[[Books of Kings|Kings]]'', and ''[[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]]'', written about 452 to 453.

Excepting the commentary on ''Isaiah'' (fragments preserved in the ''Catena (Biblical commentary)|catenae'') and on ''[[Book of Galatians|Galatians]]'' ii.6-13, the exegetical writings of Theodoret are extant. Exegetical material on the ''[[Gospels]]'' under his name in the ''catenae'' may have come from his other works, and foreign interpolations occur in his comments on the ''Octateuch''.

The Biblical authors are, for Theodoret, merely the mouthpieces of the [[Holy Spirit]], though they do not lose their individual peculiarities. By the unavoidable imperfection of the translations, he states, the understanding is encumbered. Not familiar with Hebrew, Theodoret uses the Syriac translation, the Greek versions, and the ''[[Septuagint]]''.

In principle his exegesis is grammatical-historical; and he criticizes the intrusion of the author's own ideas. His aim is to avoid a one-sidedness of literalness as well as of allegory. Hence he protests against the attributing of ''The Song of Songs'' to [[Solomon]] and the like as degrading the Holy Spirit. Rather is it to be said that the Scripture speaks often "figuratively" and "in riddles." In the [[Old Testament]] everything has typological significance and prophetically it embodies already the Christian doctrine. The divine illumination affords the right understanding after the apostolic suggestion and the [[New Testament]] fulfilment. Valuable though not binding is the exegetical tradition of the ecclesiastical teachers. Theodoret likes to choose the best among various interpretations before him, preferably Theodore's, and supplements from his own. He is clear and simple in thought and statement; and his merit is to have rescued the exegetical heritage of the [[school of Antioch]] as a whole for the Christian Church.

===Apologetic, historical===
Among apologetic writings was the ''Ad quaestiones magorum'' (429-436), now lost, in which he justified the Old Testament sacrifices as alternatives in opposition to the Egyptian idolatry (question 1, Lev., ''PG'', lxxx. 297 sqq.), and exposed the fables of the [[Magi]] who worshiped the elements (''Church History'' v. 38).

''De providentia'' consists of apologetic discourses, proving the divine providence from the physical order (chapters i-iv), and from the moral and social order (chapters vi-x).

The ''Cure of the Greek Maladies or Knowledge of the Gospel Truth from the Greek Philosophy,'' of twelve discourses, was an attempt to prove the truth of Christianity from Greek philosophy and in contrast with the pagan ideas and practises. The truth is self-consistent where it is not obscured with error and approves itself as the power of life; philosophy is only a presentiment of it. This work is distinguished for clearness of arrangement and style.

The ''Church History'' of Theodoret, which begins with the rise of Arianism and closes with the death of Theodore in 429, falls far behind those of Socrates Scholasticus and Sozomen. It contains many sources otherwise lost, specially letters on the Arian controversy; but it is defective in historical sense and chronological accuracy, and on account of Theodoret's inclination to embellishment and miraculous narrative, and preference for the personal. Original material of Antiochian information appears chiefly in the latter books.

Theodoret's sources are in dispute. According to Valesius these were mainly Socrates and
Sozomen; Albert Guldenpenning's thorough research placed Rufinus first, and next to him, [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], [[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]], Sozomen, [[Sabinus]], [[Philostorgius]], [[Gregory the Theologian|Gregory Nazianzen]], and, least of all, Socrates. N. Glubokovskij counts Eusebius, Rufinus, Philostorgius, and, perhaps, Sabinus.

The ''Religious History,'' with an appendix on divine love, contains the biographies of thirty (ten living) ascetics, held forth as religious models. It is a document of remarkable significance for understanding the complexities of the role of early monastics, both in society and in the church; it is also remarkable for presenting a model of ascetic authority which runs strongly against Athanasius's ''Life of Antony''. Upon the request of a high official named Sporacius, Theodoret compiled a ''Compendium of Heretical Accounts'' (''Haereticarum fabularum compendium''), including a heresiology (books i-iv) and a "compendium of divine dogmas" (book v), which, apart from [[Origen]]'s ''De principiis'' and the theological work of [[John of Damascus]], is the only systematic representation of the theology of the [[Church Fathers|Greek Fathers]].

Theodoret's Correspondence (mentioned below) is a primary source for the development of Christological issues between the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon and illuminates current administrative and social problems.

===Dogmatic===
Among dogmatic treatises Theodoret mentions (''Epist.'' cxiii, cxvi) having written against [[Arius]] and [[Eunomius of Cyzicus|Eunomius]], probably one work, to which were joined the three treatises against the Macedonians. There were, besides, two works against the Apollinarians, and of the ''Opus adversus Marcionem'' nothing has been preserved. The treatises ''On the Trinity'' and ''On the Divine Dispensation'' (cf. ''Peri theologias kai tes theias enanthropeseos; Epist. cxiii''), assigned by A. Ehrhard to the work ''On the Holy and Life-giving Trinity'' and ''On the Incarnation of the Lord'' of [[Cyril of Alexandria]], certainly belong to the Antiochian School and to Theodoret. To the same belong cap. xiii-xv, xvii, and brief parts of other chapters of the fragments which Jean Garnier (''Auctarium'') included under the title, ''Pentology of Theodoret on the Incarnation'' as well as three of the five fragments referred by Marius Mercator to the fifth book of some writing of Theodoret. They are polemics against Arianism and Apollinarianism.

Theodoret's ''Refutation'' of the twelve ''anathemas'' of Cyril is preserved in the antipolemic of Cyril (''PG'', cxxvi. 392 sqq.). He detects Apollinarianism in Cyril's teaching, and declines a "contracting into one" of two natures of the only begotten, as much as a separation into two sons (''Epist.'' Cxliii). Instead of a "union according to [[hypostases]]," he would accept only one that "manifests the essential properties or modes of the natures." The man united to [[God]] was born of [[Theotokos|Mary]]; between God the ''[[Logos]]'' and the form of a servant a distinction must be drawn. Only minor fragments (cf. ''Epist.'' xvi) of Theodoret's defense of Diodorus and Theodore (438-444) have been preserved (Glubokovskij ii. 142).

His chief christological work is the ''Eranistes etoi polymorphos'' ("Beggar or Multiform") in three dialogues, describing the [[Monophysite]]s as beggars passing off their doctrines gathered by scraps from diverse heretical sources and himself as the orthodox.

God is immutable also in becoming man, the two natures are separate in Christ, and God the Logos is ever immortal and impassive. Each nature remained "pure" after the union, retaining its properties to the exclusion of all transmutation and intermixture. Of the twenty-seven orations in defense of various propositions, the first six agree in their given content with Theodoret. A few extracts from the five orations on Chrysostom were preserved by Photius (codex 273). Most valuable are the numerous letters (Eng. transl., ''NPNF'', 2 ser., iii. 250-348).

== Translations ==
* Translations of Theodoret's writings can be found in [[Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers]]. A bilingual edition of the Eranistes was published by Oxford University Press in 1974
*Bilingual editions (Greek text with parallel French translation) of several of the texts mentioned above have been published in recent years in ''Sources Chrétiennes''.

==Source==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoret Wikipedia - Theodoret]

==External links==
*[http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_author/64/Theodoret_of_Cyr.html Theodoret of Cyr]
*[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-03/TOC.htm Theodoret's works]
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Theodoret ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th edition]
*[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0393-0466-_Theodoretus_Cyrrhi_Episcopus.html Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca, with analytical indexes and concordances made on the whole writings]

[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:5th-century bishops]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:5th-century saints]]

[[ro:Teodoret din Cir]]

Apostle Carpus

2022-05-26T05:17:56Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Carpus bishop of Berroia.jpg|thumb|200px|Apostle Carpus (russian icon)]]
The holy, glorious, all-laudable '''Apostle Carpus''' of the [[Apostles#The_Seventy|Seventy]] is commemorated by the Church on [[May 26]] with St. [[Apostle Alphaeus|Alphaeus]], and on [[January 4]] with the Seventy.

In his second [[Epistle]] to [[Apostle Timothy|Timothy]], St. [[Apostle Paul|Paul]] requests, "The [[phelonion]] that I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books." Carpus was [[bishop]] of Berroia (or Verria) in Macedonia.

==Hymns==
[[Troparion]] ([[Tone]] 3) [http://oca.org/FStropars.asp?ID=101535]
:O holy Apostle Carpus,
:Entreat the merciful God,
:To grant our souls forgiveness of transgressions.

[[Kontakion]] (Tone 4)
:The Church possesses You as a shining star,
:O Holy Apostle Carpus,
:And is illumined by the multitude of your [[miracle]]s.
:Save those who honor in faith
:Your holy memory.

==External links==
*[http://www.chrysostompress.org/collection/0104_Synaxis_70_Apostles/ The Synaxis of the Holy Seventy Apostles] - Chrysostom Press.
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=100076 Apostle Carpus of the Seventy], January 4 ([[OCA]])
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=101535 Apostle Carpus of the Seventy], May 26 (OCA)

[[Category:Biblical Saints|Carpus]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints|Carpus]]
[[Category:Bishops|Carpus]]
[[Category:1st-century bishops|Carpus]]
[[Category:Saints|Carpus]]
[[Category:Seventy Apostles|Carpus]]
[[Category:1st-century saints]]

[[ro:Apostolul Carp]]

Cain and Abel

2021-11-23T05:01:01Z

Sîmbotin: interwiki

'''Cain and Abel''' were, according to the [[Book of Genesis]], two sons of [[Adam and Eve]]. Cain is described as a crop farmer and his younger brother Abel as a shepherd. Cain was the first human born and Abel was the first human to die.

Cain murdered his brother out of jealousy because the Lord God did not accept his sacrifice. Whereas his brother Abel offered his sacrifice from his heart in a spirit of thanksgiving to the Lord, Cain did not, as so his countenance fell. Despite the Lord God warning him of the dangers of sin, he killed his brother and was punished by being exiled.

To protect Cain from the vengeance of people, the Lord God marked him and warned that anyone who kills Cain will be punished seven-fold.

{{stub}}
[[ro:Cain]]

Antimos of Iberia

2021-09-27T05:45:59Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Sf_Antim_Ivireanul.jpg|thumb|220px|St Hieromartyr Antimos of Iberia]]
Our father among the [[saint]]s [[Hieromartyr]] '''Antimos of Iberia''' was a Georgian scholar who as [[Metropolitan]] of Wallachia invigorated Christianity in the area that now is Romania. A person of considerable artistic ability, he inspired the printing industry of the area, as well as encouraging the liturgical usage of the Romanian language. He is commemorated on [[September 14]] in Romania and on [[June 13]] in Georgia.

==Life==
Born in the Samtskhe region of southern Georgia, the son of Ioane and Mariam, Antimos Iverieli was given the name Andria at [[baptism]]. His childhood is largely unknown. He developed his artistic talents, becoming well known for his paintings, engravings, and calligraphy.

Antimos accompanied King Archil on a trip to Russia, where he helped the king establish a Georgian print shop. On his return to Georgia he was captured by Dagestani robbers and sold into slavery. He was freed through the efforts of the [[Patriarch]] of Jerusalem, Dositheus, and remained in the patriarch’s service while furthering his spiritual education.

Famed for his artistic and printing skills, Antimos, about the year 1691, was asked by Prince Constantine Brincoveanu of Wallachia to come to Wallachia. After arriving, Antimos became the driving force in the development of the printing industry in Wallachia, making it a major publisher of books in the eastern European area. In 1694, Antimos was appointed [[abbot]] of the Snagov [[Monastery]], in what is now Romania, and established a new print shop there. On [[May 21]], 1694, the shop published his ''Guidelines for the Divine Services''. This volume was signed by Subdeacon Michael Ishtvanivich, his pupil, who was to establish the first print shop in Georgia in 1709. In 1710, this Georgian shop printed the [[Gospels]] in the Georgian language.

Fluent in many European and Oriental languages, Antimos soon gained proficiency in the Romanian language. In 1693, he published the Gospels in Romanian and encouraged the use of the Romanian language in the local churches as the official liturgical language, thus implementing his expressed position to render the services in a language the people understood.

In 1705, Antimos was consecrated [[bishop]] of Rimnicu Vilcea. Then, in 1708 he was appointed [[Metropolitan]] of Hungro-Wallachia. During the following years, Antimos directed a building program of more than twenty churches and monasteries in Wallachia, including All Saints Monastery in the heart of Bucharest. Today, this monastery is known as Antim Monastery in his memory. The main gates of the monastery were designed by Antimos himself using Georgian motifs. As metropolitan, he established the rules for the monastery and declared its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].

From the day of his consecration, Metr. Antimos fought for the liberation of Wallachia from foreign, particularly Turkish, rule. In 1714, Prince Constantine was executed by the Turks. His successor, Stephan Cantaczino, the last prince of Wallachia, was executed in 1716. The Phanariote Nicholas Mavrokordatos, who was only interested in the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman Empire]], replaced the Wallachian princes. Mavrokordatos was suspicious of Metr. Antimos and ordered the metropolitan to resign. Mavrokordatos appealed to Patriarch Jeremiah after Metr. Antimos refused to do so. The Patriarch convened a [[council]] of bishops, without any Romanian representation, that condemned the metropolitan to anathema and excommunication. Not satisfied in a finding that denied Metr. Antimos his title of Metropolitan of Hungro-Wallachia, Mavrokordatos order the metropolitan to exile to St. [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Catherine’s Monastery]] at [[Mount Sinai]].

On September 14, 1716, while en route to his place of exile, Metr. Antimos was ambushed by Turkish soldiers on the bank of the Tundzha River, near Gallipoli, as it flowed through Adrianople, and butchered him. Then, they threw his remains into the river. This brutal action ended the earthly life of a great man who had dedicated his strength, talent, and knowledge to the revival and strengthening of Orthodox Christianity among the people of Wallachia.

==Legacy==
A scholar as well as an hierarch, Metr. Antmos was committed to a Christian community that understood the teachings of the Church through services in the local languages. He recognized the importance of the use of the new printing presses as part of religious education. The extent of his efforts is witnessed in the literature that he wrote himself, as well as sponsored. Besides translations of the Gospels into Romanian and Georgian, Metr. Antmos published at least twenty-five other books in the Romanian language as well as others in [[Church Slavonic]], Greek, and Arabic. These included bilingual volumes such as the Greek-Arabic Missal he published in 1702. In addition he published many of his sermons including the collection, the Didahiile, a commentary that criticized sharply the contemporary habits and morals.

Coupled with the intellectual side of his life, he took active leadership in spreading the Faith through a building program of churches and monasteries. While his martyrdom cut short his many talents, his memory lived on. In 1992, the [[Church of Romania]] recognized his memory by glorifying him and establishing September 14, the day of his death, as his commemoration day. Later, the [[Church of Georgia]] also recognized its son and his work and commemorates him on June 13.

==Sources==
*[http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/070626194833 Antimos of Iberia]
*[http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=7745 Antimozoz Iverieli]

[[Category: Martyrs]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category: Romanian Saints]]
[[Category: Georgian Saints]]
[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:18th-century bishops]]
[[Category:18th-century saints]]

[[ro:Antim Ivireanul]]

Antimos of Iberia

2021-09-27T05:37:56Z

Sîmbotin: per OrthodoxWiki:Style Manual (Point of View)

Our father among the [[saint]]s [[Hieromartyr]] '''Antimos of Iberia''' was a Georgian scholar who as [[Metropolitan]] of Wallachia invigorated Christianity in the area that now is Romania. A person of considerable artistic ability, he inspired the printing industry of the area, as well as encouraging the liturgical usage of the Romanian language. He is commemorated on [[September 14]] in Romania and on [[June 13]] in Georgia.

==Life==
Born in the Samtskhe region of southern Georgia, the son of Ioane and Mariam, Antimos Iverieli was given the name Andria at [[baptism]]. His childhood is largely unknown. He developed his artistic talents, becoming well known for his paintings, engravings, and calligraphy.

Antimos accompanied King Archil on a trip to Russia, where he helped the king establish a Georgian print shop. On his return to Georgia he was captured by Dagestani robbers and sold into slavery. He was freed through the efforts of the [[Patriarch]] of Jerusalem, Dositheus, and remained in the patriarch’s service while furthering his spiritual education.

Famed for his artistic and printing skills, Antimos, about the year 1691, was asked by Prince Constantine Brincoveanu of Wallachia to come to Wallachia. After arriving, Antimos became the driving force in the development of the printing industry in Wallachia, making it a major publisher of books in the eastern European area. In 1694, Antimos was appointed [[abbot]] of the Snagov [[Monastery]], in what is now Romania, and established a new print shop there. On [[May 21]], 1694, the shop published his ''Guidelines for the Divine Services''. This volume was signed by Subdeacon Michael Ishtvanivich, his pupil, who was to establish the first print shop in Georgia in 1709. In 1710, this Georgian shop printed the [[Gospels]] in the Georgian language.

Fluent in many European and Oriental languages, Antimos soon gained proficiency in the Romanian language. In 1693, he published the Gospels in Romanian and encouraged the use of the Romanian language in the local churches as the official liturgical language, thus implementing his expressed position to render the services in a language the people understood.

In 1705, Antimos was consecrated [[bishop]] of Rimnicu Vilcea. Then, in 1708 he was appointed [[Metropolitan]] of Hungro-Wallachia. During the following years, Antimos directed a building program of more than twenty churches and monasteries in Wallachia, including All Saints Monastery in the heart of Bucharest. Today, this monastery is known as Antim Monastery in his memory. The main gates of the monastery were designed by Antimos himself using Georgian motifs. As metropolitan, he established the rules for the monastery and declared its independence from the [[Church of Constantinople]].

From the day of his consecration, Metr. Antimos fought for the liberation of Wallachia from foreign, particularly Turkish, rule. In 1714, Prince Constantine was executed by the Turks. His successor, Stephan Cantaczino, the last prince of Wallachia, was executed in 1716. The Phanariote Nicholas Mavrokordatos, who was only interested in the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman Empire]], replaced the Wallachian princes. Mavrokordatos was suspicious of Metr. Antimos and ordered the metropolitan to resign. Mavrokordatos appealed to Patriarch Jeremiah after Metr. Antimos refused to do so. The Patriarch convened a [[council]] of bishops, without any Romanian representation, that condemned the metropolitan to anathema and excommunication. Not satisfied in a finding that denied Metr. Antimos his title of Metropolitan of Hungro-Wallachia, Mavrokordatos order the metropolitan to exile to St. [[St. Catherine's Monastery (Sinai)|Catherine’s Monastery]] at [[Mount Sinai]].

On September 14, 1716, while en route to his place of exile, Metr. Antimos was ambushed by Turkish soldiers on the bank of the Tundzha River, near Gallipoli, as it flowed through Adrianople, and butchered him. Then, they threw his remains into the river. This brutal action ended the earthly life of a great man who had dedicated his strength, talent, and knowledge to the revival and strengthening of Orthodox Christianity among the people of Wallachia.

==Legacy==
A scholar as well as an hierarch, Metr. Antmos was committed to a Christian community that understood the teachings of the Church through services in the local languages. He recognized the importance of the use of the new printing presses as part of religious education. The extent of his efforts is witnessed in the literature that he wrote himself, as well as sponsored. Besides translations of the Gospels into Romanian and Georgian, Metr. Antmos published at least twenty-five other books in the Romanian language as well as others in [[Church Slavonic]], Greek, and Arabic. These included bilingual volumes such as the Greek-Arabic Missal he published in 1702. In addition he published many of his sermons including the collection, the Didahiile, a commentary that criticized sharply the contemporary habits and morals.

Coupled with the intellectual side of his life, he took active leadership in spreading the Faith through a building program of churches and monasteries. While his martyrdom cut short his many talents, his memory lived on. In 1992, the [[Church of Romania]] recognized his memory by glorifying him and establishing September 14, the day of his death, as his commemoration day. Later, the [[Church of Georgia]] also recognized its son and his work and commemorates him on June 13.

==Sources==
*[http://www.pravoslavie.ru/enarticles/070626194833 Antimos of Iberia]
*[http://www.geotimes.ge/index.php?m=home&newsid=7745 Antimozoz Iverieli]

[[Category: Martyrs]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category: Romanian Saints]]
[[Category: Georgian Saints]]
[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:18th-century bishops]]
[[Category:18th-century saints]]

[[ro:Antim Ivireanul]]

Adrian and Natalia

2021-08-26T09:08:04Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[Image:Agnatalia.jpg|thumb|150px]]
The holy and glorious [[Martyr]]s '''Adrian and Natalia''' (also ''Hadrian'' and ''Natalie'') were husband and wife who lived during the fourth century. Their [[feast day]] is celebrated on [[August 26]].

==Martyrdom==
During the [[Great Persecution]] of Diocletian during early fourth century, Adrian encountered a group of martyrs <ref> The number of martyrs according to the account in the [[Menaion]] is 23; other sources based on the St. Herman of Alaska Monastery calendar say 33, of which will be corrected for next year's printing</ref> and asked them why they were willing to endure such tortures for their faith. They replied that they were suffering in order to gain the good things prepared by God for those who suffered for his sake, "which neither eye has seen nor ear heard, nor have entered into the heart of man" ([[I Corinthians|I Cor.]] 2:9). Upon hearing these words, Adrian was struck by divine grace and told the Roman officials who were present to write his own name with the rest of the martyrs. When his wife Natalia heard that he had been imprisoned with the martyrs, she ran with joy to the gaol and lauded his resolve while embracing his chains. After imploring the other martyrs to pray for her husband to God, she returned home.

Right before the time appointed for martyrdom, Adrian bribed the guards to release him temporarily and then went to his house to tell Natalia that the time had come. When she saw him coming, she assumed that he had denied Christ and thus had been released, and she refused to open the door, rebuking him as a coward. When she finally learned the true nature of his release, she changed her tone to one of encouragement and accompanied him to the tribunal.

When Adrian appeared before the emperor and confessed Christ, he underwent a first beating, and then was stretched on the ground and suffered a second beating on his stomach, which lacerated his stomach so that his intestines were visible. His hands and feet were then cut off. It is not clear if he died from these tortures, or was beheaded to finish him off more quickly.

The bodies of the martyrs were then taken up to be burned, but Natalie managed to steal one of her husband's severed hands from the pile. Guarding it as a precious [[relic]], she kept it in her cloak and even anointed herself with the blood. The fire that was supposed to burn the relics was miraculously put out by a sudden shower of rain, and a Christian named Eusebius was able to retrieve the relics, place them on a ship, and transport them for burial to Argyroupolis, a town near [[Byzantium]]. Some time later, Natalia visited the tomb where she gave up her soul to God and was herself subsequently buried.

==Historical clarifications==
St. [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain|Nicodemus]] bases his account in the [[Synaxarion]] on a Greek life from a manuscript in the [[Great Lavra (Athos)|Great Lavra]] on [[Mount Athos]]. He places the martyrdom in A.D. 298 and attributes it to the Emperor Maximianus during his second period. The identification and chronology present some difficulties. Firstly, although there may have been limited harassment of Christians this early, the Great Persecution did not begin until A.D. 303. Secondly, the martyrdom is said to have occurred at [[Wikipedia:Nicomedia|Nicomedia]], in Asia Minor; in that case the emperor responsible was probably the Caesar of the East, [[Wikipedia:Galerius|Galerius]], whose full name was Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, rather than the emperor more commonly known as [[Wikipedia:Maximian|Maximian]], the Augustus Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus who ruled in the western part of the Roman Empire during the same period. Thirdly, St. Nicodemus says that the martyrdom occurred in the second period of Maximian, which could conceivably mean after Galerius was promoted from Caesar (junior emperor) to Augustus (senior emperor) when [[Wikipedia:Diocletian|Diocletian]] retired in 305. It is, however, also possible that the date of 298 is correct: Galerius was appointed Caesar in 293, publicly disgraced by Diocletian after his failure in a campaign against the [[Wikipedia:Sassanids|Sassanids]] on the Eastern border of the Empire, and then redeemed himself with a victorious campaign against them in 297. The "second period" mentioned by St. Nicodemus would then be the time after his triumph over the Sassanids. His influence with Diocletian then increased, and it is possible that he had already began to persecute Christians in 298.

It is unclear from the accounts in the Synaxarion and Menaion whether Adrian was already a Christian when he encountered the martyrs. His [[apolytikion]] may suggest that he was still a [[pagan]].

Another St. Adrian is commemorated the same day. St. Nicodemus says that he was a son of the emperor Probus (d. 276) and brother of the bishop of Byzantium Dometius. He was martyred in 313 under the emperor [[Wikipedia:Licinius|Licinius]] in [[Nicomedia]], then buried by his brother in Argyroupolis, where his namesake Adrian already lay buried.

==Hymnography==
The [[hymn]]s of the [[saint]]s emphasize the cooperation of Adrian and Natalia and exalt them as a model married couple. In some hymns, e.g., the third [[sticheron]] of [[Vespers]], Natalia is contrasted favorably with [[Eve]], as exhorting her husband to godliness rather than tempting him to sin. She is also likened to the wise pilot of a storm-tossed ship (her husband), bringing him safely into the heavenly harbor (fourth sticheron of [[Lauds]]).

[[Troparion]] ([[Tone]] 4) [http://www.oca.org/FStropars.asp?SID=13&ID=102398]
:Your holy martyrs Adrian and Natalia, O Lord,
:Through their sufferings have received incorruptible crowns from You, our God.
:For having Your strength, they laid low their adversaries,
:And shattered the powerless boldness of demons.
:Through their intercessions, save our souls!

[[Kontakion]] - (Tone 4)
:Martyr of Christ, Adrian,
:You kept the words of your godly and devoted wife Natalia in your heart.
:With her you accepted every kind of suffering and obtained the crown of victory!

==External links==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102398 Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia] ([[OCA]])
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102399 Martyr Natalia of Nicomedia] (OCA)
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102400 33 Martyred Companions of Natalia and Adrian, of Nicomedia] (OCA)
*[http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=179 Adrian & Natalia the Martyrs & their 33 Companion Martyrs in Nicomedea] ([[GOARCH]])
*[http://www.roca.org/OA/12/12g.htm Holy Martyrs Adrian and Natalie] ''Orthodox America''
*[http://home.iprimus.com.au/xenos/adrian.html Sts Adrian and Natalia the Martyrs, and their thirty three Companion Martyrs in Nicomedea] ([[GOAA]])
*[[w:Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia|''Adrian and Natalia of Nicomedia'' at Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Adrian şi Natalia]]

Marina of Antioch

2021-07-17T15:28:45Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:St Marina.jpg|thumb|200px]]
The holy and glorious Great-[[martyr]] '''Marina of Antioch''' (also known as '''Margaret of Antioch''') was killed for her faith under the persecutions of the Roman Emperor [[Diocletian]] (r. 284-305). The Church remembers her on [[July 17]].

==Life==
Marina lived in what is now modern-day Pisidia, Turkey, in the early fourth century. Her father was a pagan priest, and her mother died in childbirth. The unwanted Marina was then left in the care of a nursemaid, who was later discharged of her duties and sent to work as a shepherdess. While still a teenager, Marina made a vow of perpetual chastity to God.

One day, while Marina was tending sheep, a Roman prefect attempted to seduce her. When she refused his advances, she was denounced as a Christian. Upon refusing to sacrifice to the pagan gods, she was subjected to various tortures, including being beaten with clubs and her skin being raked with iron combs. One rather interesting torment included plunging Marina into a cauldron of boiling water, out of which she came unharmed, singing God's praises.

Again imprisoned, the devil tried to frighten her three times. Once as a dragon he attempted to devour her, holding half of her body in his mouth. Praying, she made the sign of the cross and the beast was torn apart and vanished.

Again, he appeared as a man, black as night. She seized his hair and beat him with a hammer until he left her sight. Again, he grabbed her and threatened to kill her if she would not stop praying. She whipped him, and finally a light appeared from Heaven in the form of a cross. A white dove told her to rejoice for she had vanquished the enemy, and she was completely healed.

She was eventually beheaded at the age of sixteen, around the year AD 304.

Until the sacking of Constantinople by Western crusaders in the year 1204, the relics of the Great Martyr Marina were in the Panteponteia monastery. According to other sources, they were located in Antioch until the year 908 and from there transferred to Italy. Now they are in Athens, in a church dedicated to the holy Virgin Martyr. Her venerable hand was transferred to Mount Athos, to Vatopedi Monastery.

==External links==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102042 Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia] ([[OCA]])
*[http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=131 Marina the Great Martyr of Antioch] ([[GOARCH]])
*[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=July&day=17 The Holy Female Martyr Marina] (''[[Prologue of Ohrid]]'')
*[http://home.it.net.au/~jgrapsas/pages/St_Marina.htm Great Martyr St Marina of Antioch] ([[GOAA]])
*[http://www.stmarina.org/stmarina.htm St. Marina] ([[Coptic]])
*[[w:Margaret the Virgin|''Margaret the Virgin'' at Wikipedia]]
*[http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/21sr.htm Margaret of Antioch]

[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[es:Marina de Antioquía]]
[[ro:Marina din Antiohia Pisidiei]]

Marina of Antioch

2021-07-17T15:21:12Z

Sîmbotin: interwiki

The holy and glorious Great-[[martyr]] '''Marina of Antioch''' (also known as '''Margaret of Antioch''') was killed for her faith under the persecutions of the Roman Emperor [[Diocletian]] (r. 284-305). The Church remembers her on [[July 17]].

==Life==
Marina lived in what is now modern-day Pisidia, Turkey, in the early fourth century. Her father was a pagan priest, and her mother died in childbirth. The unwanted Marina was then left in the care of a nursemaid, who was later discharged of her duties and sent to work as a shepherdess. While still a teenager, Marina made a vow of perpetual chastity to God.

One day, while Marina was tending sheep, a Roman prefect attempted to seduce her. When she refused his advances, she was denounced as a Christian. Upon refusing to sacrifice to the pagan gods, she was subjected to various tortures, including being beaten with clubs and her skin being raked with iron combs. One rather interesting torment included plunging Marina into a cauldron of boiling water, out of which she came unharmed, singing God's praises.

Again imprisoned, the devil tried to frighten her three times. Once as a dragon he attempted to devour her, holding half of her body in his mouth. Praying, she made the sign of the cross and the beast was torn apart and vanished.

Again, he appeared as a man, black as night. She seized his hair and beat him with a hammer until he left her sight. Again, he grabbed her and threatened to kill her if she would not stop praying. She whipped him, and finally a light appeared from Heaven in the form of a cross. A white dove told her to rejoice for she had vanquished the enemy, and she was completely healed.

She was eventually beheaded at the age of sixteen, around the year AD 304.

Until the sacking of Constantinople by Western crusaders in the year 1204, the relics of the Great Martyr Marina were in the Panteponteia monastery. According to other sources, they were located in Antioch until the year 908 and from there transferred to Italy. Now they are in Athens, in a church dedicated to the holy Virgin Martyr. Her venerable hand was transferred to Mount Athos, to Vatopedi Monastery.

==External links==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=102042 Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia] ([[OCA]])
*[http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=131 Marina the Great Martyr of Antioch] ([[GOARCH]])
*[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=July&day=17 The Holy Female Martyr Marina] (''[[Prologue of Ohrid]]'')
*[http://home.it.net.au/~jgrapsas/pages/St_Marina.htm Great Martyr St Marina of Antioch] ([[GOAA]])
*[http://www.stmarina.org/stmarina.htm St. Marina] ([[Coptic]])
*[[w:Margaret the Virgin|''Margaret the Virgin'' at Wikipedia]]
*[http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/21sr.htm Margaret of Antioch]

[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[es:Marina de Antioquía]]
[[ro:Marina din Antiohia Pisidiei]]

User:Sîmbotin

2021-04-07T04:56:45Z

Sîmbotin:

{{Userboxtop}}
{{user ro}}
{{user fr-3}}
{{user en-2}}
{{user ru-1}}
{{user it-1}}
{{Userboxbottom}}
Hello everyone!

My name is Adrian Sîmbotin; I live in Bucharest, Romania.

I would like to contribute, my best as far as possible, to OrthodoxWiki.

I have over twelve years of activity at [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83 Romanian Wikipedia].

This is my user page on ro.Wiki → [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin], and this is my user page on ro.orthodoxwiki→ [https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin].

God help us!

[[fr:Utilisateur:Sîmbotin]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Sîmbotin]]

Joseph Julian Overbeck

2020-12-31T06:00:18Z

Sîmbotin: /* Source */ interwiki

'''Joseph Julian Overbeck''' (1820-1905) was an Orthodox [[laity|layman]] who played a central role in the early development of modern [[Western Rite]] Orthodoxy.

==Life==
Overbeck was born in Bonn, Germany, and attended the University of Bonn where he became a specialist in Syriac. [[ordination|Ordained]] to the Catholic [[priest]]hood, he did further studies at the Vatican Library and became a professor at Bonn. Disillusioned with the claims of the Roman Church, he left his position at Bonn and began attending Lutheran services. In 1857, he moved to England where he married and taught German in Oxford and later at Staff College, Camberley. Overbeck's marriage after his Catholic ordination was considered a canonical impediment to the priesthood, and while there was an initial inquiry as to whether he could be re-ordained, he continued his work for the rest of his life as a layman.

His translations of [[Ephrem the Syrian]] sparked an interest in the Orthodox Church. In 1864, Overbeck was chrismated into the Orthodox Church. He then published, in 1866, ''Catholic Orthodoxy and Anglo-Catholicism'', which contained the groundings for his work for the next twenty years. A year later, he began publishing a periodical, ''Orthodox Catholic Review'', aimed at putting forward Orthodoxy and rejecting Catholicism and Protestantism. His early works contained a number of refutations of what would later develop into the [[Ecumenism|ecumenical movement]].

1867 saw Overbeck, with 122 signatures from the Oxford Movement, petition the [[Church of Russia]] for the establishment of a Western Rite church in full communion with the Eastern Rite. A seven-member synodal commission was then formed, and invited Overbeck to attend. The idea was approved, and Overbeck set about submitting a draft of the proposed Western liturgy. The base of Overbeck's submission was the Tridentine Mass of 1570, which added in an [[epiclesis]] and the [[Trisagion]] hymn. This rite was submitted in 1871, and was examined and approved by the commission. Overbeck focused his efforts on the Old Catholic movement, which had rejected Papal Infallibility. He continued to engage in polemics with Catholics, Anglicans, and Orthodox [[conversion|converts]] using the Byzantine rite.

In 1876, Overbeck issued an appeal to the various Holy Synods, traveling to Constantinople in 1879. There he met the [[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]], who authorised him to deliver sermons and apologetics. In 1881, some success was had when the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]] agreed that the West had a right to a Western church and rite.

However, it went no further. The [[Holy Synod]] of Greece vetoed his scheme amongst the Orthodox Churches, the ''Orthodox Catholic Review'' ended its run, and, by 1892, he admitted failure due to the [[Church of Greece]] of the time. Overbeck reposed in 1905.

==Historical legacy==
Overbeck's work laid the foundations of possible reunion schemes for Western Christians with the Orthodox Church. His work was widely distributed in Russia, where it became very popular among Orthodox missionaries, and became a point of reference for the Russian Church in its earliest writings. Virtually all [[Western Rite]] Orthodox today were affected in one way or another by the original canonical foundation originally envisioned by Overbeck.

==Works==
*''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7MsCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=overbeck,+Julian&as_brr=1&ei=WOJ7SbqfBInIMuia6bIE&client=mozilla Catholic orthodoxy and Anglo-Catholicism, a word about intercommunion between the English and the Orthodox Churches]'' (1866).
*''Liturgia missæ Orthodoxo-catholicæ occidentalis. The liturgy of the Western orthodox-Catholic mass'' (1871).
*''[http://books.google.com/books?id=rdwCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125&dq=overbeck,+Julian&as_brr=1&ei=WOJ7SbqfBInIMuia6bIE&client=mozilla#PPP9,M1 A plain view of the claims of the Orthodox Catholic Church as opposed to all other Christian Denominations]'' (1881).

==Source==
*"Overbeck, J.J." in ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity'' (2001).

[[Category:Western Rite]]
[[Category: Converts to Orthodox Christianity|Overbeck]]
[[Category: Converts to Orthodox Christianity from Roman Catholicism|Overbeck]]

[[ro: Joseph Julian Overbeck]]

Theophylact of Ochrid

2020-12-30T06:26:48Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Theophylact_the_Bulgarian.jpg|thumb|200px|Theophylact of Ohrid, an icon from the 17th century]]
Blessed '''Theophylactus of Ochrid''' (ca. 1050/60-ca. 1108) was one of the most famous Byzantine biblical scholars and exegete. He was born on the Greek island of Euboia, close to Athens, some time between 1050 and 1060. He pursued an education in Constantinople where he studied under the finest teachers of literature and rhetoric of his time and became one of the [[clergy]] of the Great Church there. He was appointed professor of rhetoric at the patriarchal academy and tutor to the emperor's children. As a relatively young man, he was consecrated as [[bishop]] and sent, against his will, to Ochrid, where he was the Metropolitan of the Church in Bulgaria for twenty-five years.

An inspired theologian and orator, he has left many homilies and, most importantly, a commentary on the whole [[New Testament]] (''Theophylactus completed extensive biblical commentaries on the four [[Gospel]]s, the Acts of the Apostles, and the New Testament Epistles. There is also supposed to be a commentary on the Greek text of the Psalms and on the Prophets''), which has been treasured by Orthodox Christians ever since. The ''Patrologia Graeca'' has a long Sermon on the Cross, another on[[John the Forerunner| John the Baptist]], and a third on the Feast of the Presentation.

The first English translation (and the first in any modern Western European language) of Theophylact's commentaries on the New Testament, The Explanation of the Gospels, is available from [http://www.chrysostompress.org Chrysostom Press]. Work is underway to complete the English translation of his commentaries on the Book of Acts and the Epistles.

In his last years he moved to [[Thessalonica]], where he reposed in peace; the exact year of Blessed Theophylact’s repose is not known, but the latest date that can be ascertained from his letters is 1108.

The Serbian Orthodox Church, whose [[jurisdiction]] in later years came to include Ochrid and Macedonia, and other Orthodox Churches, commemorates Theophylactus as a saint, on [[December 31]].

==External links==
*[http://www.chrysostompress.org/theophylact-of-ochrid Blessed Theophylact, Archbishop of Ochrid and Bulgaria], download Theophylact's [http://www.chrysostompress.org/media/cms/Theophylact-on-I-Cor-13.pdf Commentary on I Corinthians, Chapter 13] for free.
*[[w:Theophylact_of_Bulgaria|Theophylact of Bulgaria on Wikipedia]]



[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:11th-century saints]]
[[Category:Greek Saints]]
[[ro:Teofilact al Ohridei]]

Church of Antioch (Syriac)

2020-12-23T16:26:33Z

Sîmbotin: /* External Links */

{{orientalchurches}}

The '''Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch''' or '''Patriarchate of Antioch''' is one of the [[Oriental Orthodox]] churches. Prior to the [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Council of Chalcedon]] in 451 the Church of Antioch was united, but after the Council two lines of patriarchs arose, one supported by the East Roman Empire that favored Chalcedon and another persecuted by the East Romans that rejected Chalcedon. The Church is also known as the ''Jacobite'' Church after one of the more prominent leaders of the movement against Chalcedon, [[Jacob Baradaeus]], and follows the [[West Syrian Rite]].

==History==
The Syriac Orthodox Church is one of the oldest churches in the world, having its roots in the city of Antioch (modern Antakya, Turkey) where the disciples of the Lord were first called Christians. Antioch was one of the great cities of the East under the Roman Empire and played a central role in the life of the Church in Cilicia, Syria, and Mesopotamia. At the Council of Nicaea in 325 it was recognized as a patriarchate alongside Rome and Alexandria.

Although most Orthodox in Antioch spoke Greek, in the countryside Aramic (modern Syriac) was more widely spoken and consequently Syriac took its place as one of the ancient liturgical languages of the Church. It has the distinction of being the language spoken by the Lord, unlike the Greek used to write the Gospels and other books of the New Testament. While Antioch was the preeminent center of the Church of Antioch early in its history, the cities of Edessa (modern Urfa) and Nisibis (modern Nusaybin) also played a significant role in the development of Syriac Orthodoxy.

The Church of Antioch played a central role in the first three ecumenical councils that shaped the doctrine and structure of the Orthodox Church. After the split over Chalcedon a struggle developed within the Church for the control of the patriarchate, with the Roman emperors generally favoring those in favor of Chalcedon, but occasionally also supporting those who opposed it. In 518 the anti-Chalcedon patriarch, St. [[Severus of Antioch]], was exiled from the city and never returned. Since then the patriarchs of the Syriac Orthodox Church have changed the seat of their patriarchate several times. Aleppo, Malatya, Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Homs all served as seats of the Patriarchs of Antioch, who only moved to Damascus in 1959.

Despite its glorious past the Syriac Orthodox Church is today a small remnant of what it once was due to the persecution of the East Romans in the 500s and 600s that was followed by the arrival of Islam, the atrocities of the Crusaders in the 1000s and 1100s, the depredations of the Mongols, and the genocides conducted under the Ottoman Turks and Kurds in the late 1800s and early 1900s in the heartlands of the Church in upper Mesopotamia (known as the Sayfo or Sword). Despite all of this the Church has continued to produce great scholars, theologians, and saints through the centuries, among them Sts. [[Jacob of Edessa]] and [[Gregory of Ebroyo]] ('Bar Hebraeus').

==Church Worldwide Today==
The Syriac Orthodox Church today is headquartered at Bab Touma in Damascus, Syria. Excluding the patriarchal Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church in India the Syriac Orthodox Church is divided into 27 archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates scattered across the globe. The current primate of the Church is Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I (Iwas) of Antioch and All the East.

== Church of Antioch in India ==

* [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church|Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]]

The Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church recognizes the Patriarch of Antioch as its head in both a spiritual and an administrative sense, although the Patriarchate recognizes it as autonomous under its primate, the Catholicos of the East, who is also recognized as second in rank within the Church of Antioch and is responsible for enthroning the Patriarch of Antioch.

==Structure (Outside India)==
*Archdiocese of Aleppo (Syria)
*Archdiocese of Baghdad and Basra (Iraq)
*Archdiocese of Beirut (Lebanon)
*Archdiocese of Dayro d'Mor Mattai (Iraq)
*Archdiocese of Homs and Hama (Syria)
*Archdiocese of Jazirah and the Euphrates (Syria)
*Archdiocese of Mosul (Iraq)
*Archdiocese of Mount Abdin (Turkey)
*Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon (Lebanon)
*Archdiocese of Scandinavia
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Adiyaman (Turkey)
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Argentina
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand (Oceania)
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Belgium and France
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Brazil
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Canada
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Constantinople (Turkey)
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Damascus (Syria)
*Patriarchal Vicariate of the Eastern United States
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Great Britain
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Israel, Jordan, and Palestine)
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Mardin (Turkey)
*Patriarchal Vicariate of the Netherlands
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Northern Germany
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Sweden
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Switzerland and Austria
*Patriarchal Vicariate of the Western United States
*Patriarchal Vicariate of Zahle and Bekaa (Lebanon)

==Hierarchy (Outside India)==
*Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I of Antioch and All the East
*Metropolitan Mor Gregorios of Mosul
*Metropolitan Mor Severios of Baghdad and Basra
*Metropolitan Mor Gregorios of Aleppo
*Metropolitan Mor Theophilos of Mount Lebanon
*Metropolitan Mor Timotheos of Tur Abdin
*Metropolitan Mor Filuxinos of Constantinople
*Metropolitan Mor Julius of Sodertalje (Scandinavia)
*Metropolitan Mor Ostatheos of Hassakah (Jazirah and the Euphrates)
*Metropolitan Mor Ivanios of Damascus
*Metropolitan Mor Clemis of Burbank (Western United States)
*Metropolitan Mor Severios of Jerusalem
*Metropolitan Mor Cyril of Teaneck (Eastern United States)
*Metropolitan Mor Dionysius of Arth (Switzerland and Austria)
*Metropolitan Mor Dioscoros of Sodertalje (Sweden)
*Metropolitan Mor Silwanos of Homs and Hama
*Metropolitan Mor Philoxenos of Mardin
*Metropolitan Mor Athanasius of Montreal (Canada)
*Metropolitan Mor Militius of Sydney (Australia and New Zealand)
*Metropolitan Mor Timotheos of Dayro d'Mor Mattai
*Metropolitan Mor Nicholovos of La Plata (Argentina)
*Metropolitan Mor Yostinos of Zahle and Bekaa
*Metropolitan Mor Clemis of Beirut
*Metropolitan Mor Gregorios of Adiyaman
*Metropolitan Mor Severios of Brussels (Belgium and France)
*Metropolitan Mor Athanasius of London (Great Britain)
*Metropolitan Mor Julius of Warburg (Northern Germany)
*Metropolitan Mor Polycarpus of Dayro d'Mor Afrem (Netherlands)
*Metropolitan Mor Severius, Auxiliary (St. Ephraim's Seminary in Mosul)
*Metropolitan Mor Philexinos, Patriarchal Auxiliary (St. Ephraim's Seminary in Damascus)
*Metropolitan Mor Dionysius, Patriarchal Auxiliary (Patriarchal Offices)

== Official Name ==
In 2000 the Holy Synod ruled that the name of the Church in English should be the "Syriac Orthodox Church". Before this it was, and often still is, known as the "Syrian Orthodox Church." The name was changed to disassociate the Church from the polity of Syria. The official name of the Church in Syriac is ʿIdto Suryoyto Triṣuṯ Šuḇḥo, which was not changed in the 2000 ruling.

== External Links ==
*[http://www.syrian-orthodox.com/news.php Patriarchate of Antioch] (Official Website)
*[http://www.MalankaraSyriacVoice.com/ Archdiocese of Aleppo] (Official Website)
*[http://www.MalankaraSyriacVoice.com/ News Site Of Syriac Orthodox Church In India] (Official Website)
*[http://zunoro.com/ Archdiocese of Homs and Hama] (Official Website)
*[http://www.syriacorthodox-mlb.com/ Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon] (Official Website)
*[http://www.syrianorthodoxchurch.com/ Patriarchal Vicariate of Canada] (Official Website)
*[http://www.reyono.net/default.aspx?s=14 Patriarchal Vicariate of Constantinople]
*[http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/ Patriarchal Vicariate of the Eastern United States] (Official Website)
*[http://www.soc-wus.org/ Patriarchal Vicariate of the Western United States] (Official Website)
*[http://www.jacobitesyrianchurch.org/ Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church]
*[http://sor.cua.edu/ Syriac Orthodox Resources]
*[http://www.syrianchurch.org/ Malankara Syriac Christian Resources]
*[http://www.socdigest.org/ Shroro - The Syriac Orthodox Christian Digest]
*[http://www.suryanikadim.org/ Syriac Orthodox Church in Turkey]
*[http://www.syrianorthodoxchurch.com/ Syriac Orthodox Church in Canada]
*[[Wikipedia:Syriac Orthodox Church|''Syriac Orthodox Church'' at Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Jurisdictions|Antioch (Syriac)]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox|Antioch]]

[[es:Iglesia Ortodoxa Siriana]]
[[fr:Église d'Antioche (syriaque)]]
[[ro:Biserica Ortodoxă Siriacă a Antiohiei]]

Paul the Confessor

2020-11-06T06:12:48Z

Sîmbotin: corr. link

[[File:St paul of constantinople.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Saint Paul of Constantinople]]
Our father among the [[saint]]s '''Paul the Confessor''' or '''Paul I of Constantinople''' lived during the fourth century, and served as [[Patriarch of Constantinople|Archbishop of Constantinople]] during three periods: from 337 to 339, from 341 to 342, and from 346 to 351.

The [[Arianism|Arians]], led by the Eastern emperor, Constantius, revolted against the election of Paul to his [[see]]. Emperor Constantius held a council, banishing Paul and electing in his stead Eusebius of [[Nicomedia]]. Eusebius also banished other Orthodox [[bishop]]s to Rome. After Eusebius died, Paul returned to Constantinople. Although he was greeted warmly by the people, Emperor Constantius once again banished him to Rome. The Western emperor, Constans, returned Paul to Constantinople with a threatening letter to his eastern co-ruler, resulting in Paul's reinstatement as [[archbishop]].

After Constans was murdered in a palace coup, Paul was banished again, but now to Cucusus in Armenia. There, celebrating the [[Divine Liturgy]], Arians came upon him and strangled him with his [[omophorion]].

In 381, Emperor [[Theodosius the Great]] transferred St. Paul's [[relics]] to Constantinople. Nearly a thousand years later, in 1326, they were further moved to [[Venice]].

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=[[Alexander of Constantinople|Alexander]]|
title=[[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Archbishop of Constantinople]]|
years=337-339|
after=[[Macedonius I of Constantinople|Macedonius I]]}}
{{succession|
before=[[Eusebius of Nicomedia]]|
title=Archbishop of Constantinople|
years=341-342|
after=Macedonius I}}
{{succession|
before=Macedonius I|
title=Archbishop of Constantinople|
years=346-351|
after=Macedonius I|}}
{{end box}}

==Source==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103185 St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople] ([[OCA]])

==External links==
*[http://goarch.org/en/chapel/saints.asp?contentid=276 Paul the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople] ([[GOARCH]])
*[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?month=November&day=6 Saint Paul the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople] (''[[Prologue of Ohrid]]'')
*[http://www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org/saints/beauty/stPaul.html "If you desire a shepherd who will teach you and who will shine with virtues, choose Paul": St. Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople]
*[http://home.iprimus.com.au/xenos/paulconfessor.html St Paul the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople] ([[GOAA]])
*[http://www.ec-patr.org/list/index.php?lang=en&id=28 Paul I] - [[Church of Constantinople]] website

[[Category:Bishops]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Constantinople]]
[[Category:4th-century bishops]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Pavel I al Constantinopolului]]

Roman the Melodist

2020-10-08T18:42:37Z

Sîmbotin: /* Life */ +image

[[Image:Roman the Melodist.jpg|right|frame|Saint Roman the Melodist]]
Saint '''Roman the Melodist''' (also ''Romanos'' and ''Romanus'', from Greek Ρομανὸς), a Greek hymn-writer called "the Pindar of rhythmic poetry," was born at Emesa (Hems) in Syria. His [[feast day]] is [[October 1]] with the feast of the [[Protection of the Mother of God]].

==Life==
The popular [[Patron saint|patron]] of church singers, St. Roman, was born in Emesa in the latter part of the fifth century. Whether or not his Jewish parents converted to Christianity is uncertain; Roman himself was [[baptism|baptized]] as a young boy and developed a great love for the house of God. When he came of age he served as a verger, lighting the lamps and preparing the [[censer]]. After moving to Beirut, he was [[ordination|ordained]] to the [[diaconate]] and assigned to the Church of the Resurrection. He had a rather mediocre voice, but his pure and simple heart was filled with love for God, and to assist at the church services gave him the greatest joy.

During the reign of Emperor [[Flavius Anastasius|Anastasius I]] (491-518), the young deacon moved to Constantinople. He led an [[ascetic]] life of [[prayer]] and [[fasting]], but in his [[humility]] he thought of himself as being rather worldly. He had a special love for the [[Mother of God]], and would go at night to pray in the Blachernae Church, which housed the precious [[omophorion]] of the Holy Virgin. The saintly [[Patriarch]] Euthemius loved Roman for his many [[virtues]], and paid him the same wage as those singers and readers who were more educated and more talented. The latter resented this and derided Roman for his evident lack of musical and theological training. Roman himself was painfully aware of these defects; he longed for a melodious voice worthy of leading the faithful in praising God.

It was the day before the [[Nativity|Feast of Our Lord's Nativity]], and Saint Roman was assigned to lead the singing that evening at the [[All-Night Vigil]]. He was responsible not only for the singing but also for the text of the hymns. After everyone had left, he remained in the Blachernae Church and tearfully entreated the Mother of God to help him. Exhausted, he fell asleep with his sorrow. In answer to his prayer, the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream. She handed him a scroll and said to him gently, "Here, eat this." Roman did so and awoke, overcome with joy and the lingering presence of the heavenly visitor.
[[File:Romanos the Melodist vision.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Romanos Melodos vision, in The Menologion of Basil II]]
When it came time that night for him to sing, Saint Roman received the [[patriarch]]'s blessing and, vested in a special garment reserved for the principal singer, he stepped onto the ambo. He began to sing: "Today the Virgin gives birth to Him Who is above all being . . ." The emperor, the patriarch, the [[clergy]] - the entire congregation listened in wonder at the profound theology and the clear, sonorous voice which issued forth. They all joined in the refrain, "A new-born Babe, the pre-eternal God." Later, Saint Roman told the patriarch about his vision, and the singers who had made fun of him prostrated themselves in repentance and humbly asked the Saint's forgiveness.

It should be noted that the kontakion as we know it today—a short hymn honoring and describing a particular feast or saint— is only the prologue or proomion of a full kontakion which, at the height of its development in the sixth century, was a poetic sermon composed of from 18 - 30 verses or ikoi, each with a refrain, and united by an acrostic. When it was sung to an original melody, it was called an idiomelon. Originally, Saint Roman's works were known simply as "[[psalms]]," "[[odes]]," or poems. It was only in the ninth century that the term kontakion—from the word kontos, the shaft on which the parchment was rolled—came into use.

With the Nativity Kontakion, which has been dated to the year 518, Saint Roman began a period of prolific creativity. Altogether, he wrote as many as one thousand kontakion, celebrating [[Feast day|feasts]] and saints throughout the [[Church Calendar|liturgical year]]. In the words of one scholar, Saint Roman's compositions successfully combined "the solemnity and dignity of the sermon with the delicacy and liveliness of lyric and dramatic poetry."

Because Saint Roman is commemorated on the same day as the [[Protection of the Mother of God|feast of Protection]], he commonly appears as a central figure in the [[icon]] of that feast, even though there is no historical connection (the event celebrated by the Protection icon occurred in the tenth century). Although in more recent icons Saint Roman is depicted as a [[deacon]] standing on the [[Ambon|ambo]], Russian church musicologist Johann von Gardner points out that in the oldest icons he is more accurately portrayed wearing the short red tunic of a singer and standing on a raised platform in the middle of the church.
[[File:Christmas_kontakion.jpg|thumb|300px|Romanos the Melodist's kontakion Ἡ παρθένος σήμερον]]
Roman is said to have composed more than 8000 similar hymns or [[kontakion|kontakia]] (Gr. κοντάκιον, "scroll") celebrating the feasts of the ecclesiastical year, the lives of the saints, and other sacred subjects. Some of the more famous are:

*on the death of a monk (extremely impressive)
*the Last Judgment
*the treachery of [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]
*the [[martyr]]dom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|St Stephen]]

==Hymns==
[[Kontakion]] (Tone 8)
:You were adorned from childhood with the godly virtues of the Spirit;
:you were a precious adornment of the Church of Christ, all-wise Roman,
:for you made it lovely with beautiful hymnody.
:Therefore, we entreat you, grant your divine gift to those who desire it,
:that we may cry out to you: "Rejoice, all-blessed Father, beauty of the Church."

[[Troparion]] (Tone 4)
:You gladdened Christ's Church by your melodies
:like an inspired heavenly trumpet.
:You were enlightened by the Mother of God
:and shone on the world as God's poet.
:We lovingly honor you, righteous Roman.

==Editions==
*JB Pitra, Analecta Sacra, i. (1876), containing 29 poems, and Sanctus Romanus Veterum Melodorum Princeps (1888), with three additional hymns from the [[monastery]] of St [[Apostle John|John]] in Patmos. See also Pitra's Hymnographie de l'église grecque (1867)
*Karl Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897).

==References and Sources==
{{note|1}} On the question whether Anastasius I (491-518) or II (713-716) is meant, see Krumbacher, who is in favour of the earlier date.
*This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
*Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "[[wikipedia:Romanos]]."

==External links==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=102826 Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "Sweet-Singer"] - from [[OCA]] web site.
*[http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=225 Romanos the Melodist] - from [[GOARCH]] web site.

[[Category:Hymnographers]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:6th-century saints]]

[[ar:رومانوس المرنم]]
[[el:Ρωμανός ο Μελωδός]]
[[it:Romano il Melode]]
[[ro:Roman Melodul]]

Roman the Melodist

2020-10-08T18:40:57Z

Sîmbotin: /* Life */ +image

[[Image:Roman the Melodist.jpg|right|frame|Saint Roman the Melodist]]
Saint '''Roman the Melodist''' (also ''Romanos'' and ''Romanus'', from Greek Ρομανὸς), a Greek hymn-writer called "the Pindar of rhythmic poetry," was born at Emesa (Hems) in Syria. His [[feast day]] is [[October 1]] with the feast of the [[Protection of the Mother of God]].

==Life==
The popular [[Patron saint|patron]] of church singers, St. Roman, was born in Emesa in the latter part of the fifth century. Whether or not his Jewish parents converted to Christianity is uncertain; Roman himself was [[baptism|baptized]] as a young boy and developed a great love for the house of God. When he came of age he served as a verger, lighting the lamps and preparing the [[censer]]. After moving to Beirut, he was [[ordination|ordained]] to the [[diaconate]] and assigned to the Church of the Resurrection. He had a rather mediocre voice, but his pure and simple heart was filled with love for God, and to assist at the church services gave him the greatest joy.

During the reign of Emperor [[Flavius Anastasius|Anastasius I]] (491-518), the young deacon moved to Constantinople. He led an [[ascetic]] life of [[prayer]] and [[fasting]], but in his [[humility]] he thought of himself as being rather worldly. He had a special love for the [[Mother of God]], and would go at night to pray in the Blachernae Church, which housed the precious [[omophorion]] of the Holy Virgin. The saintly [[Patriarch]] Euthemius loved Roman for his many [[virtues]], and paid him the same wage as those singers and readers who were more educated and more talented. The latter resented this and derided Roman for his evident lack of musical and theological training. Roman himself was painfully aware of these defects; he longed for a melodious voice worthy of leading the faithful in praising God.

It was the day before the [[Nativity|Feast of Our Lord's Nativity]], and Saint Roman was assigned to lead the singing that evening at the [[All-Night Vigil]]. He was responsible not only for the singing but also for the text of the hymns. After everyone had left, he remained in the Blachernae Church and tearfully entreated the Mother of God to help him. Exhausted, he fell asleep with his sorrow. In answer to his prayer, the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream. She handed him a scroll and said to him gently, "Here, eat this." Roman did so and awoke, overcome with joy and the lingering presence of the heavenly visitor.
[[File:Romanos the Melodist vision.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Romanos Melodos vision, in The Menologion of Basil II]]
When it came time that night for him to sing, Saint Roman received the [[patriarch]]'s blessing and, vested in a special garment reserved for the principal singer, he stepped onto the ambo. He began to sing: "Today the Virgin gives birth to Him Who is above all being . . ." The emperor, the patriarch, the [[clergy]] - the entire congregation listened in wonder at the profound theology and the clear, sonorous voice which issued forth. They all joined in the refrain, "A new-born Babe, the pre-eternal God." Later, Saint Roman told the patriarch about his vision, and the singers who had made fun of him prostrated themselves in repentance and humbly asked the Saint's forgiveness.

It should be noted that the kontakion as we know it today—a short hymn honoring and describing a particular feast or saint— is only the prologue or proomion of a full kontakion which, at the height of its development in the sixth century, was a poetic sermon composed of from 18 - 30 verses or ikoi, each with a refrain, and united by an acrostic. When it was sung to an original melody, it was called an idiomelon. Originally, Saint Roman's works were known simply as "[[psalms]]," "[[odes]]," or poems. It was only in the ninth century that the term kontakion—from the word kontos, the shaft on which the parchment was rolled—came into use.

With the Nativity Kontakion, which has been dated to the year 518, Saint Roman began a period of prolific creativity. Altogether, he wrote as many as one thousand kontakion, celebrating [[Feast day|feasts]] and saints throughout the [[Church Calendar|liturgical year]]. In the words of one scholar, Saint Roman's compositions successfully combined "the solemnity and dignity of the sermon with the delicacy and liveliness of lyric and dramatic poetry."

Because Saint Roman is commemorated on the same day as the [[Protection of the Mother of God|feast of Protection]], he commonly appears as a central figure in the [[icon]] of that feast, even though there is no historical connection (the event celebrated by the Protection icon occurred in the tenth century). Although in more recent icons Saint Roman is depicted as a [[deacon]] standing on the [[Ambon|ambo]], Russian church musicologist Johann von Gardner points out that in the oldest icons he is more accurately portrayed wearing the short red tunic of a singer and standing on a raised platform in the middle of the church.

Roman is said to have composed more than 8000 similar hymns or [[kontakion|kontakia]] (Gr. κοντάκιον, "scroll") celebrating the feasts of the ecclesiastical year, the lives of the saints, and other sacred subjects. Some of the more famous are:

*on the death of a monk (extremely impressive)
*the Last Judgment
*the treachery of [[Judas Iscariot|Judas]]
*the [[martyr]]dom of [[Apostle Stephen the Protomartyr|St Stephen]]

==Hymns==
[[Kontakion]] (Tone 8)
:You were adorned from childhood with the godly virtues of the Spirit;
:you were a precious adornment of the Church of Christ, all-wise Roman,
:for you made it lovely with beautiful hymnody.
:Therefore, we entreat you, grant your divine gift to those who desire it,
:that we may cry out to you: "Rejoice, all-blessed Father, beauty of the Church."

[[Troparion]] (Tone 4)
:You gladdened Christ's Church by your melodies
:like an inspired heavenly trumpet.
:You were enlightened by the Mother of God
:and shone on the world as God's poet.
:We lovingly honor you, righteous Roman.

==Editions==
*JB Pitra, Analecta Sacra, i. (1876), containing 29 poems, and Sanctus Romanus Veterum Melodorum Princeps (1888), with three additional hymns from the [[monastery]] of St [[Apostle John|John]] in Patmos. See also Pitra's Hymnographie de l'église grecque (1867)
*Karl Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897).

==References and Sources==
{{note|1}} On the question whether Anastasius I (491-518) or II (713-716) is meant, see Krumbacher, who is in favour of the earlier date.
*This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
*Adapted from the Wikipedia article, "[[wikipedia:Romanos]]."

==External links==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=102826 Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "Sweet-Singer"] - from [[OCA]] web site.
*[http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=225 Romanos the Melodist] - from [[GOARCH]] web site.

[[Category:Hymnographers]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:6th-century saints]]

[[ar:رومانوس المرنم]]
[[el:Ρωμανός ο Μελωδός]]
[[it:Romano il Melode]]
[[ro:Roman Melodul]]

Charitina of Rome

2020-10-02T09:41:25Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Charitina of Amisus.jpg|thumb|250px|Charitina of Amisus - miniature from the Menologion of Basil II]]
The holy [[martyr]] '''Charitina of Amisus''' (also known as '''Charitina of Rome''') was born during the persecutions of emperor Diocletian (284-305) and martyred in the year 304. Her [[feast day]] is celebrated on [[October 5]].

==Life==
The holy martyr Charitina was orphaned in childhood and raised like a daughter by the Christian, Claudius the Pious. The young woman was humble, very pretty and sensible, kind, and fervent in faith. She studied the law of God day and night and vowed to live in perpetual virginity as a true bride of Christ. She imparted to other people her love for Christ, and she [[conversion|converted]] many to the way of salvation.

In 302, during the persecutions under the Diocletian, the emperor's governor, Dometius, arrested her and subjected her to trials of horrible torments as she proclaimed her strong faith and confession of the Lord [[Jesus Christ]]. She prayed to God to receive her soul when the judge finally ordered her rape by dissolute youths. While kneeling in prayer her soul departed from her body to life internal. She died in the year 304.

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=102870 Martyr Charitina of Amisus]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitina Charitina of Amisus]

==External reference==
*[http://www.stjohnthebaptist.org.au/saints/day.php?month=2&day=5&mode=xhtml Commemorations for 5/18 October]

[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Haritina Romana]]

Apostle Quadratus

2020-09-21T06:01:40Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Quadratus_of_Athens.jpg|thumb|220px|Apostle Quadratus - miniature from the Menologion of Basil II]]
The holy, glorious, all-laudable '''Apostle Quadratus''' (or ''Codratus'') of the [[Apostles#The_Seventy|Seventy]] was [[Bishop]] of [[Church of Greece|Athens]] and a [[disciple]] of the Apostles. He is commemorated by the Church on [[September 21]] and on [[January 4]] with the Seventy.

St. Quadratus preached at Athens and at Magnesia, an eastern peninsula of Thessaly. He [[conversion|converted]] many pagans to Christianity. Many hated him for this, and pelted the [[saint]] with stones. Preserved by God, St. Quadratus remained alive, but was imprisoned, and died of starvation. His holy body was buried in Magnesia.

St. Quadratus is known for an ''Apologia'' in defense of Christianity of which only a fragment remains. The ''Apologia'' affected the persecution of Christians, since the Emperor Hadrian (117-138) issued a decree saying that no one should be convicted without just cause.

==Hymn==
[[Troparion]] ([[Tone]] 3) [http://oca.org/FStropars.asp?SID=13&ID=102683]
:O Holy Apostle Quadratus
:Pray to our merciful God
:That He may grant to our souls
:Remission of our transgressions.

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=St. Publius|
title=[[List of Archbishops of Athens|Archbishop of Athens]]|
years=?-130|
after=Leonidas}}
{{end box}}

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102683 Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy] ([[OCA]])
*[http://www.westsrbdio.org/prolog/my.html?day=21&month=September The Holy Apostle Quadratus] (''[[Prologue from Ohrid]]'')

[[Category:Bishops|Quadratus]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Athens|Quadratus]]
[[Category:1st-century bishops|Quadratus]]
[[Category:Seventy Apostles|Quadratus]]
[[Category:Greek Saints|Quadratus]]
[[Category:Martyrs|Quadratus]]
[[Category:Saints|Quadratus]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints|Quadratus]]
[[Category:2nd-century saints]]

[[el:Κοδράτος]]
[[ro:Apostolul Codrat]]

Nicetas the Confessor

2020-09-20T05:04:56Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Nicetas_the_Confessor.jpg|thumb|230px|Nicetas the Confessor - miniature from the Menologion of Basil II]]
Our venerable father '''Nicetas the Confessor''' was a [[monk]] during the 9th century who was a defender of the veneration of [[icon]]s. He became [[abbot]] of the Mydicia [[monastery]] and was imprisoned for his opposition to [[iconoclasm]].

==Life==
Under the upbringing of his grandmother, St. Nicetas grew as a pious youth, eventually joining the Mydicia monastery. The [[igumen]] of this monastery was Saint Nicephorus. Nicetas grew so virtuous in his monastic habit that his fame attracted many to the monastery who wanted achieve salvation. The saint was chosen as igumen of the monastery upon St. Nicephorus' death.

The iconoclast heresy was gaining power when Nicetas became head of the monastery, and its oppressive practices were only increasing. Nicetas was granted the gift of wonderworking at this time. After Emperor Leo the Armenian (r. 813-820) tried to convert monastery leaders to [[heresy]], Nicetas stood strong in opposition. As a result, the igumen was imprisoned. He was then tricked into a false communion by the iconoclasts, in which afterward he repented the deed and only stood stronger against the [[heretic]]s. He was imprisoned for another six years for defended the veneration of icons.

In 824, St. Nicetas reposed in the Lord. He was buried at the monastery and his [[relics]] became a source of healing.

==Hymns==

[[Troparion]] (Tone 4) [http://www.oca.org/FSTropars.asp?SID=13&ID=100975]

:You were a firm pillar and an undaunted guardian of sacred tradition, O Nicetas;
:You were adorned with holy dispassion and became an illustrious confessor of the Faith.
:Accept the prayers of those who cry to you,
:Interceding for them with Christ our God.

[[Kontakion]] (Tone 2)
:You acquired a heavenly mind and life,
:Shining as brightly as the sun in the splendor of your deeds!
:Father Nicetas, you enlighten those in the darkness of life guiding them all to God.
:Pray without ceasing for us all!

==External link==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100975 Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion] ([[OCA]])

[[Category:Monastics]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category:Wonderworkers]]
[[Category:9th-century saints]]

[[ro:Nichita Mărturisitorul]]

Clement of Ochrid

2020-05-21T05:42:53Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Saint Clement of Ohrid.jpg|thumb|200px|St. Clement of Ochrid, icon, 13th-14th century.]]
Our father among the [[saint]]s '''Clement of Ochrid''' was a ninth century [[missionary]] to Moravia and [[disciple]] of Ss. [[Cyril and Methodius]] who became Bishop of Ochrid (sometimes rendered "Ohrid"). His [[feast day]] is [[July 27]]. He is also commemorated on [[November 25]].

==Life==
The early life of St. Clement is largely unknown. According to his hagiography by [[Theophylact of Ochrid]], Clement was born in southwestern part of the [[w:Bulgarian_Empire|Bulgarian Empire]], in the region then known as [[w:Kutmichevitsa|Kutmichevitsa]]<ref>The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 0-521-07459-2, p. 169.</ref>. He was a member of the group of missionary [[priest]]s that included [[Naum of Preslav|Naum]], Sava, Gorazd, and Angelar who supported the [[Cyril and Methodius|Apostles to the Slavs]] evangelizing in middle Europe. Having rejected German missionaries from the Western Church who required the use of Latin as the liturgical language, Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastislav of Great Moravia]] requested Constantinople to send missionaries who could preach the Word of [[God]] in the Slavonic language. Arriving in Moravia as [[asceticism|ascetics]] led by Cyril and Methodius, Clement and his fellow missionaries evangelized the Slavic tribes in the Slavonic language, using the Glagolitic alphabet devised by Cyril.

Thus, language became the center of the conflict with the Frankish and German rulers and [[clergy]] as the Germans used Latin. With their liturgy denigrated as a "heretical Slavic Liturgy", Cyril and Methodius, accompanied by Clement, twice had to defend their liturgy before the Pope of Rome, first before Pope [[Adrian II of Rome|Adrian II]] and, again, before Pope [[John VIII of Rome|John VIII]] in 880, both who authorized its use.

During these years, the missionaries enjoyed the support of Prince Rastislav until 870. But, after Rastislav lost his realm to his nephew, prince Svyatopolk, who supported the German missionaries, the evangelization environment of the Slavic missionaries began to change as the Germans increasingly pressed the language issue. After the death of Methodius in 885 Pope [[Stephen V of Rome|Stephen V]] forced all the Slavonic speaking [[Disciple|disciples]] of St. Methodius to leave Moravia, that is now part of the Czech Republic, after having subjecting them to trial and then dispersement.

Clement was among the disciples who were welcomed by the Bulgarian prince [[Boris I of Bulgaria|Boris]] to preach to his people in their language. As Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Clement received an appointment, in 886, to teach at Kutmichivitsa, a region in southwest Macedonia where he created separate schools for adults and for children. He organized a school at the princely court, which attained high esteem during the reign of Boris' son Simeon. St. Clement worked as a teacher until 893. In 893, St. Clement was named Bishop of Dremvitsa, or Velitsa.

St. Clement was the first hierarch of Bulgaria to serve, preach, and write in the Slavonic language. To this end he systematically prepared [[clergy]] from among the Slavic people. He labored for the glory of God into his old age. When his strength began to fail, and he was unable to fulfill his responsibilities in the [[cathedral]], he asked Tsar Simeon to let him retire. But, Simeon urged him to continue his episcopal duties, to which Clement agreed.

Later, Clement left for Ochrid in Macedonia where he founded a [[monastery]]. There, he continued his translation activities and translated important parts of the [[Pentecostarion]] into Slavic. During 916, St. Clement became seriously ill and departed to the Lord. His body was placed in a coffin that he made with his own hands and was buried in the Monastery of St. Panteleimon which he founded at Ohrid.

Of the other members of his missionary group, the [[relics]] of Ss. Gorazd and Angelar rest near Berat in Albania, while the relics St. Naum are in the monastery bearing his name, near Lake Ochrid.

==Works==
St. Clement is considered the first author in the Slavonic language. In addition to his continuation of the translation work begun by Ss. Cyril and Methodius, he also left behind works of his own composition, the first samples of Slavonic spiritual literature. Many of the lessons and [[Homily|sermons]] of St. Clement were brought to Russia, where they were read and copied by pious Russian Christians. He wrote a biography of Ss. Cyril and Methodius.

==Reference==
<references/>

==Sources==
*[http://oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=102103 OCA: Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia]
*[[Wikipedia: Clement_of_Ohrid]]
*[http://saints.sqpn.com/saint-clement-of-ohrid/ Saint Clement of Ohrid]

[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category: Bulgarian Saints]]
[[Category: 10th-century saints]]
[[Category: Missionaries]]
[[ro:Clement al Ohridei]]

Pelagia of Tarsus

2020-05-04T05:13:52Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Pelagia_of_Tarsus.jpg|thumb|300px|Miniature from the "Menologion" of Basil II (985 AC)]]
The holy and glorious [[Virgin-Martyr]] [[Saint]] '''Pelagia of Tarsus''' was a resident of the city of Tarsus <ref>In the time of the Romans, Tarsus competed with Athens and Alexandria as the centre of the world. It was the birth place of the Apostle Paul [Acts 21:39 and 22:3], and the chief city of the province of Cilicia, which by modern day terms, is situated on the banks of the Cydnus River.</ref> in Asia Minor during the reign of the Emperor [[Diocletian]] (284-305). She is commemorated [[May 4]].

According to the tradition of the [[Church]], the son of Diocletian fell in love with the holy maiden, wishing to seek her as his own. When he made advances towards her, Pelagia replied that she could not love him, having sworn herself to [[Jesus Christ|Christ]], the [[Bridegroom]]. In passion, anger, and sorrow, Diocletian's son killed himself. Pelagia was then sent to Rome by her pagan mother, where Diocletian himself asked her to become his wife. She refused, and seeing the cruelty of the tyrannical emperor, she called him insane. The emperor had her burned at the stake, and as her flesh melted like wax, the incense of [[myrrh]] emitted from her holy flesh, perfuming the city.

The pagans sent four lions to surround her bones, but instead of consuming them, they protected her remains from vultures until Bishop Linus recovered them. After the [[Edict of Milan|legalization of Christianity]], [[Constantine the Great]] built a church on the site of those [[relics|remains]] in her honor.

==Notes==
<references/>

==External Links==
*[[w:Pelagia of Tarsus|Pelagia on Wikipedia]]

[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Myrrh-Streamers]]
[[Category:Ante-Nicene Saints]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Pelaghia din Tars]]

Pimen (Izvekov) of Moscow

2020-05-03T13:21:32Z

Sîmbotin:

[[Image:Patriarch pimen1.jpg|frame|Patriarch Pimen I]]
'''Patriarch Pimen''' (Russian: Патриарх Пимен), born '''Sergey Mikhailovich Izvekov''' ([[July 23]], 1910 - [[May 3]], 1990), was the 15th [[List of primates of Russia|Patriarch of Moscow]] and the head of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].

He was born in the town of Bogorodsk near Moscow. In 1925, Pimen Izverkov became a [[monk]] at [[Bogoyavlensky Monastery]] in Moscow. He also spent years in various Russian [[monastery|monasteries]] and [[cathedral]]s in Murom, Odessa and [[Pskov]]. In 1954, Pimen became head of [[Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra]].

November 17, 1957 in Odessa he was consecrated bishop of Balta, vicar of the Diocese of Odessa.

Since December 26, 1957 he was bishop of Dmitrov, vicar of the Moscow diocese.

From July 1960 to November 14, 1961 he was Chancellor of the Moscow Patriarchate.

November 23, 1960 he was elevated to the rank of [[archbishop]].

Since March 16, 1961 he was archbishop of Tula and Belyov.

On [[November 14]], 1961 he was appointed [[Metropolitan]] of Leningrad and Ladoga. After the death of [[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow|Patriarch Alexei I]] [[Metropolitan]] Pimen was elected Patriarch Pimen of Moscow and all of Russia in 1971.

Pimen's task thus became to lead a Christian church in a state ruled by an officially atheist Communist party. At his post he worked closely with the authorities: participated in numerous 'peace movement' conferences sponsored by the government. Pimen was awarded the Soviet Peace Fund Medal (1969, 1971) and in 1970 Golden medal "Борцу за мир" ("For Fighter for Peace") by the 'Soviet Committee for the Defence of Peace'. Pimen was member of World Peace Council from 1963 onwards. In 1961, Pimen was awarded Order of the Red Banner of Labour (орден Трудового Красного Знамени), one of the higher rewards of the time. The Soviet state tried to limit and control all religious activity and Pimen tried to struggle just to ensure the survival of the Russian Orthodox Church.

At the end of his difficult term as the head of the Russian Orthodox Church he organized the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the [[Baptism of Rus']] in Russia in 1988. This event became the historic moment that marked the end of persecution of Orthodox Christianity in the Soviet Union.

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=Gury (Yegorov)|
title=[[Eparchy of St. Petersburg|Metropolitan of Leningrad and Ladoga]]|
years=1961-1963|
after=[[Nikodim (Rotov) of Leningrad and Novgorod|Nikodim (Rotov)]]}}
{{succession|
before=[[Alexei I (Simansky) of Moscow |Alexei I (Simansky)]]|
title=[[Church of Russia|Patriarch of Moscow]]|
years=1971-1990|
after=[[Alexei II (Ridiger) of Moscow|Alexei II (Ridiger)]]}}
{{end box}}

==Source==
*[[w:Patriarch Pimen I|Wikipedia: Patriarch Pimen I]]

[[Category:Bishops]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Moscow]]
[[Category:20th-century bishops]]

[[es:Pimen I (Izvekov) de Moscú]]
[[ro:Pimen I (Izvekov) al Moscovei]]

Alexander I of Rome

2020-03-17T16:51:24Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[Image:Sanctus Alexander Papa Sancta Maria Antiqua.jpg|thumb|230px|Eighth-century fresco of Saint Pope Alexander I from the Church of Santa Maria Antiqua in the Roman Forum.]]
The our father among the [[saint]]s '''Alexander I of Rome''' was the third in succession after the [[Apostle Peter]] as [[bishop]] of Rome, probably during the years 105 to 115. His life is largely legendary. Apparently elected bishop as a twenty year old, his identification as bishop of Rome is based upon various documents of questionable accuracy written in the centuries after his repose. He may have been a [[martyr]]. He is commemorated on [[March 16]].

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=Evaristus|
title=[[List of Popes of Rome|Bishop of Rome]]|
years=105-115|
after=Sixtus I}}
{{end box}}

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=100817 OCA: Hieromartyr Alexander the Pope of Rome]
*[[Wikipedia:Pope Alexander I]]
*[http://www.cogwriter.com/alexander.htm Alexander of Rome]

==External link==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Chronological Lists of Popes]

[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:2nd-century bishops]]
[[Category: Popes of Rome]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category:Italian Saints]]
[[Category:2nd-century saints]]

[[ro:Alexandru I al Romei]]

Book of Numbers

2020-03-06T14:51:00Z

Sîmbotin: interwiki

{{OldTestament}}
The '''Book of Numbers''', is the '''fourth book of Moses''' and the [[Old Testament]]. The English title, '''Numbers''', comes from the Greek [[Septuagint]], LXX <ref>LXX Septuagint—an ancient translation of the Old Testament into Greek</ref> and Lating Vulgate. This designation is based on the numberings that are a major focus of chapters one to four and 26. The most common Hebrew title comes from the fifth word in the first chapter, "in the wilderness [of]". This name is much more descriptive of the contents of the book, which recount the history of Israel during almost 39 years of wandering in the wilderness. Another Hebrew title, favoured by some of the early church fathers, is based on the first word of the Hebrew text of Chapter 1, "and He spoke". This designation emphasizes that the book records the Word of God to Israel.

== Authorship and writing ==
The first five [[Pentateuch|Books of the Law]] are all ascribed to Moses throughout Scripture. The book of Numbers itself refers to the writing of Moses in 33:2 and 36:13.

== Background ==
== Outline ==

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Scripture]]
[[Category: Old Testament]]

[[ro:Cartea Numerilor]]

Theodore the Tyro

2020-02-17T05:57:34Z

Sîmbotin: +icon

[[File:Theodore the Soldier.jpg|right|200px]]
The Great [[Martyr]] '''Theodore the Tyro''', also '''Theodore the Recruit''', '''Theodore the Soldier''', and '''Theodore of Amasea''', was a soldier who served in the Roman army during the time of the great persecution of Maximian of the turn of the third to fourth centuries. His [[feast day]] is [[February 17]].

==Life==
The Martyr Theodore was a native of Amasea, in Pontus. Although a Christian from childhood, he served in the Roman army but kept his faith secret, not out of cowardice, but because he had not received a sign from God to offer himself to martyrdom. Stationed with the army units near the village of Euchdita in Pontus he learned that the local inhabitants were being terrorized by a fearsome dragon hiding in the forest. Feeling that this situation was the test by which God would show if the time had come to offer himself to martyrdom, he plunged boldly into the forest to find the dragon. He soon came to a village that was abandoned by its inhabitants except only for a noble Christian princess of imperial rank, Eusebia, who told Theodore of the location of the dragon's lair. Arming himself with the [[Sign of the Cross|sign of the Cross]], Theodore rushed towards the beast that roared and spit flames. Swiftly, Theodore brought the beast down with a spear into its head.

Now convinced, by the Grace of God, that he could also defeat the dragon-like spirit that is the [[Devil|devil]] as he had killed the visible monster, St. Theodore returned to his camp without fear of his revealing himself as a Christian. When the commander of the troops ordered that all were to offer sacrifice to the gods of the Empire, Theodore remained in his tent. When he was called and told to take part in the sacrifice, he replied, "I am a Christian. It is Christ alone that I love. He is the King whom I serve, and to Him alone that I want to offer a sacrifice!" After being questioned about his announcement, he was left alone and proceeded to exhort the other Christians. Inflamed with divine zeal, he encouraged his companions to show that they were worthy to have enlisted in Christ's army of heaven.

At night, he went to the pagan temple and destroyed the altar of the goddess Rhea, the mother of the gods, which caused great confusion in the city of Euchaita. Theodore was caught by one of the servants of the temple and taken to the governor Puplius. Theodore did not resist and calmly responded to the questions from the Governor. Theodore averred that it was absurd to consider God as an inanimate piece of wood that, in an instant, had been reduced to ashes, to which Puplius threatened him with the worst tortures. Theodore replied, "Your threats do not frighten me, because the power of Christ will be my joy and gladness in torment." Grinding his teeth with rage, the governor then had Theodore thrown into a dungeon without food. That night, Christ appeared to Theodore, to comfort and promise him that His grace is His valiant servant for both food, joy, and protection. Thus comforted, Theodore spent his time singing hymns, accompanied by angels, so that his captors believed other Christians had joined him in his locked cell.

Later, when he was brought bread and water, he refused it, saying that Christ had promised him a heavenly food. He was then again brought before the governor, who proposed to raise Theodore to the dignity of high priest of the idols. This only provoked Theodore to laugh mockingly as he certainly was ready to be cut into pieces for the love of Christ. He was then hung upside down as the executioners exhausted themselves in vain tearing his body with iron hooks. Before the indomitable strength shown by the Martyr, the governor, fearing that others might follow his example, gave the order to have him burnt alive.

When he arrived at the bonfire, Theodore undressed and after addressing a fervent prayer to God for the confirmation of other confessors, he indulged himself in the fire. But, as if they wanted to honor him, the flames surrounded him without touching his body in a sort of triumphal arch, as if giving thanks that St. Theodore then gave his soul to God.

His body was buried in the town of Euchait (presently Marsivan in Turkey). His [[relics]] were later transferred to Constantinople into the Church that bears his name. His head rests in Gaeta, Italy.

==His miracle==
In 361, emperor [[Julian the Apostate]], who had tried every means to restore pagan customs within the Roman empire, noticed that Christians were accustomed to sanctify the first week of [[Lent]] before [[Pascha]] by [[fast]]ing and [[prayer]]. The cruel despot ordered the prefect of Constantinople to sprinkle all the food in the market with the blood of victims sacrificed to idols, so that it was impossible for any of the city's residents to escape the taint of idolatry. But the Lord did not abandon his chosen people. He sent his servant Theodore, who appeared in a vision to [[Patriarch]] [[Eudoxius of Antioch|Eudoxus]] to foil the machinations of the tyrant. He ordered that no Christian was to buy the food then presented in the markets, but that they were to eat [[Kollyva]], that is boiled wheat grains, that they already had at their homes. Thus, through the intervention of the Holy Martyr Theodore, the Christians kept pure from the defilement of idolatry. Since then the Church annually commemorates this miracle, the first Saturday of [[Great Lent]], to teach the faithful that fasting and temperance have the power to cleanse all the stains of sin.

St. Theodore the Tyro performed many other miracles for those who called upon him with faith and perseverance in prayer in his church. One day he appeared, shining in glory, on his white horse and returned to a poor widow her only son who had been captured by Saracens. He also delivered from danger those who were caught in a storm and became the heavenly protector of Christian people.

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=100547 OCA: Great martyr Theodore the Tyro ("the Recruit")]
*[http://www.religion-orthodoxe.com/article-saint-et-grand-martyr-theodore-le-conscrit-tiron-1-67383140.html Holy and Great Martyr Theodore the Conscript (Tiron)] In French
*[http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/saints/theodor_tyro.htm The Holy and Great Martyr Theodore the Tyro]

[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category: Martyrs]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Teodor Tiron]]

Holy Innocents

2019-12-29T06:18:34Z

Sîmbotin: iw:ro

The '''Holy Innocents''' were the 14,000 infants slain by King Herod in Bethlehem after [[Nativity|Christ’s birth]], thus becoming the first [[martyrs]] for Christ. The Church remembers this on [[December 29]].

The Magi in the East beheld a new star in the heavens, foretelling the Nativity of the King of the Jews. They journeyed immediately to Jerusalem to worship the Child, and the star showed them the way. Having worshiped the divine Infant, they did not return to Jerusalem to Herod, as he had ordered them, but being warned by God in a dream, they went back to their country by another way. Herod finally realized that his scheme to find the Child would not be successful, and he ordered that all the male children two years old and younger at Bethlehem and its surroundings be killed. He thought that the divine Infant, Whom he considered a rival, would be among the dead children.

==Hymns==
[[Troparion]] (Tone 1) [http://oca.org/FStropars.asp?SID=13&ID=103682]

:We beseech You, O Lord of mankind
:To accept in supplication
:The suffering which Your saints endured for Your sake, O Lord,
:And heal all our infirmities.

[[Kontakion]] (Tone 8)

:When the King was born in Bethlehem, the Magi came from the East.
:Having been led by a star from on High, they brought Him gifts.
:But in exceeding wrath, Herod harvested the infants as sorrowing wheat;
:The rule of his kingdom has come to an end.

==External links==
*[http://www.goarch.org/chapel/saints_view?contentid=358 14,000 infants (Holy Innocents) slain by Herod in Bethlehem] ([[GOARCH]])
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103682 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem]

([[OCA]])
[[Category:Biblical Saints]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]

[[ro:Sfinții 14 000 de Prunci uciși de Irod]]

Daniel the Hermit

2019-12-18T17:54:12Z

Sîmbotin: internal links

[[File:Daniil Sihastrul-fresca-Voronet.JPG|thumb|220 px|''Daniel the Hermit'', fresco from the [[Voronet Monastery (Bucovina, Romania)|Voronet monastery]]]]
Our venerable and God-bearing Father '''Daniel the Hermit''' of Voroneț, '''''Sf. Daniil Sihastru de la Voroneţ''''' in Romanian, was a 15th century monk and the spiritual father of [[Stephen the Great]], the Voievod of Moldova. Under his guidance, Stephen the Great defended Moldova from Ottoman invasion and dedicated himself and his rule to God.

Daniel lived alone for 14 years in a cell carved from a boulder in a forested valley close to [[Putna Monastery]], which is now used as a chapel according to the rules of Mount Athos. His [[relics]] are housed at [[Voronet Monastery (Bucovina, Romania)|Voroneț Monastery]], and he was officially glorified by the Synod of the [[Church of Romania]] in 1992. He fell asleep in 1496, and his feast day is [[December 18]].

== Life ==
Daniel was born into a poor family in a village close to Rădăuţi in the early years of 15th century. He was baptised with the name Dumitru but took the name David when he entered the cathedral monastery at Rădăuți. Here he learnt to follow the monastic life, but eventually, wishing to lead a truly holy life away from the temptations of the world, he retired to the St. Laurence Skete in the community of Vicovul de Sus. Here he entered the [[Monastic Ranks|Great Schema]] with the name Daniel (''Daniil'').

Later he went to live alone in a small cell carved from a rock in the Putna valley. Eventually, he became the spiritual father of Prince [[Stephen the Great]] of Moldova whom he advised for many years and who built, at Daniel's urging, [[Putna Monastery]] close to the site of his cell. After the death of Metropolitan [[Teoctist of Moldova]] in 1478, he left Putna and made himself a new cell, carving it from a cliff close to the river Voroneț. He lived here in great poverty and unceasing prayer, earning wide reknown as a monk of great spiritual wisdom, and continued to encourage the Prince in his defense of Moldova against Turkish aggression. In 1488 [[Stephen the Great]] had another monastery, [[Voronet Monastery (Bucovina, Romania)|Voroneț]], built close to Daniel's new cell. On his death, Daniel was buried in this monastery.

[[Category:Monastics]]
[[Category:Romanian Saints]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:15th-century saints]]

[[ro:Daniil Sihastrul]]

Daniel the Hermit

2019-12-18T17:51:53Z

Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Daniil Sihastrul-fresca-Voronet.JPG|thumb|220 px|''Daniel the Hermit'', fresco from the [[Voronet Monastery (Bucovina, Romania)|Voronet monastery]]]]
Our venerable and God-bearing Father '''Daniel the Hermit''' of Voroneţ, '''''Sf. Daniil Sihastru de la Voroneţ''''' in Romanian, was a 15th century monk and the spiritual father of [[Stephen the Great]], the Voievod of Moldova. Under his guidance, Stephen the Great defended Moldova from Ottoman invasion and dedicated himself and his rule to God.

Daniel lived alone for 14 years in a cell carved from a boulder in a forested valley close to [[Putna Monastery]], which is now used as a chapel according to the rules of Mount Athos. His [[relics]] are housed at [[Voronet Monastery|Voroneţ Monastery]], and he was officially glorified by the Synod of the [[Church of Romania]] in 1992. He fell asleep in 1496, and his feast day is [[December 18]].

== Life ==
Daniel was born into a poor family in a village close to Rădăuţi in the early years of 15th century. He was baptised with the name Dumitru but took the name David when he entered the cathedral monastery at Rădăuţi. Here he learnt to follow the monastic life, but eventually, wishing to lead a truly holy life away from the temptations of the world, he retired to the St. Laurence Skete in the community of Vicovul de Sus. Here he entered the [[Monastic Ranks|Great Schema]] with the name Daniel (''Daniil'').

Later he went to live alone in a small cell carved from a rock in the Putna valley. Eventually, he became the spiritual father of Prince [[Stephen the Great]] of Moldova whom he advised for many years and who built, at Daniel's urging, [[Putna Monastery]] close to the site of his cell. After the death of Metropolitan [[Teoctist of Moldova]] in 1478, he left Putna and made himself a new cell, carving it from a cliff close to the river Voroneţ. He lived here in great poverty and unceasing prayer, earning wide reknown as a monk of great spiritual wisdom, and continued to encourage the Prince in his defense of Moldova against Turkish aggression. In 1488 [[Stephen the Great]] had another monastery, [[Voronet Monastery|Voroneţ]], built close to Daniel's new cell. On his death, Daniel was buried in this monastery.

[[Category:Monastics]]
[[Category:Romanian Saints]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:15th-century saints]]

[[ro:Daniil Sihastrul]]

Gregory the Enlightener

2019-09-28T05:03:20Z

Sîmbotin: /* Sources */ he was not a Byzantine Saint

Our father among the [[saint]]s '''Gregory the Enlightener''' also '''Gregory the Illuminator''' (Armenian: Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ translit. ''Grigor Lusavorich'', Greek: ''Γρηγόριος Φωστήρ or Φωτιστής'', ''Gregorios Phoster'' or ''Photistes''), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, was the religious leader credited with forging the Christian identity of Armenia through conversion from [[paganism|pagan]] beliefs. Armenia became the first country to establish itself as a Christian nation, an event traditionally dated to 301 though now believed by most scholars to have occurred somewhat later, but before 314. He is commemorated on [[September 30]].

==Life==
Gregory was born about 257. His father Anak, a Parthian prince, was put to death for assassinating his kinsman King Khosrov while Gregory was still an infant. To escape execution, Gregory was taken by his nurse to [[Caesarea]] in Cappadocia where he was raised as a Christian. He married and had two sons. One son, Orthanes, would later become a [[priest]] and the other, Aristaces became, first, an [[monk]], then later a [[bishop]] who attended the [[First Ecumenical Council|Council]] in [[Nicea]]. About 280, Gregory returned to Armenia and entered the service of King Tiridates III, the son of the assassinated Khosrov. However, Tiridates was intolerant of Christianity and demanded that Gregory renounce his Christian faith which he refused to do. Gregory was imprisoned and subjected to many tortures during his imprisonment of some thirteen years including enduring imprisonment in a pit with venomous snakes. In the meanwhile Tiridates continued to pursue his anti-Christian campaign. He executed St. [[Rhipsime of Armenia|Rhipsime]], the [[abbess]] Gaiana, and 35 virgins of a [[monastery]] in Asia Minor. During these times, Tiridates developed a serious ailment and suffered disfiguration. However, his heart soften after he was cured through Gregory’s prayers.

In 297, Tiridates, in gratitude, released Gregory from his tortures, who then began to preach to the people, urging them to reject the worship of idols and to follow Christ. Soon, Tiridates, repenting his crimes and, with most of the people of Armenia, answered Gregory’s call and became converts to Christianity. Tiridates was [[baptism|baptized]] by Gregory in 301. In that year, Tiridates adopted Christianity as the religion of his country. With the conversion of Armenia, the temples to idols were destroyed and churches to God were built.

In 302, Gregory was [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] bishop of all the Armenians, to be their [[Catholicos]], by Leontius of Caesarea. In 303, Gregory built the [[Cathedral]] of Etchmiadzin near Mount Ararat which still is the [[see|seat]] of the Amenian Catholicos. In 318, Gregory named his son, Aristaces, as his successor and charged his grandson, Grigoris, to spread the [[Holy Gospel|Gospel]] of Christ throughout the Caucasus and Anatolia. Gregory then retired to a [[monastery]] near Mount Sebuh in the Daralia province of Upper Armenia where he reposed about 331.

==Hymns==
[[Troparion]] (Tone 4)

By sharing in the ways of the Apostles,
you became a successor to their throne.
Through the practice of virtue, you found the way to divine contemplation, O inspired one of God;
by teaching the word of truth without error, you defended the Faith, even to the shedding of your blood.
Hieromartyr Gregory entreat Christ God to save our souls.

[[Kontakion]] (Tone 2)

Today, let us the faithful, praise with songs and hymns
the admirable hierarch Gregory as an initiate in the sacred mysteries.
He was a contender for the truth, a vigilant pastor and teacher,
a light for the whole world,
interceding with Christ that our souls may be saved!

==Sources==
*[[w: Gregory_the_Illuminator]]
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=102818 Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07023a.htm Gregory the Illuminator]
*[http://satucket.com/lectionary/Gregory_Illuminator.htm Gregory the Illuminator]
*[http://www.bookrags.com/research/gregory-the-illuminator-eorl-06/ Gregory the Illuminator]

[[Category: Armenian Saints]]
[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:4th-century bishops]]
[[Category:Catholicoses of All the Armenians]]
[[Category:Catholicoses of Echmiadzin]]
[[Category:Oriental Orthodox]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category:4th-century saints]]

[[ro:Grigorie Luminătorul]]

Church of Ukraine

2019-05-14T05:37:34Z

Sîmbotin: /* External links */ interwiki

{{church|
name= Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|
founder= [[Apostle Andrew]]; St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]]|
independence=1990 |
recognition= 1990 by [[Church of Russia]] |
primate=[[Onuphrius (Berezovsky) of Kiev|Metr. Onuphrius]]|
hq=Kiev, Ukraine|
territory=Ukraine|
possessions= N/A|
language=[[Church Slavonic]], & Ukrainian|
music=[[Kievan Chant]]|
calendar=[[Julian Calendar|Julian]]|
population=35,000,000|
website=[http://orthodox.org.ua/eng UOC]
}}
The '''Church of Ukraine''' is an [[autonomy|autonomous]] Orthodox church whose [[primate]] is confirmed by the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. Its history extends to the introduction of Christianity into Kievan Rus' with the [[baptism]] of Prince St. [[Vladimir of Kiev]] and his people in 988, known as the [[Baptism of Rus']]. Its current primate is His Beatitude Onufriy (Berezovkyi), (who resides at the [[Monastery of the Kiev Caves|Kiev Pechersk Lavra]], which is the heartbeat of Ukrainian Orthodoxy), Metropolitan of Kiev and All Ukraine. Its autonomy is currently not recognized in international Orthodox gatherings.

==History==
{{stub}}

=== Autocephaly ===

6 January 2018 Ukrainian bishops under [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] (including 2 former [[Moscow Patriarchate]] bishops who recognized Constantinople [[jurisdiction]] over Ukraine) recieved [[autocephaly]] for Church of Ukraine<ref>[https://www.ec-patr.org/docdisplay.php?lang=gr&id=2674&tla=gr H επίσημη απονομή του Τόμου Αυτοκεφαλίας στην εν Ουκρανία Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία]</ref>.

==Ukrainian Orthodox divisions==
:''Main article: [[Orthodox divisions in Ukraine]]''

Orthodox Christianity in Ukraine is currently divided into two main factions:

*Church of Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate) (UOC-MP) 
*Church of Ukraine (OCU), autocephalous in full communion with Ecumenical Patriarchate

The Ukrainian Church with about 9.5 million faithful is under the canonical jurisdiction of Moscow; the two breakaway churches with 14.5 million faithful combined, developed after the fall of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=15841 A Schism in the Orthodox Church?] George Gilson. Spero News, August 01, 2008</ref>

In 2018 Ecumenical Patriarchate restored its canonical jurisdiction under Ukraine, accepted all bishops from [[Church of Ukraine (Kiev Patriarchate)]] (UOC-KP) and [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] (UAOC), as well as 2 bishops from UOC-MP, and 6 January 2019 granted autocephaly for Church of Ukraine. Moscow Patriarchate didn't recognize this decision.

Currently UOC-MP is in [[full communion]] with the [[Church of Russia]] but not recognized by Ecumenical Patriarchate. Autocephalous OCU is in [[full communion]] with the [[Church of Constantinople]] but not recognized by Moscow Patriarchate.

===Orthodox-Eastern Catholic divisions===
In 2004, there were 10,310 Ukrainian Orthodox and 3,328 [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] Greek Catholic (UGCC) congregations registered in Ukraine.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20050630/40819891.html Ukraine: Conflict between Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism]</ref>

In 2010 there were 11,791 canonical and 5,710 non-canonical Orthodox congregations in Ukraine, and 3,599 Greek Catholic congregations<ref>[https://risu.org.ua/en/index/resourses/statistics/ukr2010 Religious Organizations in Ukraine as of 1 January, 2010]</ref>

As of 1 January 2018 there were 12,064 congregations under [[Moscow Patriarchate]] jurisdiction, 5,855 independent congregations that were in October accepted into [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]], 200 non-canonical Orthodox congregations, and 3,765 Greek Catholic congregations<ref>[https://risu.org.ua/ua/index/resourses/statistics/ukr_2018/70440/ Religious Organizations in Ukraine as of 1 January, 2018 (in ukrainian)]</ref>.

==Structure of the Church==
Church of Ukraine in 2007 has 42<ref>http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/2007/08/23/1626.html , http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/istoriya_eparhiy_0 (in ukrainian).</ref> [[diocese|dioceses]] (eparchies):

#Diocese of Berdyansk<ref>Transliteration of cities according to [[w:Administrative divisions of Ukraine]].</ref> (established in 2007)
#Diocese of Bila Tserkva (1030th as Diocese of Yuriiv; re-established in 1994)
#Diocese of Cherkasy (1898)
#Diocese of Chernihiv (988)
#Diocese of Chernivtsi (1401; 1783)
#Diocese of Dnipropetrovsk (1775; 1803; 1926)
#Diocese of Donetsk (1991)
#Diocese of Horlivka (1994)
#Diocese of Ivano-Frankivsk (1946)
#Diocese of Kahovka
#Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilsk (1795)
#Diocese of Kharkiv (1799; 1836)
#Diocese of Kherson (1775; 1837; 1991)
#Diocese of Khmelnytskyi (1795; 1990)
#Diocese of Khust (1994)
#Diocese of Kirovohrad (1947)
#Diocese of Konotop (1994)
#Diocese of Kremenchuk
#Diocese of Kryvyi Rih (1996)
#Diocese of Kiev (Kyiv) (988)
#Diocese of Luhansk (1944)
#Diocese of Lviv (1156)
#Diocese of Mykolaiv (1992)
#Diocese of Nizhyn (2007)
#Diocese of Odessa (1873; 1991)
#Diocese of Olexandria (2007)
#Diocese of Ovruch (1993)
#Diocese of Poltava (1054; 1803)
#Diocese of Rivne (1990)
#Diocese of Sarny (1999)
#Diocese of Severodonetsk (2007)
#Diocese of Shepetivka (2007)
#Diocese of Simferopol (1859)
#Diocese of Sumy (1945)
#Diocese of Ternopil (1988)
#Diocese of Tulchyn (1994)
#Diocese of Uzhhorod and Mukacheve (9 century; 2007)
#Diocese of Vinnytsia (1933)
#Diocese of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (992; 1996)
#Diocese of Volyn (992; 1996)
#Diocese of Zaporizhia (1992)
#Diocese of Zhytomyr (1799; 1944)

==Current episcopacy==
By their rank<ref>In Ukrainian (and Russian) tradition "[[metropolitan]]" is higher status than "[[archbishop]]".</ref>.
The Church currently has 58 bishops (42 diocesan bishops, 12 vicar bishops, and 4 retired), which consists of 10 [[metropolitan]]s, 21 [[archbishop]]s, and 26 [[bishop]]s. There is also 8516 priests, and 443 deacons.[http://orthodox.org.ua/uk/node/227]

===Primate===
# [[Volodymyr (Sabodan)]], metropolitan of Kiev and all Ukraine, [[Primate]] (Predstoyatel) of Ukrainian Orthodox Church

===Diocesan bishops===
# Nykodym (Rusnak), metropolitan of Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv (1961)
# Iryney (Seredniy), metropolitan of Dnipropetrovsk and Pavlohrad (1975)
# Agafangel (Savvin), metropolitan of Odessa and Izmail (1975)
# Lazar (Shvets), metropolitan of Simferopol and Crimea (1980)
# Ioannykiy (Kobzev), metropolitan of Luhansk and Alchevsk (1990)
# Nyfont (Solodukha), metropolitan of Lutsk and Volyn (1990)
# Onufriy (Berezovkyi), metropolitan of Chernivtsi and Bukovyna (1990)
# Ilarion (Shukalo), metropolitan of Donetsk and Mariupol (1991)
# Antoniy (Fialko), metropolitan of Khmelnytskyi and Starokostiantyniv (1992)
# Mark (Petrovtsiy), archbishop of Sumy and Ohtyrka (1988)
# Ionafan (Yeletskykh), archbishop of Tulchyn and Bratslav (1989)
# Varfolomiy (Vashchuk), archbishop of Rivne and Ostroh (1990)
# Vasyliy (Zlatolynskyi), archbishop of Zaporizhia and Melitopol (1990)
# Serhiy (Hensytskyi), archbishop of Ternopil and Kremenetsk (1991)
# Feodor (Hayun), archbishop of Kamyanets'-Podilskyi and Horodotskyi (1992)
# Sofroniy (Dmytruk), archbishop of Cherkasy and Kaniv (1992)
# Vissarion (Stretovych), archbishop of Ovruch and Korosten (1992)
# Pytyrym (Starynskyi), archbishop of Mykolaiv and Voznesensk (1992)
# Avhustyn (Markevych), archbishop of Lviv and Halych (1992)
# Anatoliy (Hladkyi), archbishop of Sarny and Polissia (1993)
# Huriy (Kuzmenko), archbishop of Zhytomyr and Novohrad-Volynsk (1994)
# Symeon (Shostatskyi), archbishop of Vinnytsia and Mohyliv-Podilskyi (1996)
# Yefrem (Kytsay), archbishop of Kryvoriz and Nikopol' (1996)
# Ioann (Siopko), archbishop of Kherson and Tavria (1996)
# Mytrofan (Yurchuk), archbishop of Bila Tserkva and Bohuslav (2000)
# Fylyp (Osadchenko), archbishop of Poltava and Myrhorod (2001)
# Panteleimon (Romanovsky), bishop of Kirovohrad and Novomyrhorod (1992)
# Inokentiy (Shestopal), bishop of Konotop and Hlukhiv (1996)
# Amvrosiy (Polikopa), bishop of Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi (1998)
# Ahapit (Bevtsyk), bishop of Syeverodonets' and Starobil' (1998)
# Panteleimon (Bashchuk), bishop of Olexandria and Svitlovodsk (2000)
# Mytrofan (Nikitin), bishop of Horlivka and Slovyansk (2007)
# Yelysey (Ivanov), bishop of Berdiansk and Prymorsk (2007)
# Nykodym (Horenko), bishop of Volodymyr-Volynsk and Kovel (2007)
# Iryney (Semko), bishop of Nizhyn and Baturyn (2007)
# Volodymyr (Melnyk), bishop of Shepetivka and Slavuta (2007)
# Ilariy (Shyshkovskyi), bishop of Severodonetsk and Starobilsk (2007)
# Panteleimon (Luhovyi), bishop of Ivano-Frankivsk and Kolomyia (2007)

===Auxiliary bishops===
# Mykolaj (Hrokh), archbishop of Bilohorod (Metropolis of Kiev) (1992)
# Pavel (Lebid), archbishop of Vyshhorod (Metropolis of Kiev), [[superior]] of [[Kiev-Pechersk Lavra]] (1997)
# Onufriy (Lehkyi), archbishop of Izyum (Diocese of Kharkiv) (2000)
# Volodymyr (Moroz), archbishop of Pochaiv (Metropolis of Kiev), superior of [[Pochaev Lavra of the Dormition of the Theotokos|Pochaiv Lavra]] (2000)
# Luka (Kovalenko), bishop of Vasylkiv (Metropolis of Kiev) (2005)
# Arseniy (Yakovenko), bishop of Sviatohirsk (Diocese of Horlivka) (2005)
# Meletiy (Yehorenko), bishop of Khotyn (Diocese of Chernivtsi) (2006)
# Oleksiy (Hrokha), bishop of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsk (Diocese of Odessa) (2006)
# Antoniy (Pakanych), bishop of Boryspil (Metropolis of Kiev) (2006)
# Varnava (Filatov), bishop of Makiyivka (Diocese of Donetsk) (2007)
# Serafym (Demyaniv), bishop of Yahotyn (Metropolis of Kiev) (2007)
# Alexander (Drabynko), bishop of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi (Metropolis of Kiev), secretary of the Metropolitan of Kiev (2007)

===Retired bishops===
# Mefodiy (Petrovtsiy), ex-bishop of Khust and Vynohradiv (1994-1998)
# Alipiy (Pohrebniak), schibishop<ref>Bishop in monastic schema.</ref>, ex-bishop of Horlivka and Slovyansk (1991-1997)
# Ipolyt (Khylko), ex-bishop of Khust and Vynohradiv (1992-2006)
# Serhiy (Zaliznytskyi), schibishop, ex-bishop Serafim of Severodonetsk and Starobilsk (1994-2007)

==Monasteries==
*[[Samara Desert-Nicholas Monastery]], Novomoskovsk, Ukraine.

==Ukrainian Orthodoxy abroad==
Orthodox churches of the Ukrainian tradition outside of Ukraine are mainly cared for by the [[Church of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarchate]], including:
*[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the USA]]
*[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada]]

These Orthodox churches have frequently maintained good relations with all the Orthodox Church jurisdictions in Ukraine. As examples, both North American jurisdictions have former priests of the three major Orthodox jurisdictions in their respective Churches, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada blesses the use of a select number of books from the Kievan Patriarchate as Ukrainian translations. [http://uocc.ca/pdf/documents/Blessing%20of%20Books.PDF]

However, tensions have emerged recently with the expansion of UOC-KP parishes into North America outside of the jurisdictions of the already standing UOC.[http://saveouruoc.com/frontpage.html][http://www.saveouruoc.com/coopercity.html] There are also Ukrainian parishes outside of Ukraine in dioceses of [[Moscow Patriarchate]] [http://orthodox.org.ua/eng/node/54].

But even outside the Ukraine there are numerous splinter groups. These include
*[[Autonomous Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America]] (AUOCA) which was formerly known as the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church - Canonical and which claims its lineage through the [[Tomos]] of Autonomy of 1924 given by the Orthodox Church of Poland.

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[Union of Brest-Litovsk]]
*[[List of Metropolitans of Kiev]]

==External links==
*[http://www.orthodox.org.ua/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church], official website (Ukrainian, Russian)
*[http://www.orthodox.org.ua/eng/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church], official website (English)
*[http://pravoslavye.org.ua/ Orthodox Ukraine], website of UOC press service (Ukrainian, Russian)
*[http://orthodoxy.org.ua/ Orthodoxy in Ukraine], UOC news website (Ukrainian, Russian)
*[http://uaoc.org/ Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church of North and South America and the Diaspora], official website (English, Ukrainian, Spanish)
*[http://www.uaocamerica.org/ Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox Church of America], official website (English)
*[http://www.ugcc.org.ua/ Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church], official website (English, Ukrainian, Russian)
*[http://www.uocc.ca/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada], official website (English, Ukrainian)
*[http://www.uocofusa.org/ Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the United States of America], official website (English, Ukrainian)

*[http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/ Religious-Information Service of Ukraine], (Ukrainian, English, Russian, German, Italian)
* Interfax-Religion. [http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=2192 Orthodox public concerned for threat of neo-nazism in Ukraine] 27 October, 2006.

{{churches}}
[[Category:Jurisdictions|Ukraine]]

[[fr:Église d'Ukraine (Patriarcat de Moscou)]]
[[ro:Biserica Ortodoxă a Ucrainei (Patriarhia Moscovei)]]

Tryphon of Constantinople

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Sîmbotin: +image

[[File:Tryphon_Constantinople.jpg|thumb|190px|St. Tryphon of Constantinople]]
Our father among the [[saint]]s '''Tryphon of Constantinople''' was Patriarch of the [[Church of Constantinople]] during the tenth century. He served as [[patriarch]] from 928 to 931. St. Tryphon is commemorated on [[April 19]].

==Life==
Tryphon was a [[monk]], living in Constantinople, from the time of his youth. He was distinguished by his meekness, lack of malice, full submission to the will of God, and firm faith and love for the Church. After Patriarch Stephanus died in 928, the monk Tryphon was approached by emperor Romanus I Lecapenus with an offer of an appointment as "locum tenens" of the Patriarch of Constantinople with the condition that he resign when Romanus' son [[Theophylactus (Lecapenus) of Constantinople|Theophylactus]] came of age to be [[consecration of a bishop|consecrated]] patriarch. Tryphon meekly accepted the burden of patriarchal service and for three years he wisely governed the Church.

In 931, when the emperor considered Theophylactus to have come of age, the emperor told Patr. Tryphon to resign the patriarchal throne. Tryphon, however, did not consider it proper to hand over the throne to such an inexperienced youth and refused to do so. Unable to intimidate Patr. Tryphon, since his life was blameless, the emperor was infuriated and wanted to arrest him and execute him, but Tryphon was very much loved by the people for his virtues. Then, emperor Romanus turned to the cunning counsels of Bishop Theophilus of Caesarea.

Bp. Theophilus went to Patr. Tryphon and deceitfully began to urge him not to comply with the emperor and not to resign the patriarchal throne. He began to advise the patriarch to take beforehand a measure of caution and dispel the impression held by the emperor about his illiteracy. And to do this Bp. Theophilus craftily suggested to Patr. Tryphon to write down on a clean sheet of paper his full name and title, and then give it to the emperor. Not perceiving the fraud, the guileless patriarch at a Council of bishops took a clean sheet of paper and put on it his titled signature: "Tryphon, by the Mercy of God the Archbishop of Constantinople, and of New Rome the OEcumenical Patriarch".

When the paper was presented to the emperor, he ordered the Imperial clerks to write above the patriarch's signature: "I hereby resign the position of Patriarch, because I consider myself unworthy of this office." When this false document was then read before the imperial dignitaries, servants removed Tryphon from the patriarchal chambers. When Tryphon found out that he had been deceived it was too late, Theophylactus had been already proclaimed Patriarch on [[February 2]], 933.

Tryphon patiently endured the injustice done to him. He returned to his own [[monastery]] where he lived as a simple monk for a year before his death in 933. His body was returned to Constantinople and buried with the Patriarchs.

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=Stephanus II of Amasea|
title=[[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]]|
years=928-931|
after=[[Theophylactus (Lecapenus) of Constantinople|Theophylactus]]}}
{{end box}}
==Sources==
*[https://oca.org/saints/lives/2017/04/19/101152-st-tryphon-the-patriarch-of-constantinople OCA: St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople]
*[http://www.holytrinityorthodox.com/calendar/los/April/19-07.htm Sainted Tryphonos, Patriarch of Constantinople]
*[[Wikipedia:Patriarch_Tryphon_of_Constantinople]]

[[Category: Bishops]]
[[Category:10th-century bishops]]
[[Category: Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]
[[Category: Patriarchs of Constantinople]]
[[Category:10th-century saints]]

[[ro:Trifon al Constantinopolului]]

Old Calendarists

2019-04-12T12:51:03Z

Sîmbotin: /* Official Websites */ interwiki

{{TOCright}}

'''Old Calendarists''' are Orthodox Christians who oppose the use of the Revised Julian liturgical calendar (a calendar with similarities to the Gregorian, combined with the Orthodox Paschalion) in the early 20th century to the extent of breaking or limiting Communion with those Orthodox who use the Revised Julian calendar. Citing the 16th-century anathemas against the Gregorian calendar issued by three Patriarchal and Pan-Orthodox Synods in Constantinople, as well as various condemnations by multiple local synods, they have become some of the most vocal critics not only of the new liturgical calendar, but of [[ecumenism]] in general, which is seen as the ultimate cause of the calendar revision.

==History==

In 1920, the Patriarchal Locum Tenens, Dorotheus of Prusa, issued the Encyclical "Unto the Churches of Christ Everywhere"<ref>[http://incommunion.org/?p=142]</ref>, which officially marked the entrance of Orthodox participation in the Ecumenical Movement. (See [[Ecumenism]].) The Encyclical, tied to the formation of the League of Nations and with that end in mind, gave eleven suggestions so "''that above all, love should be rekindled and strengthened among the churches, so that they should no more consider one another as strangers and foreigners, but as relatives, and as being a part of the household of Christ and “fellow heirs, members of the same body and partakers of the promise of God in Christ” (Eph. 3:6).''" (par. 6.) The first of the suggestions was "''By the acceptance of a uniform calendar for the celebration of the great Christian feasts at the same time by all the churches.''"

In 1921, a council was called in Athens, led by Metropolitan [[Germanos of Demetrias]], the Vice-President of the Holy Synod, deposing Archbishop [[Meletios_IV_(Metaxakis)_of_Constantinople|Meletios (Metaxakis)]] of Athens, who had previously known for ecumenical activity, for recognizing the revolutionary Venizelos government in Greece. Meletios was recognized as Patriarch of Constantinople on November 21, 1921, where he began his programs anew, though previously his candidacy was declined by the Holy Synod of Constantinople in 1912.

In 1923, a "Pan-Orthodox Congress" (not a normal term for any Orthodox meeting of hierarchs) was held under the presidency of Meletios composed of members, specifically six Bishops, two laymen, and an archimandrite, of a few of the local Churches (none of the members of the Pentarchy save Constantinople sent representatives). [[Anastasy (Gribanovsky) of Kishinev|Metropolitan Anastassy]] of the Russian Church Abroad attended its initial meeting, having been in the area. He declared that the Synod had given him no instructions on the matter and soon departed. In total, less than half of the local Churches were represented by anyone.<ref>http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/photii_2.aspx Bishop Photii of Triaditsa, "The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress", Orthodox Life, 1&2, 1994</ref> The purpose of the meeting was to implement the suggestions of the 1920 document, along with other proposals that were largely rejected, such as the elevation of married men to the Episcopate and the remarriage of widowed priests (sessions three and four). Representatives of the Anglican Church were present at the final meetings, specifically former Bishop Gore of Oxford. At these meetings, it was decided that nothing stood in the way of Orthodox-Anglican ecclesiastical union. In response, a five-member commission in Greece (of whom then Archimandrite, later Archbishop, Chrysostom Papadopolous of Athens) determined to study the question of the use of the New Calendar and found that "''Not a single one of them [local Orthodox Churches] can separate from the others and adopt the New Calendar without becoming schismatic in relation to the others.''"<ref>''Journal of the Government of the Greek Kingdom'', chapter 1, 24/25. 1. 1923, No. 8, see also ''OEM'', 1989, Chapter 17, p. 73, as noted in [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/photii_2.aspx]</ref>

==Greece==

====The True Orthodox Church of Greece====
[[Image:1925cr1.jpg|thumb|110px|An artist's rendering of the appearance of the Sign of the Cross near Athens, 1925]]

In 1924, the [[bishop]]s of the [[Church of Greece]], under Archbishop Chrysostom (Papadopoulos), implemented the calendar change discussed at the "Pan-Orthodox Congress" of 1923. In response, Metropolitan [[Germanos of Demetrias]], retired in protest. The "Old Calendarist" movement arose to oppose the adoption of the Revised Julian calendar. The movement was sustained by Athonite monks that encouraged the rejection of the calendar change, hundreds of parish clergy that refused to recognize the calendar change, as well as dozens of monasteries throughout Greece. Lay groups and [[brotherhoods]] formed to keep the use of the [[Julian calendar]] alive, despite state persecution.

In 1925, perhaps the most well-known phenomenon in the Old Calendar movement occurred: a large cross over an secret Old Calendar Church in 1925 during the feast of the exaltation of the Holy Cross, witnessed by approximately two thousand people, including police intent on arresting the clergy of the group, many of whom converted that night.<ref>[http://www.orthodox.net/articles/cross-in-athens.html]</ref>

In 1935, after more than 10 years, three Metropolitans, Germanos of Demetrias, the former Metropolitan of Florina, Chrysostom (Kavouridis) and Chrysostomos (Demetriou) of Zakynthos declared the Archbishop of Athens as schismatic and declared:

''"Those who now administer the Church of Greece have divided the unity of Orthodoxy through the calendar innovation, and have split the Greek Orthodox People into two opposing calendar parts. They have not only violated an Ecclesiastical Tradition which was consecrated by the Seven Ecumenical Councils and sanctioned by the age-old practice of the Eastern Orthodox Church, but have also touched the Dogma of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Therefore those who now administer the Greek Church have, by their unilateral, anticanonical and unthinking introduction of the Gregorian calendar, cut themselves off completely from the trunk of Orthodoxy, and have declared themselves to be in essence schismatics in relation to the Orthodox Churches which stand on the foundation of the Seven Ecumenical Councils and the Orthodox laws and Traditions, the Churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Serbia, Poland, the Holy Mountain and the God-trodden Mountain of Sinai, etc....That this is so was confirmed by the Commission made up of the best jurists and theologian-professors of the National University which was appointed to study the calendar question, and one of whose members happened to be his Blessedness the Archbishop of Athens in his then capacity as professor of Church History in the National University...Since his Beatitude the Archbishop of Athens has by his own signature declared himself to be a Schismatic, what need do we have of witnesses to demonstrate that he and the hierarchs who think like him have become Schismatics, in that they have split the unity of Orthodoxy through the calendar innovation and divided the Ecclesiastical and ethnic soul of the Greek Orthodox People?"''<ref>[http://www.orthodoxchristianbooks.com/downloads/92_NEW_ZION_IN_BABYLON_PART_3.pdf] Cited in Moss, ''New Zion in Babylon'', Part 3, p. 92</ref>

From April 23rd to April 26th 1935 the ordination of four new bishops took place. Ordained were the Archmandrites: Germanos (Barikopoulos) as Bishop of Kyklades, Christoforos (Hatzis) as Bishop of Megaris, Polycarp (Liosis) as Bishop of Diavleia, and Bishop Matthew (Karpathakes) of Bresthena).<ref>[http://www.hotca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=71:the-change-in-the-calendar-of-the-church-of-greece&catid=23:goc-history&Itemid=71]</ref>

====The Florinite/Matthewite schism====
By the 1940s, two parties had formed within the Church of Greece: the [[Florinites]] (under Metropolitan [[Chrysostom (Kavourides) of Florina]]) and the [[Matthewites]] (under Bp. [[Matthew (Karpathakis) of Bresthena]]). The schism originated in Metropolitan Chrysostom's hesitation to consider the mysteries of the State Church as graceless, whereas the adherents of Bishop Matthew (the "Matthewites") maintained the rigorist position: that State Church was schismatic and therefore graceless.

In 1948, Bishop Matthew singlehandedly consecrated another bishop, and together they made more new bishops, furthering the rift and causing many former Matthewite clergy to join ranks with the Florintes. After the death of Bishop Matthew, however, Chrysostom of Florina reaffirmed the decision of 1935 declaring the New Calendar State Church as [[schism]]atic. The declaration had as its motivation to heal the Matthewite schism. Nonetheless, the irenic gesture went unheeded and the Matthewites proceeded to elect Archbishop Agathagelos to the rank of Primate of Athens in 1958.

'''''The Florinites'''''

After the death of Metropolitan Chrysostom, the Florinites had no bishops, and Metropolitan Chrysostom advised his flock to go under the protection of the Matthewite bishops. Fearing the repercussions, however, the Florinites opted to seek a new hierarchy and appealed to Bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] to help them. In 1960, Archimandrite Akakios Pappas was made a bishop with the title of Bishop of Talantion for these communities without the official blessing of the ROCOR Synod by Archbishop [[Seraphim (Ivanov) of Chicago]]<ref>[http://www.roca.org/life_of_archbishop_seraphim.htm]</ref> and Bishop [[Theophilus (Ionescu) of Sèvres|Theophilus (Ionescu)]], an anti-communist Romanian bishop under the ROCOR, whose parishes followed the new calendar. The following year, the ROCOR elected and ordained Archimandrite Petros Astyfides as Bishop of Astoria in order to serve as archpastor of the Greek Old Calendarist immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. Later Bishop Akakios of Talantion and Archbishop [[Leontius (Filipovich) of Chile]]<ref>[http://users.sisqtel.net/williams/archbishopleonty.html]</ref> of ROCOR ordained five more bishops in Greece. Thus in 1961, Akakios of Talantion became the new First-Hierarch of the restored Florinite Synod. He died, however, in 1963. The Synod thus proceeded to elect Auxentios Pastras, Bishop of Gardikion, to be their new leader as Archbishop of Athens. The ROCOR under Metropolitan Philaret recognized the validity of the consecrations in 1969.

''Divisions within the Florinites''

The Restored Florinite Synod of the True Orthodox Church of Greece was fraught with problems by the 1970s, and two major separations occurred during the lifetime of Archbishop Auxentios. However, few doubt that Archbishop Auxentios himself was of a saintly character, albeit a poor bishop. Recently there have been attempts to rehabilitate his memory (Archbishop Auxentios died in 1994); most of his synod, barely held together by the 1980s. In 1979, two Florinite Metropolitans, Kallistos of Corinth and Antonios of Attica, unilaterally consecrated seven Archimandrites to the episcopacy in an attempt to counteract the irregularities they perceived in the administration of Archbishop Auxentios. This led to the formation of the short-lived '''Kallistite Synod''', most of whose members reconciled themselves with the main body of the Florinite Synod by 1985.

'''[[Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece (Florinite)|The Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece]]''': In 1986, Archbishop Auxentios was removed from the Archdiocese of Athens and the leadership of the Old Calendar Church of Greece. The Florinite Synod chose in 1986 a new leader in Archbishop Chrysostom (Kiousis), who demonstrated rather effectively that the True Orthodox in Greece were a force to be reckoned with. Choosing to take on the Greek legal system, court cases were held where it was demonstrated that the Old Calendarists of Greece were not schismatics. Though their public reputation had been tarnished over nearly two decades of divisions, their legal existence was, and is presently, safe. The synod of Archbishop Chrysostom of Athens represents today the main body of the True Orthodox Church of Greece. IN 2010, Archbishop Chrysostomos fell asleep in the Lord and was succeeded by Archbishop Kallinikos (Sarantopoulos).

'''The Auxentios Synod''': Archbishop Auxentios was removed in 1986 by the Florinite Synod on account of a series of controversial episcopal ordinations conducted in the early 1980s with his apparent consent. Having the support of the dissenting minority of bishops, Auxentios proceeded to form a counter Synod. He died in 1994, having failed to reconcile with the Florinite Synod under Archbishop Chrysostom. The remaining parishes of the Auxentios Synod, however, elected Archbishop Maximos of Kephalonia as president in 1995. However, after a series of questionable ordinations and maladministration by Archbishop Maximos, the Auxentios Synod dissolved in the mid 1990's. In 2006, clergy and a bishop (Metropolitan Athanasios of Larissa) from the Auxentios Synod reconciled themselves with the main body of the Old Calendar Church in Greece and were admitted into the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom. In North America, the parishes loyal to Auxentios under the American Bishops organized around Holy Transfiguration Monastery in Boston (HOCNA), left the Synod, and elected Makarios of Toronto as locum tenens of the see of Athens. Since 2008, HOCNA has been in a cordial dialogue with the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom in hope of establishing closer ties.

'''The [[Holy Synod in Resistance|Synod-in-Resistance]] of Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili''': The Synod in Resistance has its origins in the short-lived Kallistite Synod of 1979-1985. While its official [[ecclesiology]] is peculiar, the amount of work that Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili and his synod have done to assist the True Orthodox Church of Greece throughout the world is impressive, and must be noted. The church itself is rather small, but has been very effective in presenting intellectual arguments against the Church of Greece. It is headed by another defector from the Auxentios Synod, Cyprian (Koutsoumbas) of Fili, and holds an ecclesiology of “sick" and “healthy" churches, thus avoiding the repercussions that inevitably follow referring to the majority as subject to a schismatic body. Their ecclesiology is considered heretical by some of the more rigorist elements of the True Orthodox, although they were condemned on an ecclesiological basis by the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom of Athens in 1986. In 2008, the Synod in Resistance and the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom met for a number of high-profile meetings in the hope of developing closer ties.<ref>[http://www.synodinresistance.org/Administration_en/E1a4028AnakoinosisDialogoy2-08.pdf]</ref>

'''[[Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece (Lamian Synod)|The Makarian (Lamian) Synod]]''': In 1995, a resistance faction of six bishops formed within the synod of Chrysostom (Kiousis) and separated itself over what they claimed to be a series of canonical infractions, headed by Metropolitan Kallinikos (Hatzis) of Lamia. The charges related to the trial of Metropolitan of Thessaloniki Euthymios (Orphanos), who had been charged with moral infractions, and the election of Bishop Vikentios (Malamatenios) of Avlona as Metropolitan of Peiraeus. By early 1997, the movement had fragmented into three groups, one of which reconciled with Archbishop Chrysostom (Kiousis). A second group, Paisios Loulourgas (Met. of America) and Vikentios Malamatenios (titular Bp. of Avlona), submitted to the Ecumenical Patiarchate. Later that same year, Kallinikos of Lamia and Euthymios of Thessaloniki proceeded to ordain five [[bishop|titular bishop]]s in an attempt to create a new synod. In 2003, they finally decided to elect a primate, and elected Makarios (Kavakides) of Athens. A good deal of their membership was then lost, as many who did not see themselves as separate from the Kiousis synod were forced to decide between the two.

'''''The Matthewites'''''

For all the negative press the Matthewites have received over the years due to the strictness of their position, their church has been strangely free from long lasting schisms. Only two separations are worthy of note from the main body, and while they had the potential to destroy the unity that exists within the Matthewite True Orthodox Church of Greece, they did not. The first Primate of Athens selected by the Matthewites was Agathangelos of Athens, who reposed in 1967. Andreas of Athens, one of the original three bishops made, was elected to the primacy in 1972; unitl his death in 2005 he was one of the oldest and longest-reigning of Orthodox bishops in the world.

''Divisions within the Matthewites''

'''[[True Orthodox Church of Greece (Matthewite)|The Synod of Archbishop Nicholas]]''': In February, 2003, Archbishop Andreas of Athens retired, and Archbishop Nicholas of Athens, considered by many to have a progressive vision for the Matthewite church, was elected. Extremely popular with younger Matthewites, Archbishop Nicholas seems generally poised to keep the Matthewite synod united. However, it has been advanced that Archbishop Andreas retired in violation of the canons.

'''[[Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece (Matthewite)|The Gregorian Synod]]''': Under the primacy of Andreas of Athens, there were virtually no divisions in the Matthewites until 1995, when Metropolitan Gregory of Messinia separated with a small majority of the synod (five versus four), ostensibly over the issue of the "God the Father" [[icon]] and the related issues of Western-style icons in general. However, with the deaths of three of their bishops, the remaining two split, one remaining completely alone from the eldest hierarch, and the with Gregorios of Messinia naming three more bishops (Abramios, Pavlos, and Nectarios).

'''[[Genuine Orthodox Church (Matthewite)|The Synod of Metropolitan Kirykos]]''': Originally not a schism proper, Metropolitan Kirykos and two other bishops of the synod refused to recognize the retirement of Archbishop Andreas or the enthronement of the new Archbishop, but continued to remain a member of the Synod of Archbishop Nicholas. Finally, in 2005, after several attempts, the Synod of Abp Nicholas endeavored to depose Metropolitan Kirykos, who has since added five Bishops to his Synod in a number of countries.<ref>[http://genuineorthodoxchurch.com/ The Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece under the Omophorion of Metropolitan Kirykos of Mesogaias and Lavreotikis].</ref>

==Romania==
====[[Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania|The True Orthodox Church of Romania]]====
In 1924, Metropolitan Miron of the Church of Romania introduced the New Calendar for use in the Church. Although most Romanians accepted the change, the skete of the Protection of the Theotokos in northern Moldavia rejected it. In 1925, led by Hieromonk Glicherie, some of the brethren left the skete to start an Old Calendarist group. When, in 1926 and 1929, Metropolitan Miron ordered Pascha to be celebrated according to the Gregorian Paschalion, a large number of faithful, including Russian émigrés, left the Church of Romania and joined the Old Calendarists. By 1936, the Old Calendarists numbered about 40 parishes. Beginning in 1935, at the order of Metropolitan Miron, the Old Calendarists were under persecution. By 1940, ten Old Calendarist priests had died in prison, and all of the Old Calendar churches had been shut down. Hieromonk Glicherie was imprisoned, but, at the beginning of World War II, released. By 1950, with the release of Hmk Glicherie and other priests from prison, many of the churches were rebuilt. In 1955, Metropolitan Galaktion left the Church of Romania to serve the Old Calendarists, and immediately ordained new priests and deacons. However, he was soon arrested, and placed under house arrest in Bucharest. While under house arrest, Metropolitan Galaktion consecrated three other bishops, including Hmk Glicherie, who, in 1957, became the Metropolitan of the True Orthodox Church of Romania. Since 1980, the Synod has been in full communion with the Synod of the True Orthodox Church of Greece presided by Metropolitan Kallistos of Corinth, then with the Holy Synod in Resistance presided by Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili. The Synod also maintains communion with the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria, headed by Bishop Photii. From 1994 to 2007 there was full communion with the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia (ROCOR), but with the rapprochement between the ROCOR and the Moscow Patriarchate, communion with the ROCOR was severed.

==Bulgaria==
The majority of the faithful are in communion with the Synod in Resistance (see "Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili" above) and the Romanian Old Calendar Orthodox Church, but are an autonomous Church - The Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria - and comprise a few dozen parishes under Bishop Photii of Triaditsa.

=Ecclesiastical status=
The ecclesiastical and canonical status of the various Old Calendarist jurisdictions is complex. Some regard themselves as being the only true Orthodox Christians and thus view the mainstream Orthodox Church as being in [[apostasy]]. As such, they do not share either communion or concelebration with the mainstream churches. Other Old Calendarists (typically those "in resistance") have suspended concelebrations with mainstream clergy, but will still commune the faithful of mainstream jurisdictions. They thus see themselves as a reform movement within the Orthodox Church. The question of canonicity follows much the same sort of patterns.

Views from the mainstream Orthodox on the Old Calendarists range from trying to heal the various breaks in communion or concelebration to outright declarations that such groups are themselves apostates, that is, no longer Orthodox.

===Alternative Hierarchies===
These churches refrain from both [[concelebration]] and [[full communion|communion]] with the mainstream Orthodox churches, regarding the hierarchies of the official churches to have apostasized and placed themselves outside Orthodoxy. In response, they have fully developed Synods in contrast to the official Church: for example, as there is an Archbishop of Athens, a rival Archbishop of Athens is elected to the see. With few exceptions, the Russian groups have not done the same due to the political climate, although the Rus-OC under Metropolitan Damascene of Moscow claims jurisdiction over the territory of the Patriarch of Moscow.

Such a claim is usually accompanied by the position that the corresponding official body is completely [[schism]]atic.

===Churches "in resistance" or "walled off"===
These churches refrain from [[concelebration]] with the mainstream Orthodox churches, but do not consider themselves schismatic, nor have they formally declared the mainstream churches without grace. In general, they set up alternative hierarchies that use the names of sees that are not used by the state Church in question<ref>[http://www.synodinresistance.org/Theology_en/Resistance.html]</ref>.

It is said that they would also communicate the faithful of those churches after confession. A notable exception is the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania, who receive members of the New Calendar Churches by Chrismation.

=Churches listed by Country or Jurisdiction=

===Greece===
*[[Florinites]]
**[[Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece (Florinite)| Synod of Archbishop Kallinikos of Athens]]
**[[Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece| Makarian/Lamian Synod]]
** [[Holy Synod in Resistance| Cyprianite Synod)]]
''
*[[Matthewites]]
**[[True Orthodox Church of Greece (Matthewite)| Synod of Archbishop Nicholas]]
**[[Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece (Matthewite)| Synod of Metropolitan Gregory of Messinia]]

===Romania===
*[[Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania]] ''

===Bulgaria===
*[[Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria]] ''

===North America===
These are the dioceses of larger Synods in North America:
*[[Genuine Greek Orthodox Church of America]], Metropolitan Diocese of America (Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom)
*[http://ctosonline.org The Center For Traditionalist Orthodox Studies:] Spiritual and monastic center for the Synod in Resistance in the U.S.
*[http://www.orthodox-christianity.net/ Matthewite Parishes in America under Abp Nicholas of Athens]
*[http://www.genuineorthodoxchurch.net/america.html Matthewite Parishes in America under Metr Kirykos of Mesogaia]

===Groups claiming "Autonomous" status within America===
These are bodies which claimed independence from their parent churches.
*[[Genuine Orthodox Church of America]], under Archbishop Gregory of Denver

==References==
<references/>

==Sources==
*[http://www.orthodoxchristianbooks.com/downloads/234_NEW_ZION_IN_BABYLON_PART_2.pdf| Vladimir Moss, ''New Zion in Babylon: A History of the Orthodox Church throughout the World in the Twentieth Century'' (2010), Part II]
*[http://www.orthodoxchristianbooks.com/downloads/217_NEW_ZION_IN_BABYLON_PART_3.pdf| Vladimir Moss, ''New Zion in Babylon: A History of the Orthodox Church throughout the World in the Twentieth Century'' (2010), Part III]

==External links==

===General Information===
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/orthodox-tradition/ Paradosis: The Original Internet E-mail Forum for Traditionalists]
* [http://www.euphrosynoscafe.com/ The Euphrosynos Café: A Portal and Forum for all Old Calendar Orthodox Churches]
**[http://euphrosynoscafe.com/map/ Map of some Old Calendarist parishes in the West]
* {{el icon}} [[Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens]]. ''"[http://www.myriobiblos.gr/books/book1/kef5_per2_meros2.htm ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟΝ ΠΕΜΠΤΟΝ. - ΙΙ. ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΑ 1935-1947: Η ανταρσία των τριών Μητροπολιτών και αι μακροπρόθεσμοι συνέπειαι αυτής]."'' In: ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΝΟΝΙΚΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΣΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΗΜΕΡΟΛΟΓΙΤΙΚΟΥ ΖΗΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΕ ΤΗΝ ΓΕΝΕΣΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΙΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΙ. Myriobiblos.gr. Retrieved: 2013-08-14.
::(Discussion of the three bishops who in 1935 declared their separation from the official Church of Greece: Metr. Germanos (Mavrommatis) of Demetrias (1907–1935); Metr. Chrysostom (Kavourides) of Florina (1926–1932), a retired bishop; and Metr. [[Chrysostomos of Zakynthos|Chrysostomos (Demetriou) of Zakynthos]])

===Relevant Articles===
*[http://www.hotca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=203%3Athe-calendar-question&catid=50%3Aorthodox-awareness&Itemid=62| The Calendar Question], by Fr. Basil Sakkas
*[http://www.synodinresistance.org/pdfs/2013/12/30/20131230aTheOldCalendarGreekOrthodoxChurch-ABriefHistory.pdf The Old Calendar Greek Orthodox Church: A Brief History], by Bishop Ambrose of Methone
*[https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzJKrDVZPwcvWlZialAwa1d0UWM/edit?pli=1 1973-2003: Thirty Years of Ecclesiastical Developments], by Bishop Makarios of Petra
*[http://www.synodinresistance.org/Theology_en/E3a3a001EkklesiologikaiTheseis.pdf An Ecclesiological Position Paper for Orthodox Opposed to the Panheresy of Ecumenism], by Metropolitan Cyprian of Oropos and Phyle
*[http://bulgarian-orthodox-church.org/ch-life/official/EcclesiologicalPosition-en.pdf The Ecclesiological Position of the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria], by Bishop Photii of Triaditsa
*[http://hotca.org/pdf/TrueOrthodoxOppositionEcumenism.pdf The True Orthodox Church in Opposition to the Heresy of Ecumenism: Dogmatic and Canonical Issues], a text drawn up by the True Orthodox Churches of Greece and Romania, and the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
*[http://www.hotca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78%3Athe-problem-of-conservative-new-calendarism&catid=50%3Aorthodox-awareness&Itemid=62| The Problem of Conservative New Calendarism], by Hieromonk Maximos (Maretta)
*[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/eldergabriel_calendar.aspx Abbot Gabriel of Dionysiou Monastery on Mount Athos, Greece], on the calendar issue and the Old Calendarists
*[http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/anti-patristic-stance-old-calendarist-zealots.aspx Anti-Patristic: The Stance of the Zealot Old Calendarists], by Monk Basil of the Holy Monastery of Saint Gregory (Grigoriou), Mount Athos
*Old Calendarist Responses to the above link:
**[http://www.hotca.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=236%3Awhy-the-true-orthodox-are-truly-orthodox&catid=50%3Aorthodox-awareness&Itemid=62| A Rejoinder to Fr. Basil Gregoriates and an Apology for Breaking Communion with Ecumenist Bishops]. by Hieromonk Maximos (Maretta)
**[http://www.synodinresistance.org/Annals_en/E2d029barnes.pdf The Deficient Scholarship of Monk Basil’s Comments on the Allegedly Anti-Patristic Stand of the So-Called Old Calendarist Zealots], by Hieromonk Patapios (Barker)
*A Response to the above article by Hieromonk Patapios:
**[http://www.saintjonah.org/articles/patapios_rejoinder.html A Rejoinder to Hieromonk Patapios’ essay: “The Deficient Scholarship of Monk Basil’s Comments on the Allegedly Anti-Patristic Stand of the So-Called“Old Calendarist Zealots”], by Fr. John Whiteford

===Official Websites===
* [http://www.ecclesiagoc.gr/ Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece| Official website of the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom of Athens]
* [http://www.synodinresistance.org/ Official website of the Holy Synod in Resistance]

[[Category:Featured Articles]]
[[Category:Jurisdictions]]
[[Category: Schisms]]
[[Category:Old Calendarist Jurisdictions|*]]

[[fr:Orthodoxes vieux-calendaristes]]
[[ro:Vechi calendariști]]

Great Lent

2019-03-11T19:25:16Z

Sîmbotin: /* External links */ iw:ro

'''The Great Fast''' or ''Lent'' is the period of preparation leading up to [[Holy Week]] and [[Pascha]]. The [[Lenten Triodion]] governs the divine services of Great Lent as well as those of the Weeks of Preparation preceding Great Lent. ''Lent'' is a Middle English word meaning "spring." The Great Fast has come to be called Lent by association; it is called "great" to distinguish it from the other [[fast]]s.

Observance of Great Lent is characterized by abstention from many foods, intensified private and public prayer, personal improvement, and almsgiving. The foods traditionally abstained from are meat and dairy products, fish, wine and oil. (According to some traditions, only olive oil is abstained from; in others, all vegetable oils.) Since strict fasting is canonically forbidden on the [[Sabbath]] and the [[Sunday|Lord's Day]], wine and oil are permitted on Saturdays and Sundays. If the Feast of the [[Annunciation]] falls during Great Lent, then fish, wine and oil are permitted on that day.

Besides the additional liturgical celebrations described below, Orthodox Christians are expected to pay closer attention to their private prayers and to say more of them more often. The Fathers have referred to fasting without prayer as "the fast of the demons" since the demons do not eat according to their incorporeal nature, but neither do they pray.

During the weekdays of Great Lent, there is a liturgical fast when the [[Eucharist|eucharistic]] [[Divine Liturgy]] is not celebrated. However, since it is considered especially important to receive the Holy Mysteries during this season the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, also called the Liturgy of St. [[Gregory the Dialogist]], may be celebrated on Wednesdays and Fridays. At this [[vespers|vesperal]] service some of the Body and Blood of Christ reserved the previous Sunday is distributed. On Saturday and Sunday the Divine Liturgy may be celebrated as usual, although on Sundays the more solemn Liturgy of St. [[Basil the Great]] is used in place of that of St. [[John Chrysostom]].

Like the observation of Lent in the West, Great Lent itself lasts for forty days, but unlike the West, Sundays are included in the count. It officially begins on Monday seven weeks before Pascha and concludes on the eve of Lazarus Saturday, the day before [[Palm Sunday]]. However, fasting continues for the following week, known as Passion Week, Great Week or [[Holy Week]], up until Pascha.

== Structure of Great Lent ==

: Monday following [[Forgiveness Sunday]] (also called [[Cheesefare Sunday]])
: 1. [[Sunday of Orthodoxy]] ([[Gospel of John|John]] 1:43-51),
: 2. [[Sunday of St. Gregory Palamas]],
: 3. [[Sunday of the Holy Cross]],
: 4. [[Sunday of St. John Climacus]], and
: 5. [[Sunday of St. Mary of Egypt]].

Following [[Meatfare Sunday]], meats are removed from the diet. Following [[Cheesefare Sunday]] (also known as [[Forgiveness Sunday]]), dairy is removed, initiating the strict [[fasting]] of Great Lent. During Great Lent, the weekday [[pericope|reading]]s are taken only from the [[Old Testament]], focusing on [[Genesis]], [[Proverbs]], and [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]]. Great Lent is followed by [[Holy Week]], the week beginning with [[Palm Sunday]] and preceding Pascha.

== Purpose of Great Lent ==

The original purpose of the pre-Pascha fast (now known as Great Lent) was the fasting of catechumens who were being prepared for baptism and entry into the Church. However, it quickly became a time for those who were already Christian to prepare for the feast of the Resurrection of Christ. It is the living symbol of man's entire life which is to be fulfilled in his own resurrection from the dead with Christ. It is a time of renewed devotion: of prayer, fasting, and almsgiving. It is a time of repentance, a real renewal of minds, hearts and deeds in conformity with Christ and his teachings. It is the time, most of all, of return to the great commandments of loving God and neighbors.



== See also ==

* [[Almsgiving]]
* [[Confession]]
* [[Fasting]]
* [[Pascha]]

==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent Great Lent on Wikipedia]
*[http://www.schmemann.org/byhim/lent.html The Liturgical Structure of Lent] - by Protopresbyter [[Alexander Schmemann]]
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Church Life]]
[[Category:Liturgics]]
[[Category:Lent|*]]

[[el:Τεσσαρακοστή]]
[[es:Gran Cuaresma]]
[[fr:Grand Carême]]
[[ro:Postul Mare]]

User:Sîmbotin

2019-01-30T06:53:24Z

Sîmbotin:

{{Userboxtop}}
{{user ro}}
{{user fr-3}}
{{user en-2}}
{{user ru-1}}
{{user it-1}}
{{Userboxbottom}}
Hello everyone!

My name is Adrian Sîmbotin; I live in Bucharest, Romania.

I would like to contribute, my best as far as possible, to OrthodoxWiki.

I have over ten years of activity at [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83 Romanian Wikipedia].

This is my user page on ro.Wiki → [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin], and this is my user page on ro.orthodoxwiki→ [https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin].

God help us!

[[fr:Utilisateur:Sîmbotin]]
[[ro:Utilizator:Sîmbotin]]

Anatolius of Constantinople

2018-07-03T04:22:31Z

Sîmbotin:

[[File:Anatolios.jpg|thumb|240px|St. Anatolius of Constantinople]]
Our father among the [[saint]]s, '''Anatolius of Constantinople''' was Patriarch of the [[Church of Constantinople]] from 449 to 458. Although a member of the Alexandrian school, he condemned the [[heresy]] of [[Eutyches]] and [[Dioscorus of Alexandria|Dioscorus]]. He is commemorated by the Church on [[July 3]].

==Life==
Anatolius was born in Alexandria, Egypt. The date of his birth is unknown other than it was in the latter half of the fourth century. He was well educate, having studied philosophy. Anatolius was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[deacon]] by [[Cyril of Alexandria]]. Anatolius was present at the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] at [[Ephesus]] in 431, during which the holy Fathers condemned the false teaching of [[Nestorius]]. After the death of St. Cyril, he remained a deacon at Alexandria when the [[See]] of Alexandria was occupied by Pope Dioscorus.

In 449, with the support of the emperor Theodosius II Dioscorus and his followers convened a "[[Robber Council of Ephesus|Robber Council]]" at Ephesus, at which the Patriarch of Constantinople Flavian was [[deposition|deposed]]. Then, with the influence of Dioscorus with the emperor, Anatolius, who had been the apocrisiarius (representative) of Dioscorus, was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople.

Since he had been associated with Dioscorus, Anatolius was under suspicion of favoring [[Monophysitism|Eutychianism]] (Leo, Epp. ad. Theod. 33 ad Pulch. 35). But, after his [[consecration of a bishop|consecration]] Anatolius publicly condemned the teachings not only of [[Eutyches]], but also those of Nestorius. He also subscribed to the letters of Cyril against Nestorius and of Pope Leo I against Eutyches (Leo, Epp. 40, 41, 48). At a local Council in Constantinople in 450 Patr. Anatolius condemned the heresy of Eutyches and Dioscorus as he zealously set about restoring the purity of Orthodoxy.

With Pope Leo, he requested the emperor Marcian to summon a general council against Dioscorus and the Eutychians. At the council in [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] in 451, Anatolius presided in conjunction with the Roman legates (Labbe, Conc. Max. iv.; Evagr. H. E. ii. 4, 18; Niceph. H. E. xv. 18). The Fathers of the Chalcedon Council affirmed the dogma about the worship of the Lord Jesus Christ, "perfect in divinity and perfect in humanity, true God and true man, made known in two natures without mingling, without change, indivisibly, inseparably" (Greek: "asynkhutos, atreptos, adiairetos, akhoristos").

The council also passed the famous 28th canon that affirmed the [[Canon law|canon]] of the[[Second Ecumenical Council]] that placed Constantinople on an equal footing in dignity with Rome (Labbe, iv. 796; Evagr. ii. 18), and that the churches of Asia Minor, Greece, and the Black Sea region, including new churches that might arise in these regions, were placed under the [[jurisdiction]] of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

After a life of constant struggle against heresy and for truth, Patr. Anatolius died on July 3, 458, apparently at the hands of followers of Dioscorus.

==Hymns==
Patr. Anatolius made a large contribution to the literary treasury of the Orthodox Church. He composed liturgical [[hymn]]s for Sundays, for certain Feasts of the Lord (the Nativity and the Theophany of Christ), and for the [[martyr]]s: Ss. Panteleimon the Healer, [[George the Trophy-bearer|George the Victory-Bearer]], and [[Demetrius of Thessaloniki|Demetrius of Thessalonica]]). In the service books they are designated simply as "Anatolian" verses.

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=[[Flavian the Confessor|Flavian]]|
title=[[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]]|
years=449–458|
after=[[Gennadius I of Constantinople|Gennadius I]]}}
{{end box}}

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=101890 OCA: St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople]
*[[Wikipedia: Anatolius of Constantinople]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01457d.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Anatolius]
*[http://www.cblibrary.net/schaff_h/an/anatolius_of_constantinople.htm Anatolius of Constantinople]

[[Category:Bishops]]
[[Category:5th-century bishops]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Constantinople]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]

[[ro:Anatolie de Constantinopol]]

Anatolius of Constantinople

2018-07-03T04:22:02Z

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[[File:Anatolios.jpg|thumb|240px|St. Anatolius of Constantinople]]
Our father among the [[saint]]s, '''Anatolius of Constantinople''' was Patriarch of the [[Church of Constantinople]] from 449 to 458. Although a member of the Alexandrian school, he condemned the [[heresy]] of [[Eutyches]] and [[Dioscorus of Alexandria|Dioscorus]]. He is commemorated by the Church on [[July 3]] .

==Life==
Anatolius was born in Alexandria, Egypt. The date of his birth is unknown other than it was in the latter half of the fourth century. He was well educate, having studied philosophy. Anatolius was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[deacon]] by [[Cyril of Alexandria]]. Anatolius was present at the [[Third Ecumenical Council]] at [[Ephesus]] in 431, during which the holy Fathers condemned the false teaching of [[Nestorius]]. After the death of St. Cyril, he remained a deacon at Alexandria when the [[See]] of Alexandria was occupied by Pope Dioscorus.

In 449, with the support of the emperor Theodosius II Dioscorus and his followers convened a "[[Robber Council of Ephesus|Robber Council]]" at Ephesus, at which the Patriarch of Constantinople Flavian was [[deposition|deposed]]. Then, with the influence of Dioscorus with the emperor, Anatolius, who had been the apocrisiarius (representative) of Dioscorus, was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople.

Since he had been associated with Dioscorus, Anatolius was under suspicion of favoring [[Monophysitism|Eutychianism]] (Leo, Epp. ad. Theod. 33 ad Pulch. 35). But, after his [[consecration of a bishop|consecration]] Anatolius publicly condemned the teachings not only of [[Eutyches]], but also those of Nestorius. He also subscribed to the letters of Cyril against Nestorius and of Pope Leo I against Eutyches (Leo, Epp. 40, 41, 48). At a local Council in Constantinople in 450 Patr. Anatolius condemned the heresy of Eutyches and Dioscorus as he zealously set about restoring the purity of Orthodoxy.

With Pope Leo, he requested the emperor Marcian to summon a general council against Dioscorus and the Eutychians. At the council in [[Fourth Ecumenical Council|Chalcedon]] in 451, Anatolius presided in conjunction with the Roman legates (Labbe, Conc. Max. iv.; Evagr. H. E. ii. 4, 18; Niceph. H. E. xv. 18). The Fathers of the Chalcedon Council affirmed the dogma about the worship of the Lord Jesus Christ, "perfect in divinity and perfect in humanity, true God and true man, made known in two natures without mingling, without change, indivisibly, inseparably" (Greek: "asynkhutos, atreptos, adiairetos, akhoristos").

The council also passed the famous 28th canon that affirmed the [[Canon law|canon]] of the[[Second Ecumenical Council]] that placed Constantinople on an equal footing in dignity with Rome (Labbe, iv. 796; Evagr. ii. 18), and that the churches of Asia Minor, Greece, and the Black Sea region, including new churches that might arise in these regions, were placed under the [[jurisdiction]] of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

After a life of constant struggle against heresy and for truth, Patr. Anatolius died on July 3, 458, apparently at the hands of followers of Dioscorus.

==Hymns==
Patr. Anatolius made a large contribution to the literary treasury of the Orthodox Church. He composed liturgical [[hymn]]s for Sundays, for certain Feasts of the Lord (the Nativity and the Theophany of Christ), and for the [[martyr]]s: Ss. Panteleimon the Healer, [[George the Trophy-bearer|George the Victory-Bearer]], and [[Demetrius of Thessaloniki|Demetrius of Thessalonica]]). In the service books they are designated simply as "Anatolian" verses.

{{start box}}
{{succession|
before=[[Flavian the Confessor|Flavian]]|
title=[[List of Patriarchs of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]]|
years=449–458|
after=[[Gennadius I of Constantinople|Gennadius I]]}}
{{end box}}

==Sources==
*[http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=101890 OCA: St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople]
*[[Wikipedia: Anatolius of Constantinople]]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01457d.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Anatolius]
*[http://www.cblibrary.net/schaff_h/an/anatolius_of_constantinople.htm Anatolius of Constantinople]

[[Category:Bishops]]
[[Category:5th-century bishops]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Patriarchs of Constantinople]]
[[Category:Saints]]
[[Category:Byzantine Saints]]

[[ro:Anatolie de Constantinopol]]

Category:Romanian Monasteries

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[[Category:Monasteries]]

[[ro:Categorie:Mănăstiri din România]]

Category:Byzantine Saints

2018-04-05T14:56:26Z

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This category includes [[Saint|saints]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], from after the split of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires by Diocletian (i.e. Dioceses created by Diocletian, ca. 293 AD.), until the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453 AD.

[[Category:Saints]]

[[ro:Categorie:Sfinți bizantini]]

Category:Sysops

2018-03-26T05:15:24Z

Sîmbotin: interwiki

Sysops (also called "Administrators") are specially called and empowered to help manage the day-to-day affairs of OrthodoxWiki. Only sysops who are active on this board are listed in the category. A full list, including affiliate (active on sister sites) and inactive sysops can be found at [[Special:Listusers&group=sysop]]. You may contact any of the sysops listed here if you need help renaming, protecting, or deleting an article for example.

'''See also:'''
* [[OrthodoxWiki:User gallery]]

[[Category:OrthodoxWiki]]
[[Category:User Pages|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[el:Κατηγορία:Διαχειριστές]]
[[ro:Categorie:Administratori]]

St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology (Tripoli, Lebanon)

2018-03-23T06:15:58Z

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The Balamand Seminary in Lebanon, formally known as the '''St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology''', is one of the faculties of the University of Balamand and is the principal theological school for education of [[clergy]] within the [[Church of Antioch]]. The institute is located in Tripoli, Lebanon.

==History==
The idea for the Institute of Theology was formed by Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Anthony (Bashir)]], who was the [[Archbishop]] of the [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Archdiocese of North America]], as an establishment with high academic and spiritual standards. The new institute would replace the theological school resident at the [[Monastery of Our Lady of Balamand]] in Tripoli. At the general convention of the American Archdiocese in 1965, a decision was made to support the establishment of an institute of theology on the Hill of Balamand.

The [[Holy Synod]] of the Antiochian Church decided on [[August 10]], 1966 to lay the cornerstone of the institute, and on [[August 15]],1966, the laying of the cornerstone was celebrated by Patr. Theodosius VI.

While the institute had begun offering courses in 1970, the official opening was celebrated on [[October 7]], 1971 by Patr. Elias IV. On [[December 4]], 1974, the feast day of the institute’s patron saint, St. [[John of Damascus]], commencement for the first class of graduates was held. On [[February 26]], 1975, a decree by the President of Lebanon was made recognizing and accrediting the ''Greek Orthodox Institute of Theology'' at Balamand.

Almost immediately the institute was forced to transfer its operations and students to the University of Thessaloniki in Greece by the outbreak of civil war in Lebanon. The students returned to Lebanon in 1978, and and under the leadership of Fr. [[Ephraim (Kyriakos) of Tripoli, Koura and Dependencies|Ephraim (Kyriakos)]] classes were again held in Lebanon. Also, in 1978, a Synodal Commission was formed to supervise the institute.

==Curriculum==
The courses of study are conducted in a [[monastic]] atmosphere of exercise and training, with community prayers and guidance of spiritual fathers. The faculty lead the students in teaching and theological research centered on the Eastern Christian heritage. Recognizing the centrality of the Eastern Christian heritage in Greek, Syriac, and Arabic, the faculty takes particular interest in the Near East civilizations and their relevancy to the Antiochian legacy.

The courses of study lead to degrees in: Master of Theology in Pastoral Studies, Bachelor of Arts in Orthodox Theology, and Master of Arts in Applied Orthodox Theology.

==External links==
*[http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/ Institute of Theology]
*[http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/Introduction.htm#History History of the Institute]
*[http://www.balamand.edu.lb/english/TheUniversity.asp?id=921&fid=48 Uninversity of Balamand History Dayr Al-Balamand]

[[Category: Seminaries|John]]

[[ro:Institutul Teologic Sfântul Ioan Damaschinul (Tripoli, Liban)]]

Monastery of Our Lady of Balamand

2018-03-23T06:06:50Z

Sîmbotin: /* External links */ iw

[[Image:Balamand.jpg|right|thumb|400px]]
The '''Monastery of Our Lady of Balamand''' is an Orthodox [[monastery]] dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]] and Saint [[George]]. The monastery is part of the [[Church of Antioch]] and is located about eight kilometers (five miles) south of the city of Tripoli in Lebanon.

==History==
[[Image:Monastery_of_Our_Lady_of_Balamand.jpg|thumb|right|Monastery of Our Lady of Balamand (Tripoli, Lebanon)]]The site of the monastery was formerly a monastery founded by Cistercian [[monk]]s in 1157 and was known variously as ''Belmont'', ''Bellimonte ultra Mare'', and ''Bellus-Mons''. This was the Cistercian monks' first overseas [[abbey]], founded during the western European Crusades into the [[Holy Land]]. In the early part of the seventeenth century the monastery came under the authority of the local Orthodox Church. In recent times a theological faculty functioned within the monastery to educate new [[clergy]] until the formation, in 1971, of [[St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology (Tripoli, Lebanon)|St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology]] which later became part of the University of Balamand in Tripoli.

Because of its past, the structure of the monastery follows the plan of Cistercian monasteries, with buildings located around the courtyard. Of the existing structures, the [[Church]] of Our Lady of Balamand, with its unique bell tower, and the present entrance to the monastery were built in the twelfth century. The Great Hall of the Monks, built in the thirteenth century, has been remodeled and now serves public events. The thirteenth century Chapter House was rebuilt after the monastery came under control of Orthodox monks in 1604. The monks found that many of its vaults had collapsed as a result of damage incurred during the battles in 1289 that ended with the fall of the Crusader County of Tripoli. During the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries the structure was converted into the Church of St. George.

==Education==
The first clerical school was established at the monastery in 1832 by the [[Archimandrite]] Athanasius Kaseer of Damascus. This school, unfortunately, closed in 1840 after seven years of operation. The school re-opened in 1899 after [[Meletius II (Doumani) of Antioch|Meletius II (Doumani)]] was elected [[Patriarch]], with the [[Bishop]] of Tripoli, Gregory IV (Haddad), charged with its supervision. The school was closed again with the beginning of World War I. After the war it opened on a lesser scale of operation. In 1962, Patriarch Theodosius VI (Abourjaily) initiated a move to improve the instruction at the school with the appointment of Bishop [[Ignatius IV (Hazim) of Antioch|Ignatus (Hazim)]] as administrator of the school.

In 1965, Metr. [[Antony (Bashir) of New York|Antony (Bashir)]] of the [[AOCA|Antiochian Archdiocese of North America]] assumed the responsibility of upgrading the educational standard for the Church of Antioch when, at a general convention of the American Archdiocese, a decision was made to establish a theological institute on the hill of Balamand near Tripoli. The institute, [[St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology (Tripoli, Lebanon)|St. John of Damascus Institute of Theology]], was officially opened on [[October 7]] , 1971, ending the education programs that were held at the monastery.

==Treasury==
The monastery possesses a fine library of manuscripts as well as many beautiful [[icon]]s. In 1994, the seventeenth century [[iconostasis]] in the Church of Our Lady of Balamand was carefully restored.

==External links==
*[http://www.balamandmonastery.org.lb/index.html Official Website]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balamand_Monastery Balamand Monastery]
*[http://www.balamand.edu.lb/theology/Introduction.htm#History Balamand Seminary]

[[Category:Monasteries]]
[[Category:Antiochian Monasteries|Balamand]]

[[fr:Monastère Notre Dame de Balamand]]
[[ro:Mănăstirea Maicii Domnului din Balamand (Tripoli, Liban)]]

User:Sîmbotin

2018-02-19T14:50:34Z

Sîmbotin:

{{Userboxtop}}
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Hello everyone!

My name is Adrian Sîmbotin; I live in Bucharest, Romania.

I would like to contribute, my best as far as possible, to OrthodoxWiki.

I have over nine years of activity at [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83 Romanian Wikipedia].

This is my user page on ro.Wiki → [https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin], and this is my user page on ro.orthodoxwiki→ [https://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Utilizator:Sîmbotin Utilizator: Sîmbotin].

God help us!

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